1
|
McLaughlin JF, Aguilar C, Bernstein JM, Navia-Gine WG, Cueto-Aparicio LE, Alarcon AC, Alarcon BD, Collier R, Takyar A, Vong SJ, López-Chong OG, Driver R, Loaiza JR, De León LF, Saltonstall K, Lipshutz SE, Arcila D, Brock KM, Miller MJ. Comparative phylogeography reveals widespread cryptic diversity driven by ecology in Panamanian birds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.530646. [PMID: 36993716 PMCID: PMC10055050 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.530646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread species often harbor unrecognized genetic diversity, and investigating the factors associated with such cryptic variation can help us better understand the forces driving diversification. Here, we identify potential cryptic species based on a comprehensive dataset of COI mitochondrial DNA barcodes from 2,333 individual Panamanian birds across 429 species, representing 391 (59%) of the 659 resident landbird species of the country, as well as opportunistically sampled waterbirds. We complement this dataset with additional publicly available mitochondrial loci, such as ND2 and cytochrome b, obtained from whole mitochondrial genomes from 20 taxa. Using barcode identification numbers (BINs), we find putative cryptic species in 19% of landbird species, highlighting hidden diversity in the relatively well-described avifauna of Panama. Whereas some of these mitochondrial divergence events corresponded with recognized geographic features that likely isolated populations, such as the Cordillera Central highlands, the majority (74%) of lowland splits were between eastern and western populations. The timing of these splits are not temporally coincident across taxa, suggesting that historical events, such as the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and Pleistocene climatic cycles, were not the primary drivers of cryptic diversification. Rather, we observed that forest species, understory species, insectivores, and strongly territorial species-all traits associated with lower dispersal ability-were all more likely to have multiple BINs in Panama, suggesting strong ecological associations with cryptic divergence. Additionally, hand-wing index, a proxy for dispersal capability, was significantly lower in species with multiple BINs, indicating that dispersal ability plays an important role in generating diversity in Neotropical birds. Together, these results underscore the need for evolutionary studies of tropical bird communities to consider ecological factors along with geographic explanations, and that even in areas with well-known avifauna, avian diversity may be substantially underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. McLaughlin
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Celestino Aguilar
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Justin M. Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
- Center for Genomics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Wayra G. Navia-Gine
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Pacific Biosciences, 1305 O’Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rugger Collier
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Anshule Takyar
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Sidney J. Vong
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Robert Driver
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Luis F. De León
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History Norman, OK, USA
| | - Kinsey M. Brock
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History Norman, OK, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joffard N, Buatois B, Arnal V, Véla E, Montgelard C, Schatz B. Delimiting species in the taxonomically challenging orchid section Pseudophrys: Bayesian analyses of genetic and phenotypic data. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1058550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate species delimitation is critical for biodiversity conservation. Integrative taxonomy has been advocated for a long time, yet tools allowing true integration of genetic and phenotypic data have been developed quite recently and applied to few models, especially in plants. In this study, we investigated species boundaries within a group of twelve Pseudophrys taxa from France by analyzing genetic, morphometric and chemical (i.e., floral scents) data in a Bayesian framework using the program integrated Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (iBPP). We found that these twelve taxa were merged into four species when only genetic data were used, while most formally described species were recognized as such when only phenotypic (either morphometric or chemical) data were used. The result of the iBPP analysis performed on both genetic and phenotypic data supports the proposal to merge Ophrys bilunulata and O. marmorata on the one hand, and O. funerea and O. zonata on the other hand. Our results show that phenotypic data are particularly informative in the section Pseudophrys and that their integration in a model-based method significantly improves the accuracy of species delimitation. We are convinced that the integrative taxonomic approach proposed in this study holds great promise to conduct taxonomic revisions in other orchid groups.
Collapse
|
3
|
Creighton MJA, Luo AQ, Reader SM, Mooers AØ. Predictors of taxonomic splitting and its role in primate conservation. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Q. Luo
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - S. M. Reader
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - A. Ø. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Plant conservation in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot: a case study on the Piper genus in Veracruz (Mexico). Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Hu H, Wei Y, Wang W, Suonan J, Wang S, Chen Z, Guan J, Deng Y. Richness and distribution of endangered orchid species under different climate scenarios on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948189. [PMID: 36160966 PMCID: PMC9490128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution is essential for the protection of endangered species. Most orchid species are narrowly distributed in specific habitats and are very vulnerable to habitat disturbance, especially for endangered orchid species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this study, we simulated the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution of 17 endangered orchid species on the QTP using the MaxEnt model based on the shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSPs) in the 2050s and 2070s. The results showed that aspect, annual precipitation, elevation, mean temperature of driest quarter, topsoil pH (H2O), and topsoil sand fraction had a large influence on the potential distribution of endangered orchid species on the QTP. The area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under the current climate scenario was 14,462 km2 (accounting for 0.56% of QTP), and it was mostly distributed in the southeastern part of QTP. The area of orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under SSP370 in the 2070s was the smallest (9,370 km2: only accounting for 0.36% of QTP). The largest area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 was 45,394 km2 (accounting for 1.77% of QTP) under SSP585 in the 2070s. The total potential distribution area of 17 orchid species richness all increased from the 2050s to the 2070s under SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585. The orchid species richness basically declined with the increasing elevation under current and future climate scenarios. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under different climate scenarios was between 3,267 and 3,463 m. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 decreased from SSP126 (3,457 m) to SSP585 (3,267 m) in the 2070s. Based on these findings, future conservation plans should be concentrated on the selection of protected areas in the southeastern part of QTP to protect the endangered orchid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Hu
- College of Geosciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining, China
| | - Ji Suonan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Shixiong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Jinhong Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Yanfang Deng
- Qinghai Service and Guarantee Center of Qilian Mountains National Park, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geographical Distribution and Relationship with Environmental Factors of Paphiopedilum Subgenus Brachypetalum Hallier (Orchidaceae) Taxa in Southwest China. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the geographic distributions of orchid species and their relationships with environmental factors are considered fundamental to their conservation. Paphiopedilum subgenus Brachypetalum is one of the most primitive, ornamental, and threatened groups of Orchidaceae. However, little is known about the distribution of Brachypetalum orchids and how they are influenced by environmental factors. In this study, we developed a database on the geographical distribution of Brachypetalum orchids based on a large-scale field investigation in the Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of southwest China (2019–2020). Using this database, we first adopted the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test to analyze the differences in the geographical distributions and growth environments of Brachypetalum orchids. In addition, we also used the method of principal component analysis (PCA) to explore distribution patterns of Brachypetalum orchids in relation to environmental factors (topography, climate, anthropogenic disturbance, productivity, and soil) in southwest China. Our results indicated that Brachypetalum orchid species were mainly distributed in the karst limestone habitats of southwest China. In general, there were 194 existing localities with the occurrence of seven target orchids in the investigated area. Of the discovered species in our study, 176 locations (~90.7%) were distributed primarily in the karst habitat. Among them, the range of 780–1267 m was the most concentrated elevation of Brachypetalum orchids. In addition, the findings also suggested that the distribution of Brachypetalum orchids in southwest China was relatively scattered in geographical space. However, the density of the distribution of Brachypetalum orchids was high, between 104° and 108° E and between 25° and 26° N. The results of the Mann–Whitney U test revealed that there are obviously different geographical distributions and growth environments of Brachypetalum in southwest China. More specifically, we found some extremely significant differences (p < 0.001) in elevation, mean diurnal range, precipitation of coldest quarter, solar radiation, and exchangeable Ca2+ between the provinces of southwest China. The PCA analysis revealed that elevation, solar radiation, temperature (mean diurnal range, annual temperature range) and precipitation (precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the warmest quarter) were found to be the most significant factors in determining Brachypetalum orchids’ distribution. These findings have implications in assessing conservation effectiveness and determining niche breadth to better protect the populations of these Brachypetalum orchid species in the future.
Collapse
|
7
|
Akbulut MK, Süngü Şeker Ş, Everest T, Şenel G. Suitable habitat modelling using GIS for orchids in the Black Sea Region (North of Turkey). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:853. [PMID: 34851426 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are under continuous threat from many factors, especially human-sourced. Estimating the emerging threat factors linked to habitat losses is very important to understand the effects on biodiversity and to design protection strategies and protected areas. Field assessments and modelling were performed with the aim of determining areas where orchids may spread and to reveal priority areas to create a protection plan. Additionally, the aim was to contribute to development of protection strategies for taxa under threat. This study was performed in the Black Sea region located in the north of Turkey. A total of 40 taxa belonging to 15 Orchidaceae genera were collected. The field assessment process used topographic parameters and threat factors. Habitats where orchids are most commonly distributed comprise open areas, meadows, pastures, and forests. Additionally, the density of orchids was determined to be highest at altitudes from 400 to 1600 m. The highest risk factors for taxa in the region include grazing and trampling. Based on these results, suitable habitats were modelled and mapped according to the observed habitat requirements. The determined suitable habitats will represent the preliminary targets for ex situ protection programs where required. The maps revealed here are important for labeling areas with an estimated orchid density and for protection of these areas if necessary. Our field observations were compatible with the obtained maps. Additionally, we consider these maps to be very important in terms of determining areas where taxa will be spread in preliminary field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kemal Akbulut
- Landscaping and Ornamental Plants, Lapseki Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Şenay Süngü Şeker
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Timuçin Everest
- Landscaping and Ornamental Plants, Lapseki Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Gülcan Şenel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wüster W, Thomson SA, O’shea M, Kaiser H. Confronting taxonomic vandalism in biology: conscientious community self-organization can preserve nomenclatural stability. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Self-published taxon descriptions, bereft of a basis of evidence, are a long-standing problem in taxonomy. The problem derives in part from the Principle of Priority in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which forces the use of the oldest available nomen irrespective of scientific merit. This provides a route to ‘immortality’ for unscrupulous individuals through the mass-naming of taxa without scientific basis, a phenomenon referred to as taxonomic vandalism. Following a flood of unscientific taxon namings, in 2013 a group of concerned herpetologists organized a widely supported, community-based campaign to treat these nomina as lying outside the permanent scientific record, and to ignore and overwrite them as appropriate. Here, we review the impact of these proposals over the past 8 years. We identified 59 instances of unscientific names being set aside and overwritten with science-based names (here termed aspidonyms), and 1087 uses of these aspidonyms, compared to one instance of preference for the overwritten names. This shows that when there is widespread consultation and agreement across affected research communities, setting aside certain provisions of the Code can constitute an effective last resort defence against taxonomic vandalism and enhance the universality and stability of the scientific nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Scott A Thomson
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Divisão de Vertebrados (Herpetologia), Avenida Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Chelonian Research Institute, 401 South Central Avenue, Oviedo, FL 32765, USA
| | - Mark O’shea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Hinrich Kaiser
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, CA 92395, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kolanowska M, Szlachetko DL, Nowak S. Synopsis of Ecuadorian Pterichis (Orchidaceae). PeerJ 2021; 9:e10807. [PMID: 33614283 PMCID: PMC7879944 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic synopsis of the orchid genus Pterichis in Ecuador is presented. All national representatives of this genus are characterized and their floral segments are illustrated. Four new species and two new varieties are described. An updated key to Ecuadorian Pterichis is provided. Plants of the genus are growing mostly as terrestrial herbs at the altitude of 2,300-4,110 m. Often two or more species co-occur in the area of 25 × 25 km. Their occurrence was reported from three ecoregions-the Eastern Cordillera real montane forests, the Northern Andean páramo and the Northwestern Andean montane forests. Seven Ecuadorian Pterichis are endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Nowak
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Conservation in the face of hybridisation: genome-wide study to evaluate taxonomic delimitation and conservation status of a threatened orchid species. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Abstract
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germinal Rouhan
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baguette M, Bertrand JAM, Stevens VM, Schatz B. Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1630-1663. [PMID: 32954662 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations occur mostly in response to environmental variation through the evolution of key innovations that allow emerging species to occupy new ecological niches. Such biological innovations may play a major role in niche divergence when emerging species are engaged in reciprocal ecological interactions. To demonstrate coevolution is a difficult task; only a few studies have confirmed coevolution as driver of speciation and diversification. Herein we review current knowledge about bee orchid (Ophrys spp.) reproductive biology. We propose that the adaptive radiation of the Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys, comprising several hundred species, is due to coevolutionary dynamics between these plants and their pollinators. We suggest that pollination by sexual swindling used by Ophrys orchids is the main driver of this coevolution. Flowers of each Ophrys species mimic a sexually receptive female of one particular insect species, mainly bees. Male bees are first attracted by pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys flowers that are similar to the sexual pheromones of their females. Males then are lured by the flower shape, colour and hairiness, and attempt to copulate with the flower, which glues pollen onto their bodies. Pollen is later transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same Ophrys species during similar copulation attempts. In contrast to rewarding pollination strategies, Ophrys pollinators appear to be parasitized. Here we propose that this apparent parasitism is in fact a coevolutionary relationship between Ophrys and their pollinators. For plants, pollination by sexual swindling could ensure pollination efficiency and specificity, and gene flow among populations. For pollinators, pollination by sexual swindling could allow habitat matching and inbreeding avoidance. Pollinators might use the pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys to locate suitable habitats from a distance within complex landscapes. In small populations, male pollinators would disperse once they have memorized the local diversity of sexual pseudo-pheromone bouquets or if all Ophrys flowers are fertilized and thus repel pollinators via production of repulsive pheromones that mimic those produced by fertilized female bees. We propose the following evolutionary scenario: Ophrys radiation is driven by strong intra-specific competition among Ophrys individuals for the attraction of species-specific pollinators, which is a consequence of the high cognitive abilities of pollinators. Male bees record the pheromone signatures of kin or of previously courted partners to avoid further copulation attempts, thereby inducing strong selection on Ophrys for variation in odour bouquets emitted by individual flowers. The resulting odour bouquets could by chance correspond to pseudo-pheromones of the females of another bee species, and thus attract a new pollinator. If such pollinator shifts occur simultaneously in several indivuals, pollen exchanges might occur and initiate speciation. To reinforce the attraction of the new pollinator and secure prezygotic isolation, the following step is directional selection on flower phenotypes (shape, colour and hairiness) towards a better match with the body of the pollinator's female. Pollinator shift and the resulting prezygotic isolation is adaptive for new Ophrys species because they may benefit from competitor-free space for limited pollinators. We end our review by proritizing several critical research avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Baguette
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, F-75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Joris A M Bertrand
- LGDP (Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes) UMR5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia -CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive) UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Orchid-pollinator network in Euro-Mediterranean region: What we know, what we think we know, and what remains to be done. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Mason NA, Fletcher NK, Gill BA, Funk WC, Zamudio KR. Coalescent-based species delimitation is sensitive to geographic sampling and isolation by distance. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1730475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Mason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Fletcher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Brian A. Gill
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Kelly R. Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Troncoso-Palacios J, Gamboa MRD, Langstroth R, Rtiz JC, Labra A. Without a body of evidence and peer review, taxonomic changes in Liolaemidae and Tropiduridae (Squamata) must be rejected. Zookeys 2019:39-54. [PMID: 30647525 PMCID: PMC6331512 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.813.29164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In his recent self-published book "Reptiles en Chile", Diego Demangel Miranda presented 13 taxonomic changes for liolaemid and tropidurid lizards. While these could be considered validly published according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we show that these taxonomic propositions lack the necessary scientific rigor in terms of replicability, specimen work, lack of peer review and that they do not follow best practices accepted by the herpetological community. Therefore, we hereby invalidate all 13 taxonomic changes proposed in this book, leaving the taxonomy unaffected. Finally, we call attention to the potentially negative consequences of using these taxonomic changes in conservation and environmental impact studies as incorrect decisions might be taken in relation to the species involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Troncoso-Palacios
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70005, Santiago, Chile Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Margarita Ruiz De Gamboa
- Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile Universidad Arturo Prat Iquique Chile
| | - Roberto Langstroth
- Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Calle 27 Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia Colección Boliviana de Fauna La Paz Bolivia
| | - Juan Carlos Rtiz
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Antonieta Labra
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Norway University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martínez-Blancas A, Paz H, Salazar GA, Martorell C. Related plant species respond similarly to chronic anthropogenic disturbance: Implications for conservation decision-making. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martínez-Blancas
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán CdMx Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán CdMx Mexico
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Gerardo A. Salazar
- Departamento de Botánica; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Coyoacán CdMx Mexico
| | - Carlos Martorell
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán CdMx Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahrens CW, Supple MA, Aitken NC, Cantrill DJ, Borevitz JO, James EA. Genomic diversity guides conservation strategies among rare terrestrial orchid species when taxonomy remains uncertain. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1267-1277. [PMID: 28334284 PMCID: PMC5604565 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Species are often used as the unit for conservation, but may not be suitable for species complexes where taxa are difficult to distinguish. Under such circumstances, it may be more appropriate to consider species groups or populations as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). A population genomic approach was employed to investigate the diversity within and among closely related species to create a more robust, lineage-specific conservation strategy for a nationally endangered terrestrial orchid and its relatives from south-eastern Australia. METHODS Four putative species were sampled from a total of 16 populations in the Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP) bioregion and one population of a sub-alpine outgroup in south-eastern Australia. Morphological measurements were taken in situ along with leaf material for genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and microsatellite analyses. KEY RESULTS Species could not be differentiated using morphological measurements. Microsatellite and GBS markers confirmed the outgroup as distinct, but only GBS markers provided resolution of population genetic structure. The nationally endangered Diuris basaltica was indistinguishable from two related species ( D. chryseopsis and D. behrii ), while the state-protected D. gregaria showed genomic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Genomic diversity identified among the four Diuris species suggests that conservation of this taxonomically complex group will be best served by considering them as one ESU rather than separately aligned with species as currently recognized. This approach will maximize evolutionary potential among all species during increased isolation and environmental change. The methods used here can be applied generally to conserve evolutionary processes for groups where taxonomic uncertainty hinders the use of species as conservation units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin W. Ahrens
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Megan A. Supple
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Nicola C. Aitken
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - David J. Cantrill
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Justin O. Borevitz
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. James
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marczewski T, Ma YP, Zhang XM, Sun WB, Marczewski AJ. Why is population information crucial for taxonomy? A case study involving a hybrid swarm and related varieties. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw070. [PMID: 27758764 PMCID: PMC5142052 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization has become a focal topic in evolutionary biology, and many taxonomists are aware that the process occurs more frequently than previously assumed. Nonetheless many species and varieties are still described without explicitly considering the possibility of hybridization, especially in countries that have relatively short scientific histories, but which often possess the highest species diversities. Furthermore, new taxa are often described based only on herbarium specimens, not taking into account information from wild populations, significantly decreasing the potential to detect morphologies arising from hybridization at this crucial descriptive stage. We used morphological data from a hybrid swarm involving two Rhododendron species to showcase possible character combinations in intermediates. Certain characters used to distinguish taxa were more variable within the same individual than between species, emphasizing the importance of population information for an adequate choice of characters. Most described varieties of the two species fell within the spectrum of hybrid morphology, suggesting that these taxa would be unlikely to have merited formal description if contemporary standards had been employed. In all investigated cases the hybrid nature of described varieties seems to have been detectable with adequate morphological data alone, if populations had been assessed. A post hoc assessment of taxa is often complicated, especially if certain types of information are not provided. To avoid accumulation of such invalid taxa, careful scrutiny should be employed for new descriptions. Hybrids (not hybrid species) described as taxa obscure valuable information about natural processes and impact negatively on further research that depends on taxonomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Marczewski
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yong-Peng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Wei-Bang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Joffard N, Buatois B, Schatz B. Integrative taxonomy of the fly orchid group: insights from chemical ecology. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Daniell H, Lin CS, Yu M, Chang WJ. Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. Genome Biol 2016; 17:134. [PMID: 27339192 PMCID: PMC4918201 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800 sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our understanding of chloroplast biology, intracellular gene transfer, conservation, diversity, and the genetic basis by which chloroplast transgenes can be engineered to enhance plant agronomic traits or to produce high-value agricultural or biomedical products. In this review, we discuss the impact of chloroplast genome sequences on understanding the origins of economically important cultivated species and changes that have taken place during domestication. We also discuss the potential biotechnological applications of chloroplast genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, South 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6030, USA.
| | - Choun-Sea Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, South 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6030, USA
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kui L, Chen H, Zhang W, He S, Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Yan L, Zhong C, He F, Chen J, Zeng P, Zhang G, Yang S, Dong Y, Wang W, Cai J. Building a Genetic Manipulation Tool Box for Orchid Biology: Identification of Constitutive Promoters and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Orchid, Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2036. [PMID: 28127299 PMCID: PMC5226938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is the second largest family of flowering plants, which is highly valued for its ornamental purposes and medicinal uses. Dendrobium officinale is a special orchid species that can grow without seed vernalization. Because the whole-genome sequence of D. officinale is publicly available, this species is poised to become a convenient research model for the evolutionary, developmental, and genetic studies of Orchidaceae. Despite these advantages, the methods of genetic manipulation are poorly developed in D. officinale. In this study, based on the previously developed Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation system, we identified several highly efficient promoters for exogenous gene expression and successfully applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system for editing endogenous genes in the genome of D. officinale. These two basic techniques contribute to the genetic manipulation toolbox of Orchidaceae. The pCambia-1301-35SN vector containing the CaMV 35S promoter and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Superfolder green fluorescence protein (SG) as reporter genes were introduced into the plant tissues by the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Fluorescence emission from the transformed plants confirmed the successful transcription and translation of SG genes into functional proteins. We compared the GUS activity under different promoters including four commonly used promoters (MtHP, CVMV, MMV and PCISV) with CaMV 35S promoter and found that MMV, CVMV, and PCISV were as effective as the 35S promoter. Furthermore, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system successfully in D. officinale. By selecting five target genes (C3H, C4H, 4CL, CCR, and IRX) in the lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway, we showed that, for a given target, this system can generate edits (insertions, deletions, or substitutions) at a rate of 10 to 100%. These results showed that our two genetic manipulation tools can efficiently express exogenous genes and edit endogenous genes in D. officinale. These efficient research tools will not only help create novel D. officinale varieties, but will also facilitate the molecular genetic investigation of orchid biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
| | - Simei He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhen, China
| | - Yesheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
| | - Liang Yan
- Pu’er Institute of Pu-er TeaPu’er, China
| | - Chaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Fengmei He
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Junwen Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming, China
- Province Key Laboratory, Biological Big Data College, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Cai, Wen Wang,
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, National Orchid Conservation Center of China and Orchid Conservation and Research Center of ShenzhenShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Cai, Wen Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Q, Chen J, Corlett RT, Fan X, Yu D, Yang H, Gao J. Orchid conservation in the biodiversity hotspot of southwestern China. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1563-72. [PMID: 26372504 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xishuangbanna is on the northern margins of tropical Asia in southwestern China and has the largest area of tropical forest remaining in the country. It is in the Indo-Burma hotspot and contains 16% of China's vascular flora in <0.2% of the country's total area (19,690 km(2) ). Rapid expansion of monoculture crops in the last 20 years, particularly rubber, threatens this region's exceptional biodiversity. To understand the effects of land-use change and collection on orchid species diversity and determine protection priorities, we conducted systematic field surveys, observed markets, interviewed orchid collectors, and then determined the conservation status of all orchids. We identified 426 orchid species in 115 genera in Xishuangbanna: 31% of all orchid species that occur in China. Species richness was highest at 1000-1200 m elevation. Three orchid species were assessed as possibly extinct in the wild, 15 as critically endangered, 82 as endangered, 124 as vulnerable, 186 as least concern, and 16 as data deficient. Declines over 20 years in harvested species suggested over-collection was the major threat, and utility value (i.e., medicinal or ornamental value) was significantly related to endangerment. Expansion of rubber tree plantations was less of a threat to orchids than to other taxa because only 75 orchid species (17.6%) occurred below the 1000-m-elevation ceiling for rubber cultivation, and most of these (46) occurred in nature reserves. However, climate change is projected to lift this ceiling to around 1300 m by 2050, and the limited area at higher elevations reduces the potential for upslope range expansion. The Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is committed to achieving zero plant extinctions in Xishuangbanna, and orchids are a high priority. Appropriate in and ex situ conservation strategies, including new protected areas and seed banking, have been developed for every threatened orchid species and are being implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - XuLi Fan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - DongLi Yu
- The Management Bureau of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, JingHong, Yunnan, 666000, China
| | - HongPei Yang
- The Management Bureau of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, JingHong, Yunnan, 666000, China
| | - JiangYun Gao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang HH, Wonkka CL, Treglia ML, Grant WE, Smeins FE, Rogers WE. Species distribution modelling for conservation of an endangered endemic orchid. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv039. [PMID: 25900746 PMCID: PMC4463238 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding the long-term viability of threatened and endangered plant species are increasingly warranted given the potential impacts of climate change and habitat fragmentation on unstable and isolated populations. Orchidaceae is the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants, but it is currently facing unprecedented risks of extinction. Despite substantial conservation emphasis on rare orchids, populations continue to decline. Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses) is a federally and state-listed endangered terrestrial orchid endemic to central Texas. Hence, we aimed to identify potential factors influencing the distribution of the species, quantify the relative importance of each factor and determine suitable habitat for future surveys and targeted conservation efforts. We analysed several geo-referenced variables describing climatic conditions and landscape features to identify potential factors influencing the likelihood of occurrence of S. parksii using boosted regression trees. Our model classified 97 % of the cells correctly with regard to species presence and absence, and indicated that probability of existence was correlated with climatic conditions and landscape features. The most influential variables were mean annual precipitation, mean elevation, mean annual minimum temperature and mean annual maximum temperature. The most likely suitable range for S. parksii was the eastern portions of Leon and Madison Counties, the southern portion of Brazos County, a portion of northern Grimes County and along the borders between Burleson and Washington Counties. Our model can assist in the development of an integrated conservation strategy through: (i) focussing future survey and research efforts on areas with a high likelihood of occurrence, (ii) aiding in selection of areas for conservation and restoration and (iii) framing future research questions including those necessary for predicting responses to climate change. Our model could also incorporate new information on S. parksii as it becomes available to improve prediction accuracy, and our methodology could be adapted to develop distribution maps for other rare species of conservation concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Carissa L Wonkka
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Present address: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Michael L Treglia
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Applied Biodiversity Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Present address: Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - William E Grant
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fred E Smeins
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - William E Rogers
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science that provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification, the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity enters its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
Collapse
|
25
|
Triponez Y, Arrigo N, Pellissier L, Schatz B, Alvarez N. Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1431-46. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Triponez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology; University of Neuchâtel; Emile-Argand 11 CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Nils Arrigo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; CNRS Montpellier; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Janes JK, Steane DA, Vaillancourt RE. What does population structure analysis reveal about the Pterostylis longifolia complex (Orchidaceae)? Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2631-44. [PMID: 23170201 PMCID: PMC3501618 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphologically similar groups of species are common and pose significant challenges for taxonomists. Differences in approaches to classifying unique species can result in some species being overlooked, whereas others are wrongly conserved. The genetic diversity and population structure of the Pterostylis longifolia complex (Orchidaceae) in Tasmania was investigated to determine if four species, and potential hybrids, could be distinguished through genomic AFLP and chloroplast restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicated that little genetic variation was present among taxa, whereas PCoA analyses revealed genetic variation at a regional scale irrespective of taxa. Population genetic structure analyses identified three clusters that correspond to regional genetic and single taxon-specific phenotypic variation. The results from this study suggest that "longifolia" species have persisted throughout the last glacial maximum in Tasmania and that the complex may be best treated as a single taxon with several morphotypes. These results could have serious evolutionary and conservation implications as taxonomic changes could result in the instatement of a single, widespread taxon in which rarer morphotypes are not protected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine K Janes
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia ; Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
A review of the use of genetic markers in orchid systematics with emphasis on allozymes. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
28
|
Rougerie R, Haxaire J, Kitching IJ, Hebert PDN. DNA barcodes and morphology reveal a hybrid hawkmoth in Tahiti (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/is12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific hybridisation is a rare but widespread phenomenon identified as a potential complicating factor for the identification of species through DNA barcoding. Hybrids can, however, also deceive morphology-based taxonomy, resulting in the description of invalid species based on hybrid specimens. As the result of an unexpected case of discordance between barcoding results and current morphology-based taxonomy, we discovered an example of such a hybrid ‘species’ in hawkmoths. By combining barcodes, morphology and a nuclear marker, we show that Gnathothlibus collardi Haxaire, 2002 is actually an F1 hybrid between two closely related species that co-occur on Tahiti. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the taxon G. collardi is thus invalid as a species. This study demonstrates the potential of DNA barcodes to detect overlooked hybrid taxa. With the growth of sequence libraries, we anticipate that more unsuspected hybrid species will be detected, particularly among those taxa that are very rare, such as those known from only the type specimen.
Collapse
|
29
|
Olaya-Arenas P, Meléndez-Ackerman EJ, Pérez ME, Tremblay R. Demographic response by a small epiphytic orchid. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:2040-2048. [PMID: 22106437 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Biotic changes are an inevitable consequence of climate change. Epiphytes may be more susceptible to changes in climate variation, but data regarding responses to climate variability under field conditions are limited. We evaluated whether the abundance of demographic stages in the epiphytic orchid Lepanthes rupestris at the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico was associated with short-term changes in climate variation over an 8-yr period. METHODS We used cross-correlation analyses to evaluate associations between the abundance of seedlings, juveniles, adults, and fruits per subpopulation, population growth, colonization and extinction rates in L. rupestris with variables related to precipitation and temperature, with and without lag- responses. KEY RESULTS We detected significant negative correlations between the average number of seedlings and the number of dry days, between the average number of fruits and minimum average temperature with a 6-mo response lag, and between the average number of adults and the maximum temperature with a 1-yr response lag. Neither population growth rate nor probability of colonization and extinction were directly related to climatic variation between 2000 and 2007. CONCLUSIONS Associations between climatic variables and demographic stages could have negative implications for this orchid within the context of expected drying trends in the Caribbean. Results argue for the establishment of long-term monitoring studies of orchid populations, because only long-term studies would provide the appropriate temporal scale to detect and predict climate change effects and adaptive management of orchid populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Olaya-Arenas
- Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, 00936-8377, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chiarucci A, Bacaro G, Scheiner SM. Old and new challenges in using species diversity for assessing biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2426-37. [PMID: 21768157 PMCID: PMC3130435 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the maintenance of diversity of living systems is critical for ecosystem functioning, the accelerating pace of global change is threatening its preservation. Standardized methods for biodiversity assessment and monitoring are needed. Species diversity is one of the most widely adopted metrics for assessing patterns and processes of biodiversity, at both ecological and biogeographic scales. However, those perspectives differ because of the types of data that can be feasibly collected, resulting in differences in the questions that can be addressed. Despite a theoretical consensus on diversity metrics, standardized methods for its measurement are lacking, especially at the scales needed to monitor biodiversity for conservation and management purposes. We review the conceptual framework for species diversity, examine common metrics, and explore their use for biodiversity conservation and management. Key differences in diversity measures at ecological and biogeographic scales are the completeness of species lists and the ability to include information on species abundances. We analyse the major pitfalls and problems with quantitative measurement of species diversity, look at the use of weighting measures by phylogenetic distance, discuss potential solutions and propose a research agenda to solve the major existing problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Chiarucci
- Bioconnet, Biodiversity and Conservation Network, Department of Environmental Science G. Sarfatti, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Devey DS, Bateman RM, Fay MF, Hawkins JA. Genetic structure and systematic relationships within the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae): high diversity in Kent and a wind-induced discontinuity bisecting the Adriatic. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:483-95. [PMID: 19251716 PMCID: PMC2720644 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A recent phylogenetic study based on multiple datasets is used as the framework for a more detailed examination of one of the ten molecularly circumscribed groups identified, the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate. The group is highly morphologically variable, prone to phenotypic convergence, shows low levels of sequence divergence and contains an unusually large proportion of threatened taxa, including the rarest Ophrys species in the UK. The aims of this study were to (a) circumscribe minimum resolvable genetically distinct entities within the O. fuciflora aggregate, and (b) assess the likelihood of gene flow between genetically and geographically distinct entities at the species and population levels. METHODS Fifty-five accessions sampled in Europe and Asia Minor from the O. fuciflora aggregate were studied using the AFLP genetic fingerprinting technique to evaluate levels of infraspecific and interspecific genetic variation and to assess genetic relationships between UK populations of O. fuciflora s.s. in Kent and in their continental European and Mediterranean counterparts. KEY RESULTS The two genetically and geographically distinct groups recovered, one located in England and central Europe and one in south-eastern Europe, are incongruent with current species delimitation within the aggregate as a whole and also within O. fuciflora s.s. Genetic diversity is higher in Kent than in the rest of western and central Europe. CONCLUSIONS Gene flow is more likely to occur between populations in closer geographical proximity than those that are morphologically more similar. Little if any gene flow occurs between populations located in the south-eastern Mediterranean and those dispersed throughout the remainder of the distribution, revealing a genetic discontinuity that runs north-south through the Adriatic. This discontinuity is also evident in other clades of Ophrys and is tentatively attributed to the long-term influence of prevailing winds on the long-distance distribution of pollinia and especially seeds. A cline of gene flow connects populations from Kent and central and southern Europe; these individuals should therefore be considered part of an extensive meta-population. Gene flow is also evident among populations from Kent, which appear to constitute a single metapopulation. They show some evidence of hybridization, and possibly also introgression, with O. apifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dion S Devey
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Scopece G, Musacchio A, Widmer A, Cozzolino S. Contrasting thoughts about deceptive orchids: a response to Sobel and Randle. Evolution 2009; 63:2205-9. [PMID: 19453735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sobel and Randle (2009) challenge several methodological choices in the comparative study of the evolution of reproductive isolation in Mediterranean deceptive orchids of Scopece et al. (2007) including the species concept used and the selection of taxa, together with the perceived comparison of clades of different ages. They further criticize that pollinator information was taken from the literature and that two different methods were used to estimate pollinator specificity in food-deceptive and sexually deceptive orchids, respectively. Here we reply to these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Scopece
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
De Lange PJ, Heenan PB, Keeling DJ, Murray BG, Smissen R, Sykes WR. Biosystematics and conservation: a case study with two enigmatic and uncommon species of Crassula from New Zealand. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 101:881-899. [PMID: 18055560 PMCID: PMC2710211 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crassula hunua and C. ruamahanga have been taxonomically controversial. Here their distinctiveness is assessed so that their taxonomic and conservation status can be clarified. METHODS Populations of these two species were analysed using morphological, chromosomal and DNA sequence data. KEY RESULTS It proved impossible to differentiate between these two species using 12 key morphological characters. Populations were found to be chromosomally variable with 11 different chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 42 to 2n = 100. Meiotic behaviour and levels of pollen stainability were both variable. Phylogenetic analyses showed that differences exist in both nuclear and plastid DNA sequences between individual plants, sometimes from the same population. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that these plants are a species complex that has evolved through interspecific hybridization and polyploidy. Their high levels of chromosomal and DNA sequence variation present a problem for their conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. De Lange
- Terrestrial Conservation Unit, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P. B. Heenan
- Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - D. J. Keeling
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - B. G. Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - R. Smissen
- Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - W. R. Sykes
- Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
DUBOIS ALAIN. A partial but radical solution to the problem of nomenclatural taxonomic inflation and synonymy load. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
Molecular evidence on the species status and phylogenetic relationships of Spiranthes parksii, an endangered orchid from Texas. CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Palop-Esteban M, Segarra-Moragues JG, González-Candelas F. Historical and biological determinants of genetic diversity in the highly endemic triploid sea lavender Limonium dufourii (Plumbaginaceae). Mol Ecol 2007; 16:3814-27. [PMID: 17850548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure in the critically endangered Limonium dufourii (Plumbaginaceae), a highly endemic triploid species from the coasts of eastern Spain. Sixty-five alleles from 13 microsatellite regions were amplified in a sample of 122 individuals collected from the six extant populations. Microsatellite patterns were consistent with the triploid nature of L. dufourii. Alleles were unambiguously assigned to two different parental subgenomes in this hybrid species and the greater contribution of the diploid parental subgenome was confirmed. Eleven, 25 and 26 multilocus genotypes were recorded from the haploid, diploid and from the combined information of both subgenomes, respectively. Genetic diversity was mostly distributed among populations (72.06% of the total genetic variation). Genotypes from Marjal del Moro populations grouped into two highly structured clusters (88.41% of the total variance). The observed patterns of distribution of genetic diversity are interpreted to result from multiple hybridization events and isolation between populations. Threats to this species are mainly anthropogenic (urbanization and tourism pressure), although stochastic risks cannot be ignored. Therefore, in order to preserve extant genetic variation of L. dufourii, in situ strategies such as the preservation of its habitat are a high priority. Several recommendations in order to assist ex situ measures to guarantee the success of conservation strategies and maintain the relationships between individuals and populations are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Palop-Esteban
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Genética Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Apdo. Correos 22085, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|