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Corridon PR. Enhancing the expression of a key mitochondrial enzyme at the inception of ischemia-reperfusion injury can boost recovery and halt the progression of acute kidney injury. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1024238. [PMID: 36846323 PMCID: PMC9945300 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1024238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamic fluid delivery has shown promise in influencing renal function in disease models. This technique provided pre-conditioned protection in acute injury models by upregulating the mitochondrial adaptation, while hydrodynamic injections of saline alone have improved microvascular perfusion. Accordingly, hydrodynamic mitochondrial gene delivery was applied to investigate the ability to halt progressive or persistent renal function impairment following episodes of ischemia-reperfusion injuries known to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). The rate of transgene expression was approximately 33% and 30% in rats with prerenal AKI that received treatments 1 (T1hr) and 24 (T24hr) hours after the injury was established, respectively. The resulting mitochondrial adaptation via exogenous IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+) and mitochondrial) significantly blunted the effects of injury within 24 h of administration: decreased serum creatinine (≈60%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈50%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) and blood urea nitrogen (≈50%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈35%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) levels, and increased urine output (≈40%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈26%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) and mitochondrial membrane potential, Δψm, (≈ by a factor of 13, p < 0.001 at T1hr; ≈ by a factor of 11, p < 0.001 at T24hr), despite elevated histology injury score (26%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; 47%, p < 0.05 at T24hr). Therefore, this study identifies an approach that can boost recovery and halt the progression of AKI at its inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,*Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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Gao J, Wei L, Song J, Jiang H, Gao Y, Wu X, Xu S. In vitro and in vivo study of the expression of the Syk/Ras/c‑Fos pathway in chronic glomerulonephritis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3683-3690. [PMID: 30106104 PMCID: PMC6131599 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is the most common form of glomerular disease; however, its associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key mediator of B-receptor signaling on the surface of inflammatory cells. The primary target for R406 is Syk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in a rat model of CGN induced by adriamycin (ADR) and in the rat glomerular mesangial cell line, HBZY-1, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CGN was induced in the rat models by two intravenous injections of ADR into the tail: 3.5 mg/kg ADR was given on the first day and 3.0 mg/kg on the fourteenth day. HBZY-1 cells were incubated with 0.5 µg/ml LPS for 48 h. The pathological alterations in the kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The 24 h urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. The mRNA expression levels of Syk, Ras, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and c-Fos was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, the protein levels of phosphorylated (p)-Syk, Ras, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and c-Fos were measured by western blot analysis. In the model group, 24 h urinary protein, BUN and creatinine levels were increased when compared with the normal group (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the normal group, the mRNA and protein levels of the Syk/Ras/c-Fos pathway components in vitro and in vivo were markedly increased, inhibiting the abnormal cell viability of mesangial cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested a potential role for the Syk/Ras/c-Fos signaling pathway in CGN, which indicated the necessity for further investigation at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Liangbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Junmei Song
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Yachen Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Shuangzhi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
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Lee H, Lee JW, Yoo KD, Yoo JY, Lee JP, Kim DK, Chin HJ, Kim YS, Yang SH. Cln 3-requiring 9 is a negative regulator of Th17 pathway-driven inflammation in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F505-19. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00533.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes promote renal inflammation in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates activation of Th17 lymphocytes by IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Cln 3-requiring 9 (Ctr9), a subunit of RNA polymerase-associated factor complex (PAFc), regulates the transcription of IL-6/STAT3-dependent genes. Here, we investigated the role of Ctr9 in regulating Th17-driven inflammation in anti-GBM GN. In mice, STAT3β or IL-17 knockout ameliorated anti-GBM autoantibody-induced renal injury. This phenomenon was associated with decreases in retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), IL-17, phosphorylated STAT3, and proinflammatory cytokines. Compared with wild-type mice, Ctr9 increased in both STAT3β−/− and IL-17−/− mice injected with anti-GBM IgG, showing a negative correlation with Th17-related transcripts. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Ctr9 in intrarenal lymphocytes further upregulated Th17-related transcripts, consistent with repression of Th17 differentiation by Ctr9. Interestingly, Ctr9 was also expressed in human and mouse mesangial cells and downregulated in response to anti-GBM IgG or to TGF-β plus IL-17. Ctr9 in mesangial cells was even more repressed in the presence of both anti-GBM IgG and Th17-activating cytokines. Consistent with these findings, renal biopsies obtained from patients with anti-GBM GN showed consistent downregulation of Ctr9 and upregulation of phosphorylated STAT3 and IL-17 in the glomerulus. We conclude that Ctr9 is a negative regulator of Th17 differentiation in anti-GBM GN and repressed by anti-GBM IgG and IL-17 in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Nephrology Clinic, National Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Don Yoo
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Medical Center, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Ho Jun Chin
- Nephrology Clinic, National Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Seung Hee Yang
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
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Laucho-Contreras ME, Polverino F, Tesfaigzi Y, Pilon A, Celli BR, Owen CA. Club Cell Protein 16 (CC16) Augmentation: A Potential Disease-modifying Approach for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:869-83. [PMID: 26781659 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1139084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Club cell protein 16 (CC16) is the most abundant protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CC16 has anti-inflammatory properties in smoke-exposed lungs, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with CC16 deficiency. Herein, we explored whether CC16 is a therapeutic target for COPD. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the literature on the factors that regulate airway CC16 expression, its biologic functions and its protective activities in smoke-exposed lungs using PUBMED searches. We generated hypotheses on the mechanisms by which CC16 limits COPD development, and discuss its potential as a new therapeutic approach for COPD. EXPERT OPINION CC16 plasma and lung levels are reduced in smokers without airflow obstruction and COPD patients. In COPD patients, airway CC16 expression is inversely correlated with severity of airflow obstruction. CC16 deficiency increases smoke-induced lung pathologies in mice by its effects on epithelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. Experimental augmentation of CC16 levels using recombinant CC16 in cell culture systems, plasmid and adenoviral-mediated over-expression of CC16 in epithelial cells or smoke-exposed murine airways reduces inflammation and cellular injury. Additional studies are necessary to assess the efficacy of therapies aimed at restoring airway CC16 levels as a new disease-modifying therapy for COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Laucho-Contreras
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Francesca Polverino
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b COPD Program , Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,c Department of Medicine , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- b COPD Program , Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Aprile Pilon
- d Therabron Therapeutics Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b COPD Program , Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Caroline A Owen
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b COPD Program , Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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Côté O, Clark ME, Viel L, Labbé G, Seah SYK, Khan MA, Douda DN, Palaniyar N, Bienzle D. Secretoglobin 1A1 and 1A1A differentially regulate neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis and extracellular trap formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96217. [PMID: 24777050 PMCID: PMC4002474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB 1A1) is a small protein mainly secreted by mucosal epithelial cells of the lungs and uterus. SCGB 1A1, also known as club (Clara) cell secretory protein, represents a major constituent of airway surface fluid. The protein has anti-inflammatory properties, and its concentration is reduced in equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and human asthma. RAO is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, bronchoconstriction and neutrophilic inflammation. Direct effects of SCGB 1A1 on neutrophil functions are unknown. We have recently identified that the SCGB1A1 gene is triplicated in equids and gives rise to two distinct proteins. In this study we produced the endogenously expressed forms of SCGBs (SCGB 1A1 and 1A1A) as recombinant proteins, and analyzed their effects on reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis, chemotaxis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation ex vivo. We further evaluated whether NETs are present in vivo in control and inflamed lungs. Our data show that SCGB 1A1A but not SCGB 1A1 increase neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis; and that both proteins markedly reduce neutrophil chemotaxis. SCGB 1A1A reduced chemotaxis significantly more than SCGB 1A1. NET formation was significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by SCGB 1A1 and 1A1A. SCGB mRNA in bronchial biopsies, and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, was lower in horses with RAO. NETs were present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with exacerbated RAO, but not in fluid from horses with RAO in remission or in challenged healthy horses. These findings indicate that SCGB 1A1 and 1A1A have overlapping and diverging functions. Considering disparities in the relative abundance of SCGB 1A1 and 1A1A in airway secretions of animals with RAO suggests that these functional differences may contribute to the pathogenesis of RAO and other neutrophilic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Côté
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Viel
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève Labbé
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meraj A. Khan
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David N. Douda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sui M, Zhou J, Xie R, Liu X, Mu S, Jia X, Ma J, Wu H. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 prevents the development of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:389-97. [PMID: 21833515 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) agonist FTY720 prolongs the survival of organ allograft and attenuates autoimmune-mediated injury in experimental models. Most cases of glomerulonephritis (GN) in human appear to be immunologically initiated. In this study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic role of FTY720 in GN via a mouse anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) model. Mice were immunized with rabbit IgG in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) followed by an intravenous injection of a rabbit anti-mouse GBM serum. Disease and immune responses were assessed on day 14. Mice were treated with FTY720 (0.3 or 3 mg/kg) and prednisone (10 mg/kg) from days 0 to 14. The S1P modulator reduced proteinuria, serum creatinine, crescent formation and serum IgG level. The expressions of splenic S1P receptor and renal Th-1 cytokine were also inhibited at the transcription stage. Treatment with FTY720 increased splenocyte production of protective Th2 cytokine IL-4 and promoted the apoptosis of splenic CD4+ T cells in the animal models, which suggests that FTY720 played a protective role at the induction stage of GN by inhibiting mRNA expressions of splenic S1P receptor 1, S1P receptor 2, and S1P receptor 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Yang SH, Shin SJ, Oh JE, Jin JZ, Chung NH, Lim CS, Kim S, Kim YS. The protective role of uteroglobin through the modulation of tissue transglutaminase in the experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3437-45. [PMID: 18558621 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) may induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and produce irreversible end-products, thus promoting renal scarring. It has recently been confirmed that the crescent formation in murine experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis (ecGN) has been inhibited by the administration of recombinant uteroglobin (rUG). However, the ability of UG on tTG modulation has not been thoroughly assessed. In this study, we investigated the feasible protective role of UG in murine ecGN through the modulation of tTG and TGF-beta1 expressions. ecGN was induced by the administration of anti-GBM Ab into C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Both proteinuria and BUN levels were distinctively lower in rUG-treated mice compared to those of disease control mice. Glomerular injuries such as mesangial proliferation, matrix production and crescent formation were lessened with the rUG treatment, and these findings were parallel with the attenuated expression of tTG and TGF-beta1. tTG and TGF-beta1 were expressed mainly on mesangial areas by the induction of ecGN and rUG treatment markedly attenuated the expressions of these proteins in glomeruli without spatial changes. With the addition of LPS to mesangial cells, the expressions of tTG and TGF-beta1 were up-regulated, whilst the addition of cysteamine, tTG inhibitor, attenuated the expression of tTG and TGF-beta1 as well as the cellular proliferation which was further induced by LPS. CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time that rUG is able to attenuate the renal injury through the modulation of expressions of tTG and TGF-beta1 in ecGN and further suggest a wide range of feasible molecular targets to reduce the severity of human glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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Yang SH, Kim SJ, Kim N, Oh JE, Lee JG, Chung NH, Kim S, Kim YS. NKT cells inhibit the development of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1663-71. [PMID: 18525002 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d is an MHC class I-like, beta2-microglobulin-associated protein, constitutively expressed by antigen-presenting cells and some epithelial cells, which is recognized by NKT cells, a subpopulation of T cells. CD1d-dependent NKT cells confer protection in immune-mediated disorders, but whether these cells modulate the development of glomerulonephritis is unknown. Experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced by administering anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies to NKT cell-deficient (CD1d(-/-)) and wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type mice, NKT cell-deficient mice had an accelerated course of glomerulonephritis measured by renal function and crescent formation, and this was abrogated by adoptive transfer of NKT cells. Reconstitution with NKT cells also attenuated intraglomerular expression of TGF-beta1 and decreased phosphorylation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IkappaB. Adopted transfer of fluorescence-labeled NKT cells demonstrated their distribution to glomeruli damaged by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies but not to the tubulointerstitium. The chemokine CXCL16, which is the ligand for CXCR6 on NKT cells, was upregulated in glomeruli after induction of glomerulonephritis, and NKT cells were present in the same glomeruli. In vitro, NKT cells inhibited LPS-stimulated proliferation of mesangial cells, an affect that was reduced by co-current treatment with an anti-CXCL16 monoclonal antibody. In summary, these findings highlight the regulatory capacity of CD1d-dependent NKT cells in experimental glomerulonephritis and suggest that CXCL16 is involved in the recruitment of these cells to the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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von Vietinghoff S, Schneider W, Luft FC, Kettritz R. Crescentic glomerulonephritis and malignancy--guilty or guilt by association? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:3324-6. [PMID: 16891650 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Medical Faculty of the Charité, Franz Volhard Clinic, Department of Pathology, HELIOS Klinikum-Berlin, Wiltbergstrasse 50, 13122 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review considers new information on the pathogenesis of a long recognized and poorly understood form of glomerular injury, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. This disease has received growing attention as it is the principal renal manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection, which has become pandemic worldwide. RECENT FINDINGS This review briefly describes three murine models of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis suitable for pathogenesis studies. We consider recent evidence implicating innate immune mechanisms in immune and autoimmune-mediated glomerulonephritis, and recent data pointing to the alternative pathway of complement activation in the amplification of glomerulonephritic injury. SUMMARY Understanding the contribution of complement activation and innate immunity to the evolution of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis promises to provide new therapeutic targets for this disease. Inhibitors of the complement cascade are already being tested in clinical trials as therapeutic interventions for some human glomerular diseases. Successful tests of this approach in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis are still awaited. Our understanding of how the innate immune system modulates glomerulonephritis is still in an early stage, and future studies should be directed at identifying targets and specific interventions that may also benefit patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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