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The Mediating Role of Mindfulness in the relationship between emotional distress tolerance and coping Styles in Turkish University students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-022-09469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Belschner L, Lin SY, Yamin DF, Best JR, Edalati K, McDermid J, Stewart SE. Mindfulness-based skills training group for parents of obsessive-compulsive disorder-affected children: A caregiver-focused intervention. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101098. [PMID: 32379640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parents of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) report significant emotional and socio-occupational impacts. There is, however, currently insufficient support for these parents. This study examined a mindfulness-based intervention for parents of OCD-affected children, investigating its feasibility and impact on parental ability to tolerate their child's OCD-related distress, in addition to exploring potential indirect effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parents of OCD-affected children (n = 39) completed an eight-week baseline observation period followed by eight, weekly manualized mindfulness-based intervention group sessions. Measures of parental tolerance of child distress, dispositional mindfulness, family accommodation, family functioning, and OCD symptom severity were collected. RESULTS In comparison to the baseline observation period, parental tolerance of child distress and dispositional mindfulness significantly improved following mindfulness training. No other temporal differences were observed. Parents reported high satisfaction. CONCLUSION Mindfulness-based skills training for parents of OCD-affected youth appears to be feasible and to significantly increase tolerance related to the child's distress. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03212703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belschner
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Sarah Yao Lin
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Diana Franco Yamin
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - John R Best
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Kourosh Edalati
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Joanna McDermid
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Centre for Mindfulness, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Centre for Mindfulness, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Arnaudova I, Amaro H. Acting with awareness and distress tolerance relate to PTSD symptoms among women with substance use disorder. Mindfulness (N Y) 2020; 11:1460-1468. [PMID: 32670430 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Women with a history of trauma exposure and substance use disorder (SUD) are more likely to report co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms than the general population. However, cognitive factors such as increased distress tolerance and mindfulness disposition might be especially protective against PTSD symptoms for women with SUD. Methods We examined the associations of distress tolerance and mindfulness disposition as potential resilience factors to PTSD symptoms in a sample of women receiving residential treatment for SUD (N = 237, M AGE = 32.34, 56.96% Hispanic). PTSD symptoms were divided into the clusters of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, Dysphoria and Arousal. Results Regression models revealed that distress tolerance and the mindfulness facet of acting with awareness are negatively and incrementally associated with total, dysphoria and arousal PTSD symptom severity, while non-reactivity has a significant negative relationship with avoidance PTSD symptoms. Only distress tolerance emerged to be negatively related to PTSD reexperiencing symptom severity. Conclusions Our findings show that the ability to tolerate distress, as well as specific mindfulness skills, might protect against specific severe PTSD symptoms among women with SUD. Future research should examine whether targeting both of these facets is necessary for achieving favorable clinical outcomes on PTSD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Arnaudova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California - Los Angeles
| | - Hortensia Amaro
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine and Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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Shuai R, Bakou AE, Hardy L, Hogarth L. Ultra-brief breath counting (mindfulness) training promotes recovery from stress-induced alcohol-seeking in student drinkers. Addict Behav 2020; 102:106141. [PMID: 31704429 PMCID: PMC6959458 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of mindfulness interventions on problematic drinking is thought to be driven by increased resilience to the impact of stress on negative mood and alcohol-seeking behaviour, but this claim needs empirical support. To address this hypothesis, the current study tested whether brief training of one component of mindfulness - breath counting - would reduce drinkers' sensitivity to the effect of noise stress on subjective mood and alcohol-seeking behaviour. Baseline alcohol-seeking was measured by choice to view alcohol versus food thumbnail pictures in 192 student drinkers. Participants then received a 6-minute audio file which either trained breath counting or recited a popular science extract, in separate groups. All participants were then stressed by a loud industrial noise and alcohol-seeking was measured again simultaneously to quantify the change from baseline. Subjective mood was measured after all three stages (baseline, post intervention, post stress test). The breath counting group were instructed to deploy this technique during the stress test. Results showed that the breath counting versus control intervention improved subjective mood relative to baseline, attenuated the worsening of subjective mood produced by stress induction, and accelerated recovery from a stress induced increase in alcohol-seeking behaviour. Exploratory moderation analysis showed that this accelerated recovery from stress induced alcohol-seeking by breath counting was weaker in more alcohol dependent participants. Mindfulness therapies may improve problematic drinking by increasing resilience to stress induced negative mood and alcohol-seeking, as observed in this study. The weaker therapeutic effect of breath counting in more dependent drinkers may reveal limitations to this intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichong Shuai
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Alexandra Elissavet Bakou
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Lorna Hardy
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Lee Hogarth
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
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Evanovich EK, Marshall AJ, David SJ, Mumma GH. A network conceptualization of the multiple facets of distress tolerance. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 32:654-669. [PMID: 31294629 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1641799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Using a network analysis (NA) approach, the current study examined the relations among different facets of Distress Tolerance (DT). The NA approach quantifies and displays relations among variables in a visual network consisting of nodes (symptoms) and edges (partial correlations between symptoms). DESIGN An exploratory NA approach evaluated how manifestations of DT uniquely and systematically relate to one another. METHODS Undergraduate students (N = 288) completed 10 commonly used measures of DT including cognitive, behavioral, and self-report measures. RESULTS Results indicated all relations in the network were positive apart from social sensitivity and suppression. Further, individual DT facets did not form distinct community structures (nodes that cluster together and thus have stronger relations with each other than other nodes in the network). CONCLUSIONS The lack of community structures suggests that DT is a general ability to tolerate distress that is comprised of many different facets rather than the idea that DT is hierarchical and comprised of distinct domains; a current debate within the literature. The self-reported ability to tolerate life demands and tasks was the most influential facet in the overall network suggesting the Frustration Discomfort Scale may be the best global measure of DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Evanovich
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Sarah Jo David
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Gregory H Mumma
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
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Veilleux JC. The relationship between distress tolerance and cigarette smoking: A systematic review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 71:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Carpenter JK, Sanford J, Hofmann SG. The Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance and Stress Reactivity. Behav Ther 2019; 50:630-645. [PMID: 31030879 PMCID: PMC6494113 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor distress tolerance (DT) is considered an underlying facet of anxiety, depression, and a number of other psychological disorders. Mindfulness may help to increase DT by fostering an attitude of acceptance or nonjudgment toward distressing experiences. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of a brief mindfulness training on tolerance of different types of distress, and tested whether trait mindfulness moderates the effect of such training. Undergraduates (n = 107) naïve to mindfulness completed a measure of trait mindfulness and underwent a series of stress tasks (cold pressor, hyperventilation challenge, neutralization task) before and after completing a 15-minute mindfulness training or a no-instruction control in which participants listened to relaxing music. Participants in the mindfulness condition demonstrated greater task persistence on the hyperventilation task compared to the control group, as well as a decreased urge to neutralize the effects of writing an upsetting sentence. No effect on distress ratings during the tasks were found. Overall trait mindfulness did not significantly moderate task persistence, but those with lower scores on the act with awareness facet of mindfulness demonstrated greater relative benefit of mindfulness training on the hyperventilation challenge. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of mindfulness training on cold pressor task persistence and urges to neutralize through the use of the nonjudge and nonreact facets of mindfulness. These results suggest that a brief mindfulness training can increase DT without affecting the subjective experience of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Carpenter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215;
| | - Jenny Sanford
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215; ,Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114;
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215; ,Denotes corresponding author
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Paulus DJ, Langdon KJ, Wetter DW, Zvolensky MJ. Dispositional Mindful Attention in Relation to Negative Affect, Tobacco Withdrawal, and Expired Carbon Monoxide On and After Quit Day. J Addict Med 2019; 12:40-44. [PMID: 28922195 PMCID: PMC5786492 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness (or "Mindful Attention") has been described as the presence or absence of attention to, and awareness of, what is occurring in the present moment. Among smokers, greater mindfulness is associated with greater effect stability and reduced cue-induced craving. While studies have shown that mindfulness is associated with other smoking-related factors such as reduced withdrawal symptoms using cross-sectional data, relatively little is known about the associations between baseline mindful attention and future abstinence-related effect/withdrawal. The current study sought to examine whether levels of mindful attention before cessation predicts negative affect, withdrawal, and level of expired carbon monoxide (CO) on quit day, and also 3 and 7 days after quitting, during a self-quit attempt. METHODS Data from 58 adults (mean age = 34.9; 65.5% male) participating in a self-quit study were available for analysis. Self-report measures of mindful attention, negative affect, and withdrawal symptoms were collected. Biochemical measurement of expired CO was also collected. Dependent variables were assessed on quit day, and also 3 and 7 days after quitting. Covariates included age, race, sex, self-reported level of cigarette dependence, and smoking status through 7 days. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the association of baseline mindful attention in relation to the studied outcomes. RESULTS Greater mindful attention predicted lower negative affect and reduced withdrawal at all 3 time-points. Mindful attention did not predict levels of expired CO. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that mindful attention before or during smoking-cessation treatment may help to reduce negative affect and withdrawal, which serve as barriers to cessation for many smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David W. Wetter
- University of Utah, Department of Population Health Sciences and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City,
UT
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Houston, Texas
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O’Bryan EM, Luberto CM, Kraemer KM, McLeish AC. An examination of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated levels of health anxiety. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2018; 31:702-713. [PMID: 30205718 PMCID: PMC6540987 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1521515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Affect tolerance factors, including anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional distress tolerance, have been implicated in the exacerbation of health anxiety. Therefore, identifying methods to improve affect tolerance in health anxious populations is imperative. Despite the link between mindfulness and greater affect tolerance in non-clinical populations, no work has examined the role of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated health anxiety. The aim of the current study was to examine the unique contribution of mindfulness skills in terms of distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity, and intolerance of uncertainty. METHODS Participants were 218 undergraduates with clinically elevated levels of health anxiety (75.7% female; Mage = 19.53, SD = 3.16, Range = 18-45) who completed self-report measures for course credit. RESULTS Findings indicated that, after controlling for theoretically relevant covariates, greater acting with awareness, non-judgment, and non-reactivity were uniquely associated with greater distress tolerance, and greater non-reactivity was associated with lower levels of intolerance of uncertainty. Though none of the mindfulness skills emerged as specific individual predictors of anxiety sensitivity, these skills collectively accounted for unique variance in anxiety sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that mindfulness skills may be helpful in targeting affect tolerance factors among individuals with elevated health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen M. Kraemer
- University of Cincinnati
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center /Harvard Medical School
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Kraemer KM, O'Bryan EM, Johnson AL, McLeish AC. The role of mindfulness skills in terms of anxiety-related cognitive risk factors among college students with problematic alcohol use. Subst Abus 2017; 38:337-343. [PMID: 28594607 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2017.1340394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between the specific mindfulness skills of observing, describing, awareness, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity in terms of anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) among college students with problematic alcohol use. METHODS Participants were 202 (69.3% male; Mage = 18.96, SD = 2.24, range = 18-45 years) undergraduate college students with problematic alcohol use who completed self-report measures for course credit. RESULTS Results indicated that after controlling for the effects of gender, smoking status, marijuana use status, and negative affectivity, greater use of the mindfulness skill of observing was associated with higher AS, greater describing was associated with lower AS and higher DT, greater nonjudgment was associated with lower AS and IU and higher DT, and greater nonreactivity was associated with increased DT. Awareness did not significantly predict any of the examined risk factors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that specific mindfulness skills are associated with a greater tolerance of physiological, emotional, and uncertain states. An important next step will be to examine whether mindfulness skills are associated with decreased problematic alcohol use due to improvements in these anxiety-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Kraemer
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Emily M O'Bryan
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Adrienne L Johnson
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Alison C McLeish
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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Michel NM, Rowa K, Young L, McCabe RE. Emotional distress tolerance across anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 40:94-103. [PMID: 27161839 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emotional distress tolerance (EDT) has increasingly been recognized as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor. However, research assessing EDT in anxiety disorder populations is lacking. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by examining EDT in a sample of outpatients with panic, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorders (n=674), and by assessing its relationship to symptom severity and impairment. Results showed that poor EDT was common across diagnostic groups. However, correlation and regression analyses suggested that although EDT was associated with symptom severity and impairment, it did not account for unique variance in scores beyond the effect of negative affect, stress, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety sensitivity (AS). IU and AS had a stronger relationship with overall symptom severity and impairment in the regression models. Together, findings suggest that although EDT may be transdiagnostic, IU and AS are more relevant to our understanding of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Michel
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Karen Rowa
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8 N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Lisa Young
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8 N 3K7, Canada.
| | - Randi E McCabe
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8 N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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