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Squamous cell carcinoma complicating chronic osteomyelitis: A systematic review and case series. Surgeon 2021; 20:e322-e337. [PMID: 34969605 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare but serious complication of chronic osteomyelitis. This study aimed to determine an optimum approach to diagnosis and management. METHODS A systematic review was performed using Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science, from 1999-present. Additional cases, meeting the eligibility criteria, were added from our hospital database. Patient demographics (age, gender, co-morbidities), osteomyelitis diagnosis (location, duration), diagnosis of SCC (method, imaging, extent of disease) and management (amputation versus wide local excision versus palliation) as well as outcome at one and five years were collected. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 106 patients met strict inclusion criteria. All published studies were case reports or case series. Chronic osteomyelitis had been present for a mean of 31 years (range 3-67) prior to SCC diagnosis. SCC was most commonly treated by amputation (81%). A poorer outcome occurred in those with metastatic disease (p = 0.006 at one year; p = 0.032 at five years), an incidental diagnosis at surgery for osteomyelitis (p = 0.052; p = 0.021) and SCC after pelvic osteomyelitis (p < 0.001; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS SCC should be suspected in all cases of chronic osteomyelitis with skin changes, particularly if the duration of sinus drainage exceeds 3 years. Histological biopsy for malignancy should be taken in all suspected cases, as well as routinely during excision of osteomyelitis when chronic skin changes are present. Staging computed tomography (CT) scanning is recommended to guide adjunctive therapy. Amputation, where possible, may be considered as the definitive surgical management, after discussion with the patient.
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Rodrigues HG, Vinolo MAR, Sato FT, Magdalon J, Kuhl CMC, Yamagata AS, Pessoa AFM, Malheiros G, dos Santos MF, Lima C, Farsky SH, Camara NOS, Williner MR, Bernal CA, Calder PC, Curi R. Oral Administration of Linoleic Acid Induces New Vessel Formation and Improves Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165115. [PMID: 27764229 PMCID: PMC5072690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impaired wound healing has been widely reported in diabetes. Linoleic acid (LA) accelerates the skin wound healing process in non-diabetic rats. However, LA has not been tested in diabetic animals. Objectives We investigated whether oral administration of pure LA improves wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods Dorsal wounds were induced in streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetic rats treated or not with LA (0.22 g/kg b.w.) for 10 days. Wound closure was daily assessed for two weeks. Wound tissues were collected at specific time-points and used to measure fatty acid composition, and contents of cytokines, growth factors and eicosanoids. Histological and qPCR analyses were employed to examine the dynamics of cell migration during the healing process. Results LA reduced the wound area 14 days after wound induction. LA also increased the concentrations of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemotaxis (CINC-2αβ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and reduced the expression of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1). These results together with the histological analysis, which showed accumulation of leukocytes in the wound early in the healing process, indicate that LA brought forward the inflammatory phase and improved wound healing in diabetic rats. Angiogenesis was induced by LA through elevation in tissue content of key mediators of this process: vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT-2). Conclusions Oral administration of LA hastened wound closure in diabetic rats by improving the inflammatory phase and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosana G. Rodrigues
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco A. R. Vinolo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio T. Sato
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Magdalon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana S. Yamagata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia M. Pessoa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Malheiros
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marinilce F. dos Santos
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra H. Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O. S. Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R. Williner
- Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Claudio A. Bernal
- Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu J, Shi C, Jing Z, Liu Y. Nodular melanoma in trophic ulceration of a leprosy patient: a case study. J Wound Care 2016; 25:250-3. [PMID: 27169340 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.5.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-healing chronic trophic ulceration is very common in leprosy patients. Marjolin's ulcer consists of the malignant transformation of a chronic ulcerative lesion. Nodular melanoma developing from Marjolin's ulcer, caused by a trophic ulceration of a leprosy patient, is very rare with only a few cases reported in the literature. Due to the disguised presentation of these malignancies within trophic ulceration lesions in leprosy, neoplastic transformation is frequently overlooked, leading to misdiagnosed and delayed treatment. This paper reports a case of an 83-year-old man with lepromatous leprosy and chronic ulceration on the foot for 22 years. Over a period of 2 months, the ulcer enlarged, turned black, and became more painful. The patient underwent regional excision and immunotherapy after the diagnosis of malignant nodular melanoma. After 9 months follow-up, no metastasis was found. DECLARATION OF INTEREST There were no external sources of funding for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - C Shi
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Jing
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
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Misciali C, Dika E, Fanti PA, Vaccari S, Baraldi C, Sgubbi P, Patrizi A. Frequency of malignant neoplasms in 257 chronic leg ulcers. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:849-54. [PMID: 23464875 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic leg ulcers are one of the most common medical conditions and are a substantial source of morbidity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of skin cancer mimicking leg ulcers. PATIENTS AND METHODS This observational study included all patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic leg ulcers (CLU) admitted to the Wound Care Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Bologna, between March 2008 and February 2011. Patients' general health was assessed, and skin biopsy and vascular Doppler of the lower limbs were performed. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-seven patients ages 45 to 98 with CLU were included. Skin biopsies were performed in all patients. Pathologic results showed that 10 patients had ulcerative lesions of neoplastic origin. Surgical excision was performed in all patients with neoplasms. After at least 1 year of follow-up, no recurrences were observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the important role of systematic biopsies in diagnosing ulcerated tumors of the lower legs and indicate a high prevalence of large ulcerated basal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Misciali
- Internal Medicine, Aging and Nephrologic Diseases Department, Division of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Several observations have led us to a new hypothesis for cancer mechanism. First, that cancer appears only on those multicellular organisms with complicated wound-healing capacities. Second, that wounds considered as risk factors can be identified in all cancers in clinics. And finally, that oncogene activation appears not only in cancer, but also in normal physiology and noncancer pathology processes. Our proposed hypothesis is that cancer is a natural wound healing-related process, which includes oncogene activations, cytokine secretions, stem cell recruitment differentiation, and tissue remodeling. Wounds activate oncogenes of some cells and the latter secrete cytokines to recruit stem cells to heal the wounds. However, if the cause of the wound or if the wound persists, such as under the persistent UV and carcinogen exposures, the continuous wound healing process will lead to a clinical cancer mass. There is no system in nature to stop or reverse the wound healing process in the middle stage when the wound exists. The outcome of the cancer mechanism is either healing the wound or exhausting the whole system (death). The logic of this cancer mechanism is consistent with the rationales of the other physiological metabolisms in the body-for survival. This hypothesis helps to understand many cancer mysteries derived from the mutation theory, such as why cancer only exists in a small proportion of multicellular organisms, although they are all under potential mutation risks during DNA replications. The hypothesis can be used to interpret and guide cancer prevention, recurrence, metastasis, in vitro and in vivo studies, and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Meng
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jie Zhong
- Neurosurgery Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mollianne Murray
- Systems Biology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7435 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Ana M. Gonzalez-Angulo
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Erfurt-Berge C, Bauerschmitz J. Malignant tumours arising in chronic leg ulcers: three cases and a review of the literature. J Wound Care 2011; 20:396-400. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2011.20.8.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Erfurt-Berge
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - J. Bauerschmitz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Although scientific knowledge in viral oncology has exploded in the 20th century, the role of bacteria as mediators of oncogenesis has been less well elucidated. Understanding bacterial carcinogenesis has become increasingly important as a possible means of cancer prevention. This review summarizes clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence as well as possible mechanisms of bacterial induction of or protection from malignancy.
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Samira Y, Sérgio H, Michalany NS, de Almeida FA, Jane T. Squamous cell carcinoma in chronic ulcer in lepromatous leprosy. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:2025-30. [PMID: 19732101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yarak Samira
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Vale San Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.
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Combemale P, Bousquet M, Kanitakis J, Bernard P. Malignant transformation of leg ulcers: a retrospective study of 85 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:935-41. [PMID: 17659003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant transformation remains a rare, under-recognized and ominous, complication of leg ulcers, although its exact prevalence is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective French study included cases of chronic ulcers of vascular origin complicated by histologically proven carcinomas. For squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), the duration of the ulcer had to be longer than 3 years. For basal cell carcinomas (BCC), a negative previous biopsy of the ulcer was considered. RESULTS Eighty patients, accounting for 85 tumours, were included, with a female : male ratio of 2.5 : 1 and a mean age of 75 years. Eighty-eight percent of the ulcers were of venous origin and their mean duration was 27.5 years. Five patients developed bilateral cancers. Clinical findings included abnormal granulation tissue in 76% of cases, absence of healing in 14% and unusual extension in 6%. Histologically, 83/85 (98%) of tumours were SCC, among which 82% were very well or well differentiated and 18% moderately or poorly differentiated. The two remaining cases were BCC. The overall death rate was 32%; it was higher when lymph-node (66%) or visceral metastases (83%) were present. Leg amputation was performed in 29/51 (57%) of patients, irrespective of the degree of histological differentiation. For well-differentiated (grade I) and localized (stage Ia) SCC, simple surgical excision was preferred to amputation. CONCLUSION Malignant transformation of chronic leg ulcers of vascular origin is mainly encountered in elderly patients and manifests as an abnormally vegetating lesion, which may be occasionally bilateral. Malignant transformation usually occurs towards well-differentiated SCC and only exceptionally towards BCC. The high death rate, especially in metastatic cases, is at least partly due to delay in diagnosis. Surgery remains the treatment of choice. Leg amputation should be considered in the most extensive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Combemale
- Department of Dermatology, Desgenettes Hospital, 108 Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France.
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Neub A, Houdek P, Ohnemus U, Moll I, Brandner JM. Biphasic regulation of AP-1 subunits during human epidermal wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2453-62. [PMID: 17495958 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a well-coordinated process that includes inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) subunits have been implicated in the regulation of genes important for these processes and have been shown to be involved in wound healing. However, investigation of human healing and non-healing wounds in vivo and ex vivo, and the comparative analysis of several members of the Jun and Fos families are still missing. Here, we show that normal human epidermal wound healing is biphasic. In the first phase all AP-1 subunits investigated, that is c-Jun, Jun B, Jun D, c-Fos, and Fos B are absent from the nuclei at the wound margins/leading edges. This downregulation coincides with that of the gap junction protein connexin 43. Later on, c-Jun, Jun B, Jun D, and c-Fos reappear in the nuclei of the leading edges in a time-dependent manner. In non-healing wounds, a more intensive staining of keratinocytes at the wound margins is often observed. Our findings suggest that coordinated down- and upregulation of the various AP-1 subunits in the course of epidermal wound healing is important for its undisturbed progress, putatively by influencing inflammation and cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Neub
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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