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Zhang XY, Xu JD, Wang Y, Wu CY, Zhou J, Shen H, Zou YT, Zhu JH, Zhou SS, Li SL, Xu J, Long F. Comparing steamed and wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix in terms of Yin-nourishing effects via metabolomics and microbiome analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116424. [PMID: 37003400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata (RRP), the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa, has been widely used to treat Yin deficiency syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine. RRP is available in two forms: processed by steaming with water (SRR) or processed by stewing with yellow rice wine (WRR). Previous work has documented chemical differences in the secondary metabolomes and glycomes of SRR and WRR. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to compare SRR and WRR in terms of Yin-nourishing effects via metabolomics and microbiome analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were orally administered with thyroxine for 14 d to induce Yin deficiency. Changes in biochemical indices and histopathology were detected. Serum metabolomics analysis and microbial 16S rRNA sequencing were performed to compare the therapeutic effects and mechanisms between SRR and WRR in treating thyroxine-induced Yin deficiency. RESULTS Both SRR and WRR decreased serum T3, T4 and MDA levels, and increased SOD activity. SRR more effectively decreased serum Cr, and ameliorated kidney injury, while WRR showed better regulation on ratio of cAMP/cGMP and serum TSH, and relieved thyroid injury. Both SRR and WRR regulated tyrosine, glycerophospholipid, and linoleic acid metabolism and the citric acid cycle. Additionally, SRR regulated fatty acid metabolism, while WRR influenced alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. SRR significantly enriched the genera Staphylococcus and Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiome, while WRR significantly enriched the genera Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, and decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus. CONCLUSIONS SRR displayed better protective effects on kidney, while WRR showed stronger effects on thyroid in thyroxine-induced Yin deficient mice. These differences might be due to different regulating effects of SRR and WRR on the metabolome and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Wu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Ye-Ting Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
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Morgaan HA, Sallam MY, El-Gowelli HM, El-Gowilly SM, El-Mas MM. Preeclamptic programming unevenly perturbs inflammatory and renal vasodilatory outcomes of endotoxemia in rat offspring: modulation by losartan and pioglitazone. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1140020. [PMID: 37180728 PMCID: PMC10166818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1140020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) enhances the vulnerability of adult offspring to serious illnesses. The current study investigated whether preeclamptic fetal programming impacts hemodynamic and renal vasodilatory disturbances in endotoxic adult offspring and whether these interactions are influenced by antenatal therapy with pioglitazone and/or losartan. Methods: PE was induced by oral administration of L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) for the last 7 days of pregnancy. Adult offspring was treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 5 mg/kg) followed 4-h later by hemodynamic and renovascular studies. Results: Tail-cuff measurements showed that LPS decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in male, but not female, offspring of PE dams. Moreover, PE or LPS reduced vasodilations elicited by acetylcholine (ACh, 0.01-7.29 nmol) or N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 1.6-100 nmol) in perfused kidneys of male rats only. The latter effects disappeared in LPS/PE preparations, suggesting a postconditioning action for LPS against renal manifestation of PE. Likewise, elevations caused by LPS in serum creatinine and inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) as well as in renal protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and AT1 receptors were attenuated by the dual PE/LPS challenge. Gestational pioglitazone or losartan reversed the attenuated ACh/NECA vasodilations in male rats but failed to modify LPS hypotension or inflammation. The combined gestational pioglitazone/losartan therapy improved ACh/NECA vasodilations and eliminated the rises in serum IL-1β and renal MCP-1 and AT1 receptor expressions. Conclusion: Preeclamptic fetal programming of endotoxic hemodynamic and renal manifestations in adult offspring depends on animal sex and specific biological activity and are reprogrammed by antenatal pioglitazone/losartan therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar A. Morgaan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. El-Gowelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. El-Gowilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Fernández-Rojas B, Vázquez-Cervantes GI, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Lipoteichoic acid reduces antioxidant enzymes in H9c2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:101-108. [PMID: 31921600 PMCID: PMC6948251 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an illness where the heart is invaded by bacteria, like Streptococcal and Staphylococcal species that contain lipoteichoic acid (LTA) related to an essential role in this disease. This study is the first in evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels in embryonic cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) induced by LTA from Streptococcus sanguinis. LTA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 and catalase (CAT) but did not affect glutathione content. At the highest LTA concentration (15 μg/ml), SOD-1 and CAT levels did not change, and this effect was related to the induction of mRNA levels of Nrf2 induced by LTA. These results suggest that low antioxidant enzyme levels and ROS production could be related to IE.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CAT, catalase
- Carboxy-H2DCFDA, 6-carboxy-2´,7´ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FDA, fluorescein diacetate
- GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase-1
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IE, infective endocarditis
- Infective endocarditis
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinases
- LTA, lipoteichoic acid
- Lipoteichoic acid
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- O2•¯, superoxide radical
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- ONOO¯, peroxynitrite anion
- Oxidative stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS production
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD-1, superoxide dismutase-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Fernández-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo I. Vázquez-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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Ferrè S, Deng Y, Huen SC, Lu CY, Scherer PE, Igarashi P, Moe OW. Renal tubular cell spliced X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s) has a unique role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and inflammation. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1359-1373. [PMID: 31601454 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory state in response to infection, and concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI) increases mortality significantly. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is activated in many cell types upon microbial infection and modulates inflammation. The role of endoplasmic reticulum signaling in the kidney during septic AKI is unknown. Here we tested the role of the spliced X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s), a key component of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated pathways, in the renal response to sepsis in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model. Xbp1s was increased in the kidneys of mice treated with LPS but not in other models of AKI, or several chronic kidney disease models. The functional significance of Xbp1s induction was examined by genetic manipulation in renal tubules. Renal tubule-specific overexpression of Xbp1s caused severe tubule dilation and vacuolation with expression of the injury markers Kim1 and Ngal, the pro-inflammatory molecules interleukin-6 (Il6) and Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), decreased kidney function and 50% mortality in five days. Renal tubule-specific genetic ablation of Xbp1 had no phenotype at baseline. However, after LPS, Xbp1 knockdown mice displayed lower renal NGAL, pro-apoptotic factor CHOP, serum creatinine levels, and a tendency towards lower Tlr4 compared to LPS-treated mice with intact Xbp1s. LPS treatment in Xbp1s-overexpressing mice caused a mild increase in NGAL and CHOP compared to LPS-treated mice without genetic Xbp1s overexpression. Thus, increased Xbp1s signaling in renal tubules is unique to sepsis-induced AKI and contributes to renal inflammation and injury. Inhibition of this pathway may be a potential portal to alleviate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrè
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher Y Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum down-regulates UV-induced MMP-1 expression and up-regulates type I procollagen through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:248-55. [PMID: 26059754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the primary environmental factor that causes human skin aging. UV irradiation induces the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and extracellular matrix degrading enzymes. Among the members of MMP family, MMP-1 is an interstitial collagenase that degrades the collagen triple helix. We investigated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum, well known as useful microorganism, on UV-induced-MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) was pre-stimulated with lipoteichoic acid isolated from L. plantarum followed by UV irradiation. Secreted protein level of MMP-1 was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cell lysates was also examined by western blotting. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the activated transcription factor, AP-1 and NF-κB. The detection of type 1 procollagen was carried with Procollagen type 1 C-peptide (PIP) EIA kit. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by LTA and UV irradiation was examined by Griess reagent assay and fluorescence microscope. RESULTS We found that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell-wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, isolated from L. plantarum, inhibited MMP-1 expression. Pretreatment with LTA from L. plantarum (pLTA) reduced MMP-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). It also led to the inhibition of DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB). Furthermore, LTA promoted type 1 procollagen synthesis and reduced the generation of ROS induced by UV irradiation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that pLTA inhibits degradation of collagen and promotes its synthesis and that pLTA contributes to a decrease in ROS production. Therefore, pLTA from L. plantarum has potential abilities to prevent and treat skin photo-aging.
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Bonney S, Hughes K, Eckle T. Anesthetic cardioprotection: the role of adenosine. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:5690-5. [PMID: 24502579 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140204102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brief periods of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion exert a protective effect against subsequent longer ischemic periods, a phenomenon coined ischemic preconditioning. Similarly, repeated brief episodes of coronary occlusion and reperfusion at the onset of reperfusion, called post-conditioning, dramatically reduce infarct sizes. Interestingly, both effects can be achieved by the administration of any volatile anesthetic. In fact, cardio-protection by volatile anesthetics is an older phenomenon than ischemic pre- or post-conditioning. Although the mechanism through which anesthetics can mimic ischemic pre- or post-conditioning is still unknown, adenosine generation and signaling are the most redundant triggers in ischemic pre- or post-conditioning. In fact, adenosine signaling has been implicated in isoflurane-mediated cardioprotection. Adenosine acts via four receptors designated as A1, A2a, A2b, and A3. Cardioprotection has been associated with all subtypes, although the role of each remains controversial. Much of the controversy stems from the abundance of receptor agonists and antagonists that are, in fact, capable of interacting with multiple receptor subtypes. Recently, more specific receptor agonists and new genetic animal models have become available paving way towards new discoveries. As such, the adenosine A2b receptor was shown to be the only one of the adenosine receptors whose cardiac expression is induced by ischemia in both mice and humans and whose function is implicated in ischemic pre- or post-conditioning. In the current review, we will focus on adenosine signaling in the context of anesthetic cardioprotection and will highlight new discoveries, which could lead to new therapeutic concepts to treat myocardial ischemia using anesthetic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Eckle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Mailstop B112, RC 2, Room 7121, Aurora, CO 80045.
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Jiang G, Wang M, Wang L, Chen H, Chen Z, Guo J, Weng X, Liu X. The protective effect of nesfatin-1 against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Ren Fail 2015; 37:882-9. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1015426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Koç M, Kumral ZNÖ, Özkan N, Memi G, Kaçar Ö, Bilsel S, Çetinel Ş, Yeğen BÇ. Obestatin improves ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects: role of the nitric oxide. Peptides 2014; 60:23-31. [PMID: 25086266 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in several inflammatory models. To elucidate the potential renoprotective effects of obestatin, renal I/R injury was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by placing a clamp across left renal artery for 60min following a right nephrectomy. Clamp was released and the rats were injected with either saline or obestatin (10, 30, 100μg/kg). In some experiments, obestatin (10μg/kg) was administered with L-NAME (10mg/kg) or L-Nil (0.36mg/kg). Following a 24-h reperfusion, the rats were decapitated to measure serum creatinine and nitrite/nitrate levels, renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and to assess cortical necrosis and apoptosis scores. Obestatin treatment reduced I/R-induced increase in creatinine levels, renal MPO activity and renal MDA levels, while renal GSH levels were significantly increased by obestatin. Histological analysis revealed that severe I/R injury and high apoptosis score in the kidney samples of saline-treated rats were significantly reduced and the cortical/medullary injury was ameliorated by obestatin. Expression of eNOS, which was increased by I/R injury, was further increased by obestatin, while serum NO levels were significantly decreased. iNOS inhibitor L-Nil reduced oxidative renal damage and improved the functional and histopathological parameters. I/R-induced elevation in eNOS expression, which was further increased by obestatin, was depressed by L-NAME and L-Nil treatments. The present data demonstrate that obestatin ameliorates renal I/R-injury by its possible anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, which appear to involve the suppression of neutrophil accumulation and modulation of NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koç
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Istanbul, Turkey; Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Naziye Özkan
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Histology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülsün Memi
- Kırklareli University Health School, Kırklareli, Turkey
| | - Ömer Kaçar
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serpil Bilsel
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şule Çetinel
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Histology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced cross-tolerance against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-2α-regulated nitric oxide production. Kidney Int 2014; 85:276-88. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Role of redox signaling in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:484613. [PMID: 24455696 PMCID: PMC3884773 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a redox signal, are produced by various enzymatic reactions and chemical processes, which are essential for many physiological functions and act as second messengers. However, accumulating evidence has implicated the pathogenesis of several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders related to increased oxidative stress. Under pathological conditions, increasing ROS production can regulate the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators during brain injury. Elevated levels of several proinflammatory factors including cytokines, peptides, pathogenic structures, and peroxidants in the central nervous system (CNS) have been detected in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proinflammatory factors act as potent stimuli in brain inflammation through upregulation of diverse inflammatory genes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and adhesion molecules. To date, the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the expression of target proteins regulated by these factors are elusive. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the intracellular signaling pathways, especially ROS, involved in the expression of several inflammatory proteins induced by proinflammatory factors in brain resident cells. Understanding redox signaling transduction mechanisms involved in the expression of target proteins and genes may provide useful therapeutic strategies for brain injury, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sugita S, Okabe T, Sakamoto A. Continuous Infusion of Dexmedetomidine Improves Renal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rat Kidney. J NIPPON MED SCH 2013; 80:131-9. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.80.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sugita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Tadashi Okabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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Koch A, Pernow M, Barthuber C, Mersmann J, Zacharowski K, Grotemeyer D. Systemic inflammation after aortic cross clamping is influenced by Toll-like receptor 2 preconditioning and deficiency. J Surg Res 2012; 178:833-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hsieh HL, Lin CC, Shih RH, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signal contributes to lipoteichoic acid-induced MMP-9 upregulation in brain astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:110. [PMID: 22643046 PMCID: PMC3391180 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls and may be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from meningitis. Among matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 has been observed in patients with brain inflammatory diseases and may contribute to the pathology of brain diseases. Moreover, several studies have suggested that increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain inflammation and injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LTA-induced redox signal and MMP-9 expression in brain astrocytes remain unclear. OBJECTIVE Herein we explored whether LTA-induced MMP-9 expression was mediated through redox signals in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). METHODS Upregulation of MMP-9 by LTA was evaluated by zymographic and RT-PCR analyses. Next, the MMP-9 regulatory pathways were investigated by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and promoter activity reporter assays. Moreover, we determined the cell functional changes by migration assay. RESULTS These results showed that LTA induced MMP-9 expression via a PKC(α)-dependent pathway. We further demonstrated that PKCα stimulated p47phox/NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and then activated the ATF2/AP-1 signals. The activated-ATF2 bound to the AP-1-binding site of MMP-9 promoter, and thereby turned on MMP-9 gene transcription. Additionally, the co-activator p300 also contributed to these responses. Functionally, LTA-induced MMP-9 expression enhanced astrocytic migration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that in RBA-1 cells, activation of ATF2/AP-1 by the PKC(α)-mediated Nox(2)/ROS signals is essential for upregulation of MMP-9 and cell migration enhanced by LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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CNS immune responses following experimental stroke. Neurocrit Care 2009; 12:274-84. [PMID: 19714497 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-009-9270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Animals subjected to an inflammatory insult with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the time of stroke are predisposed to develop a detrimental autoimmune response to myelin basic protein (MBP). In this study, we sought to determine whether other inflammatory stimuli could similarly invoke central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and whether these detrimental autoimmune responses occurred to antigens other than MBP. METHODS Male Lewis rats underwent 3 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received intraperitoneal injections of LPS, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or saline at the time of reperfusion. Behavioral tests were performed at set time intervals after MCAO and animals were sacrificed at 1 month to analyze the immune response to MBP, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and proteolipid protein (PLP). RESULTS Lymphocytes from SEB treated animals were highly reactive to all tested CNS antigens, but treatment with LPS was most likely to lead to a TH: 1(+) response. A TH: 1(+) response to MBP, NSE or PLP in spleen was associated with worse outcome, although the response to NSE was most predictive of poor outcome. Animals with a cell mediated autoimmune response to either MBP or NSE in spleen had a concomitant humoral response to these antigens. CONCLUSIONS These data show that LPS, but not other inflammatory stimuli, increase the likelihood of developing a detrimental autoimmune response to an array of brain antigens.
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Zhang J, Goering PL, Espandiari P, Shaw M, Bonventre JV, Vaidya VS, Brown RP, Keenan J, Kilty CG, Sadrieh N, Hanig JP. Differences in immunolocalization of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 in kidneys of gentamicin-, cisplatin-, and valproic acid-treated rats: potential role of iNOS and nitrotyrosine. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:629-43. [PMID: 19535489 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309339605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the immunolocalization of Kim-1, renal papillary antigen (RPA)-1, and RPA-2 with that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine in kidneys of gentamicin sulfate (Gen)- and cisplatin (Cis)-treated rats. The specificity of acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine was evaluated by dosing rats with valproic acid (VPA). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) with 100 mg/kg/day of Gen for six or fourteen days; a single intraperitoneal (ip) dose of 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg of Cis; or 650 mg/kg/day of VPA (ip) for four days. In Gen-treated rats, Kim-1 was expressed in the epithelial cells, mainly in the S1/S2 segments but less so in the S3 segment, and RPA-1 was increased in the epithelial cells of collecting ducts (CD) in the cortex. Spatial expression of iNOS or nitrotyrosine with Kim-1 or RPA-1 was detected. In Cis-treated rats, Kim-1 was expressed only in the S3 segment cells, and RPA-1 and RPA-2 were increased in the epithelial cells of medullary CD or medullary loop of Henle (LH), respectively. Spatial expression of iNOS or nitrotyrosine with RPA-1 or RPA-2 was also identified. These findings suggest that peroxynitrite formation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Gen and Cis nephrotoxicity and that Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 have the potential to serve as site-specific biomarkers for Gen or Cis AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, USA.
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Pradillo JM, Fernández-López D, García-Yébenes I, Sobrado M, Hurtado O, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in neuroprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning. J Neurochem 2009; 109:287-94. [PMID: 19200341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a short ischemic event (ischemic preconditioning, IPC) results in a subsequent resistance to severe ischemia (ischemic tolerance, IT). We have recently demonstrated the role of innate immunity and in particular of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in brain ischemia. Several evidences suggest that TLR4 might also be involved in IT. Therefore, we have now used an in vivo model of IPC to investigate whether TLR4 is involved in IT. A 6-min temporary bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion was used for focal IPC and it was performed on TLR4-deficient mice (C57BL/10ScNJ) and animals that express TLR4 normally (C57BL/10ScSn). To assess the ability of IPC to induce IT, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed 48 h after IPC. Stroke outcome was evaluated by determination of infarct volume and assessment of neurological scores. IPC caused neuroprotection as shown by a reduction in infarct volume and better outcome in mice expressing TLR4 normally. TLR4-deficient mice showed less IPC-induced neuroprotection than wild-type animals. Western blot analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) showed an up-regulation in the expression of these proteins in both substrains of mice measured 18, 24 and 48 h after IPC, being higher in mice with TLR4. Similarly, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation was observed 18, 24 and 48 h after IPC, being more intense in TLR4-expressing mice. These data demonstrate that TLR4 signalling is involved in brain tolerance as shown by the difference in the percentage of neuroprotection produced by IPC between ScSn and ScNJ (60% vs. 18%). The higher expression of TNF-alpha, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 and NF-kappaB activation in mice expressing TLR4 is likely to participate in this endogenous neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Pradillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Schober P, Oprea G, Mersmann J, Nebert A, Zacharowski K, Zacharowski PA. Lipoteichoic acid induces delayed myocardial protection in isolated rat hearts: A comparison with endotoxin. Resuscitation 2008; 79:311-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Koch A, Boehm O, Zacharowski PA, Loer SA, Weimann J, Rensing H, Foster SJ, Schmidt R, Berkels R, Reingruber S, Zacharowski K. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in the lung during lipopolysaccharide tolerance and cross tolerance. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2775-84. [PMID: 17901834 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000288122.24212.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment with low-dose lipopolysaccharide protects cells/organs against a subsequent lethal Gram-negative (lipopolysaccharide tolerance) or Gram-positive (cross tolerance) stimulus. We determined whether this occurs in the rat lung. The involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 was evaluated. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS Anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS To test the hypothesis, rats received saline or lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg). At 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 hrs later, blood samples and lung tissue were taken to determine messenger RNA, protein concentration, and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1. In additional experiments, rats were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) and subjected to Gram-negative (lipopolysaccharide) or Gram-positive (lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan) shock 24 hrs later. These studies were carried out in the presence and absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase or heme oxygenase-1 inhibitors (1400W or tin protoporphyrin IX). Following 6 hrs of shock, lung tissue was taken to determine lung damage and heme oxygenase-1 concentration and activity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the rat lung, lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase protein at 8 hrs with a corresponding increase in plasma nitrate/nitrite at 8-16 hrs. Simultaneously, heme oxygenase-1 messenger RNA transcripts were observed at 8-16 hrs, and maximal expression of the protein followed (24 hrs). Pretreatment with low-dose lipopolysaccharide reduced myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil infiltration) and wet-dry ratio (pulmonary edema) in the lungs of animals subjected to Gram-negative or Gram-positive shock, demonstrating tolerance. Pretreatment with low-dose lipopolysaccharide and the selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 1400W reduced heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and lung protection was abolished. Tin protoporphyrin IX did not affect heme oxygenase-1 expression, but heme oxygenase activity and lung protection were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS We propose that nitric oxide (most likely inducible nitric oxide synthase derived) regulates the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in the lung, which in turn plays an important part in pulmonary protection during lipopolysaccharide tolerance and cross tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koch
- Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Department of Anesthesia, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
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19
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in the lung during lipopolysaccharide tolerance and cross tolerance. Crit Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200712000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Chatterjee PK. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:1-43. [PMID: 18038125 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of renal I-R injury with the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and the decline of antioxidant protection playing major roles, leading to dysfunction, injury, and death of the cells of the kidney. Renal inflammation, involving cytokine/adhesion molecule cascades with recruitment, activation, and diapedesis of circulating leukocytes is also implicated. Clinically, renal I-R occurs in a variety of medical and surgical settings and is responsible for the development of acute tubular necrosis (a characteristic feature of ischemic ARF), e.g., in renal transplantation where I-R of the kidney directly influences graft and patient survival. The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of renal I-R injury have been targeted by several pharmacological interventions. However, although showing promise in experimental models of renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, they have not proved successful in the clinical setting (e.g., atrial natriuretic peptide, low-dose dopamine). This review highlights recent pharmacological developments, which have shown particular promise against experimental renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, including novel antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme mimetics, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, erythropoietin, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonists, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, carbon monoxide-releasing molecules, statins, and adenosine. Novel approaches such as recent research involving combination therapies and the potential of non-pharmacological strategies are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Stevens SL, Stenzel-Poore MP. Toll-like receptors and tolerance to ischaemic injury in the brain. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 34:1352-5. [PMID: 17073817 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic tolerance in the brain is a powerful adaptive defence that involves an endogenous programme of neuroprotection culminating in marked protection against brain injury from ischaemia. A range of preconditioning stimuli exist that differ in ligand and target characteristics but share the common feature of causing mild stress or insult without inducing overt injury. The protective phenotype that emerges confers tolerance to subsequent exposure to injurious insults. Tolerance to injury is the result of genomic reprogramming, an adaptation comprising regulatory processes that countermand injurious effectors and invoke novel neuroprotective pathways. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) play important roles in sensing potential danger/insult in the form of pathogens as well as endogenous stress molecules that occur in response to mild injury (e.g. heat-shock proteins). Recent studies suggest that TLRs are novel and potent preconditioning targets that offer substantial promise to protect the brain from ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Stevens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
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22
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Gottmann U, Brinkkoetter PT, Bechtler M, Hoeger S, Karle C, Schaub M, Schnuelle P, Yard B, van der Woude FJ, Braun C. Effect of pre-treatment with catecholamines on cold preservation and ischemia/reperfusion-injury in rats. Kidney Int 2006; 70:321-8. [PMID: 16760913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of organ donors with catecholamines reduces acute rejection episodes and improves long-term graft survival after renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of catecholamine pre-treatment on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)- and cold preservation injury in rat kidneys. I/R-injury was induced by clamping the left kidney vessels for 60 min along with a contralateral nephrectomy. Cold preservation injury was induced by storage of the kidneys for 24 h at +4 degrees Celsius in University of Wisconsin solution, followed by syngeneic transplantation. Rats were pre-treated with either dopamine (DA), dobutamine (DB), or norepinephrine (2, 5, and 10 microg/kg/min, each group) intravenously via an osmotic minipump for 24 h before I/R- and cold preservation injury. Pre-treatment with DA (2 or 5 microg/kg/min) and DB (5 microg/kg/min) improved recovery of renal function after I/R-injury and dose dependently reduced mononuclear and major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells infiltrating the kidney after I/R-injury. One day after I/R-injury, upregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and 2 and phosphorylation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases was observed in kidneys of animals treated with DA or DB. DA (5 microg/kg/min) and DB (5 microg/kg/min) pre-treatment reduced endothelial cell damage after 24 h of cold preservation. Only DA pre-treatment improved renal function and reduced renal inflammation after 24 h of cold preservation and syngeneic transplantation. Our results demonstrate a protective effect of pre-treatment with catecholamines on renal inflammation and function after I/R- or cold preservation injury. This could help to explain the potent organoprotective effects of catecholamine pre-treatment observed in human kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gottmann
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Collin M, Murch O, Thiemermann C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 reduce the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against organ failure caused by endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1131-8. [PMID: 16484917 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000206472.63040.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that a) ligands of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and b) lipopolysaccharide preconditioning protect the organs against the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning are due to an enhanced formation of endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS Ninety-nine anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were pretreated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 24 hrs before induction of endotoxemia) in the absence or presence of the selective PPAR-gamma antagonists GW9662 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or T0070907 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). At 24 hrs after preconditioning with low-dose lipopolysaccharide, the rats were subjected to acute severe endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide 6 mg/kg intravenously). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning significantly attenuated the development of renal dysfunction (serum creatinine), hepatocellular injury (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and circulatory failure (hypotension) as well as the increase in the plasma levels of interleukin-1beta caused by severe endotoxemia. All of these beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide were attenuated by the specific PPAR-gamma antagonists used. In contrast, the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib did not affect the beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS We propose that endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma contribute to the protection afforded by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against the organ injury and dysfunction associated with severe endotoxemia in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Collin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, the William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, UK
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Viñas JL, Sola A, Genescà M, Alfaro V, Pí F, Hotter G. NO and NOS isoforms in the development of apoptosis in renal ischemia/reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:992-1003. [PMID: 16540395 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are recognized as important mediators of physiological and pathological processes of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but little is known about their role in apoptosis. The ability of the eNOS/NO system to regulate the iNOS/NO system and thus promote apoptosis was assessed during experimental renal I/R. Renal caspase-3 activity and the number of TUNEL-positive cells increased with I/R, but decreased when NOS/NO systems were blocked with L-NIO (eNOS), 1400W (iNOS), and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; a nonselective NOS inhibitor). I/R increased renal eNOS and iNOS expression as well as NO production. The NO increase was eNOS- and iNOS-dependent. Blockage of NOS/NO systems with L-NIO or L-NAME also resulted in a lower renal expression of iNOS and iNOS mRNA; in contrast, eNOS expression was not affected by iNOS-specific blockage. In conclusion, two pathways define the role of NOS/NO systems in the development of apoptosis during experimental renal I/R: a direct route, through eNOS overexpression and NO production, and an indirect route, through expression/activation of the iNOS/NO system, induced by eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Viñas
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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25
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Collino M, Patel NSA, Lawrence KM, Collin M, Latchman DS, Yaqoob MM, Thiemermann C. The selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 reverses the protection of LPS in a model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Kidney Int 2005; 68:529-36. [PMID: 16014029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently reported that pretreatment of rats with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and selective agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) protect the kidney against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the renoprotective effects of LPS may be due to an enhanced formation of endogenous ligands of PPARgamma, rather than an up-regulation of PPARgamma expression. METHODS Rats were pretreated with LPS (1 mg/kg, IP, 24 hours prior to ischemia) in the absence (control) or presence of the selective PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/kg, IP, 24 and 12 hours prior to ischemia). Twenty-four hours after injection of LPS, rats were subjected to 60 minutes of bilateral renal ischemia, followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. Serum and urinary indicators of renal injury and dysfunction were measured, specifically serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl-transferase, creatinine clearance, urine flow, and fractional excretion of sodium. Kidney PPARgamma1 mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Pretreatment with LPS significantly attenuated all markers of renal injury and dysfunction caused by I/R. Most notably, GW9662 abolished the protective effects of LPS. Additionally, I/R caused an up-regulation of kidney PPARgamma1 mRNA levels compared to sham animals, which were unchanged in rats pretreated with LPS. CONCLUSION We document here for the first time that endogenous ligands of PPARgamma may contribute to the protection against renal I/R injury afforded by LPS pretreatment in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Collino
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, London, UK
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26
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Gottmann U, Notheisen A, Brinkkoetter PT, Yard BA, Waldherr R, Schnuelle P, van der Woude FJ, Braun C. Influence of Donor Pretreatment with Dopamine on Allogeneic Kidney Transplantation after Prolonged Cold Storage in Rats. Transplantation 2005; 79:1344-50. [PMID: 15912102 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000159030.86574.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrospective transplant database analysis revealed that administration of catecholamines to organ donors reduces acute rejection episodes and improves graft survival after renal transplantation. In the present study, the authors investigated the influence of dopamine donor pretreatment before prolonged cold storage on short- and long-term graft outcome after allogeneic kidney transplantation. METHODS Fisher donor rats were treated intravenously for 24 hr with dopamine or isotonic saline, Lewis rats treated with saline served as controls. Explanted kidneys were stored for 24 hr at 4 degrees C in University of Wisconsin solution and transplanted into Lewis rats. RESULTS Dopamine pretreatment markedly reduced the infiltration of monocytes down to the level of isogeneic controls 5 days after allogeneic transplantation and hastened recovery of renal function in the first days after transplantation. After 24 weeks, serum creatinine and proteinuria were significantly lower in recipients of dopamine-treated grafts. Histologically, dopamine donor pretreatment significantly reduced the severity of chronic allograft nephropathy. Survival of animals that underwent transplantation was improved by dopamine pretreatment of donors (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of organ donors with dopamine improves short- and long-term outcome after prolonged cold storage and subsequent allogeneic kidney transplantation in rats. The authors' experimental data demonstrate that donor treatment is a simple and effective approach for preventing long-term graft loss after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Gottmann
- Fifth Department of Medicine, Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Wang JE, Dahle MK, McDonald M, Foster SJ, Aasen AO, Thiemermann C. Peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid in gram-positive bacterial sepsis: receptors, signal transduction, biological effects, and synergism. Shock 2004; 20:402-14. [PMID: 14560103 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000092268.01859.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates the early signaling events leading to the deleterious inflammatory response. However, it has become clear that LPS can not reproduce all of the clinical features of sepsis, which emphasize the roles of other contributing factors. Gram-positive bacteria, which lack LPS, are today responsible for a substantial part of the incidents of sepsis with MODS. The major wall components of gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, are thought to contribute to the development of sepsis and MODS. In this review, the literature underlying our current understanding of how peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid activate inflammatory responses will be presented, with a focus on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Wang
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BC, United Kingdom.
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