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Saleh B, Elhawary MA, Mohamed ME, Ali IN, El Zayat MS, Mohamed H. Gail model utilization in predicting breast cancer risk in Egyptian women: a cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 188:749-758. [PMID: 33852122 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein, our purpose was to calculate the 5-year and lifetime risk of breast cancer and to assess new breast cancer potential contributors among Egyptian women utilizing the modified Gail model, while presenting a global comparison of risk assessment. METHODS This study included 7009 women from both urban and rural areas scattered across 40% of the Egyptian provinces. The 5-year risk categories were defined as low risk (≤ 1.66%) or high risk (> 1.66%), whereas the lifetime risk categories were defined as low risk (≤ 20%) or high risk (> 20%). Pearson's Chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between participants' characteristics and distinct risk categories. Binary logistic regression was carried out for correlation analysis. RESULTS The mean estimated risk for developing invasive breast cancer over 5 years was 0.86 (± 0.67), whereas the mean lifetime breast cancer risk score was 11.26 (± 5.7). Accordingly, only 614 (8.75%) and 470 (6.7%) women were categorized as individuals with high risk of breast cancer incidence in 5-year and lifetime, respectively. Only 192 participants (2.7%) conferred both high 5-year and high lifetime risk scores. Marital status, method of feeding, physical activity behavior, contraceptive use, menopause and number of children were found to have a statistically significant association with both 5-year and lifetime breast cancer risk categories. CONCLUSION We revealed that modified Gail model had a well-fitting and discrimination accuracy in Egyptian women when compared with other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Saleh
- Medical Oncology Department, Tanta Cancer Center, Ministry of Health, Tanta, Gharbiah, Egypt.,Medical Oncology Department, Aswan Oncology Center, Ministry of Health, Aswân, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elhawary
- International Society of Pharmacovigilance - Egypt Chapter, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moataz E Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Islam N Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Menna S El Zayat
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, Al Helal Hospital - Specialized Medical Centers, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadeer Mohamed
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Zhao F, Hao Z, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Guo M, Zhang B, Yin X, Li Y, Zhou X. Discovery of breast cancer risk genes and establishment of a prediction model based on estrogen metabolism regulation. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33632172 PMCID: PMC7905915 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple common variants identified by genome-wide association studies have shown limited evidence of the risk of breast cancer in Chinese individuals. In this study, we aimed to uncover the relationship between estrogen levels and the genetic polymorphism of estrogen metabolism-related enzymes in breast cancer (BC) and establish a risk prediction model composed of estrogen-metabolizing enzyme genes and GWAS-identified breast cancer-related genes based on a polygenic risk score. Methods Unrelated BC patients and healthy subjects were recruited for analysis of estrogen levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding estrogen metabolism-related enzymes. The polygenic risk score (PRS) was used to explore the combined effect of multiple genes, which was calculated using a Bayesian approach. An independent sample t-test was used to evaluate the differences between PRS scores of BC and healthy subjects. The discriminatory accuracy of the models was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The estrogen homeostasis profile was disturbed in BC patients, with parent estrogens (E1, E2) and carcinogenic catechol estrogens (2/4-OHE1, 2-OHE2, 4-OHE2) significantly accumulating in the serum of BC patients. We then established a PRS model to evaluate the role of SNPs in multiple genes. PRS model 1 (M1) was established from SNPs in 6 GWAS-identified high risk genes. On the basis of M1, we added SNPs from 7 estrogen metabolism enzyme genes to establish PRS model 2 (M2). The independent sample t-test results showed that there was no difference between BC and healthy subjects in M1 (P = 0.17); however, there was a significant difference between BC and healthy subjects in M2 (P = 4.9*10− 5). The ROC curve results showed that the accuracy of M2 (AUC = 62.18%) in breast cancer risk identification was better than that of M1 (AUC = 54.56%). Conclusion Estrogen and related metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms are closely related to BC. The model constructed by adding estrogen metabolic enzyme gene SNPs has a good predictive ability for breast cancer risk, and the accuracy is greatly improved compared with that of the PRS model that only includes GWAS-identified gene SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhixiang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yanan Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yinxue Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Solikhah S, Nurdjannah S. Assessment of the risk of developing breast cancer using the Gail model in Asian females: A systematic review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03794. [PMID: 32346636 PMCID: PMC7182726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently, the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT), also known as the Gail model (GM) has been widely recognized and adapted for to study disparity in racial and ethnic groups in America including Asian and Pacific Islander American females. However, its applicability outside America remains uncertain due to diversity in epidemiology and risk factors of breast cancer in populations especially in Asian females. We sought to evaluate the performance of the GM to predict breast cancer risk in Asian countries. Material and methods This study identified articles published from 2010 by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and gray literature. The initial search terms were breast cancer, mammary, carcinoma, tumor, neoplasm, risk assessment tool, BCRAT, breast cancer prediction, Gail model, Asia, and Asian. Results The search yielded 20 articles, with 7 articles addressing the AUC and/or the expected (E) to observed (O) ratio of predicted breast cancer risk, representing the accuracy of the GM in the Asian population. One publication reported the sensitivity and specificity but no AUC. None of the studies were accepted as the standard for reporting prognostic models. Several studies reported good prognostic testing and likely developed a new model modifying the items in the instrument. Conclusion The results are not strong enough to develop breast cancer risk in the setting of Asian countries. Involving the breast cancer risk of the Asian population in developing a prognostic model with good statistical understanding is particularly important and can reduce flawed or biased models. Identifying the best methods to achieve well-suited prognostic models in the Asian population should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solikhah Solikhah
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, 55166, Indonesia.,Dynamic Social Study Center, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, 55166, Indonesia
| | - Sitti Nurdjannah
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, 55166, Indonesia
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Mercan S, Solak I, Eryilmaz MA. Memede kitle şikayeti olan hastalarda depresyon ve anksiyetenin değerlendirilmesi: prospektif bir çalışma. FAMILY PRACTICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2019. [DOI: 10.22391/fppc.503683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bademler S, Ucuncu MZ, Tilgen Vatansever C, Serilmez M, Ertin H, Karanlık H. Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4) in Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030103. [PMID: 30875843 PMCID: PMC6468575 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research focused on prolonged survival has suggested that carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4) plays a role in both tumor microenvironment formation and distant metastasis in cancer. In some patients, serum and expression (mRNA) levels of CPA4 have been found to be correlated with the aggressiveness and progression of the disease. Accordingly, we conducted a first study to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of CPA4 in the case of breast cancer (BC), the most common form of malignancy in women. The study included a total of 50 patients with BC and 20 healthy women as the control group. The participants’ serum CPA4 levels were determined by the ELISA test, and, for assessment of CPA4 mRNA, we used the PCR method. The serum CPA4 (p = 0.001) and CPA4 mRNA (p = 0.015) levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the controls, compared to the patient group. When the results of patient group were statistically analyzed based on subgrouping by tumor characteristics, the measured CPA4 mRNA levels showed significant difference with respect to the molecular subtype (p = 0.006), pN status (p = 0.023), and pathological stage (p = 0.039), while the serum CPA4 measurements differed significantly in terms of pathological type only (p = 0.024). We conclude that CPA4 is diagnostically and prognostically not futile when used in combination with the other considerations and measurements in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Bademler
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Ceren Tilgen Vatansever
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Serilmez
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Ertin
- Department of Medical Ethics and History, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Karanlık
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Nickson C, Procopio P, Velentzis LS, Carr S, Devereux L, Mann GB, James P, Lee G, Wellard C, Campbell I. Prospective validation of the NCI Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail Model) on 40,000 Australian women. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:155. [PMID: 30572910 PMCID: PMC6302513 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in delivering more personalised, risk-based breast cancer screening protocols. This requires population-level validation of practical models that can stratify women into breast cancer risk groups. Few studies have evaluated the Gail model (NCI Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool) in a population screening setting; we validated this tool in a large, screened population. Methods We used data from 40,158 women aged 50–69 years (via the lifepool cohort) participating in Australia’s BreastScreen programme. We investigated the association between Gail scores and future invasive breast cancer, comparing observed and expected outcomes by Gail score ranked groups. We also used machine learning to rank Gail model input variables by importance and then assessed the incremental benefit in risk prediction obtained by adding variables in order of diminishing importance. Results Over a median of 4.3 years, the Gail model predicted 612 invasive breast cancers compared with 564 observed cancers (expected/observed (E/O) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.18). There was good agreement across decile groups of Gail scores (χ2 = 7.1, p = 0.6) although there was some overestimation of cancer risk in the top decile of our study group (E/O = 1.65, 95% CI 1.33–2.07). Women in the highest quintile (Q5) of Gail scores had a 2.28-fold increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI 1.73–3.02, p < 0.0001) compared with the lowest quintile (Q1). Compared with the median quintile, women in Q5 had a 34% increased risk (95% CI 1.06–1.70, p = 0.014) and those in Q1 had a 41% reduced risk (95% CI 0.44–0.79, p < 0.0001). Similar patterns were observed separately for women aged 50–59 and 60–69 years. The model’s overall discrimination was modest (area under the curve (AUC) 0.59, 95% CI 0.56–0.61). A reduced Gail model excluding information on ethnicity and hyperplasia was comparable to the full Gail model in terms of correctly stratifying women into risk groups. Conclusions This study confirms that the Gail model (or a reduced model excluding information on hyperplasia and ethnicity) can effectively stratify a screened population aged 50–69 years according to the risk of future invasive breast cancer. This information has the potential to enable more personalised, risk-based screening strategies that aim to improve the balance of the benefits and harms of screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1084-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nickson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia.
| | - Pietro Procopio
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia
| | - Louiza S Velentzis
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia
| | - Sarah Carr
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa Devereux
- Lifepool Study, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Gregory Bruce Mann
- Breast Service, Royal Women's and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul James
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Grant Lee
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron Wellard
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ian Campbell
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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Wang X, Huang Y, Li L, Dai H, Song F, Chen K. Assessment of performance of the Gail model for predicting breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:18. [PMID: 29534738 PMCID: PMC5850919 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gail model has been widely used and validated with conflicting results. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of different versions of the Gail model by means of systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA). METHODS Three systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted. Pooled expected-to-observed (E/O) ratio and pooled area under the curve (AUC) were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio were evaluated by bivariate mixed-effects model. TSA was also conducted to determine whether the evidence was sufficient and conclusive. RESULTS Gail model 1 accurately predicted breast cancer risk in American women (pooled E/O = 1.03; 95% CI 0.76-1.40). The pooled E/O ratios of Caucasian-American Gail model 2 in American, European and Asian women were 0.98 (95% CI 0.91-1.06), 1.07 (95% CI 0.66-1.74) and 2.29 (95% CI 1.95-2.68), respectively. Additionally, Asian-American Gail model 2 overestimated the risk for Asian women about two times (pooled E/O = 1.82; 95% CI 1.31-2.51). TSA showed that evidence in Asian women was sufficient; nonetheless, the results in American and European women need further verification. The pooled AUCs for Gail model 1 in American and European women and Asian females were 0.55 (95% CI 0.53-0.56) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.63-0.88), respectively, and the pooled AUCs of Caucasian-American Gail model 2 for American, Asian and European females were 0.61 (95% CI 0.59-0.63), 0.55 (95% CI 0.52-0.58) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.55-0.62), respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of Gail model 1 were 0.63 (95% CI 0.27-0.89), 0.91 (95% CI 0.87-0.94) and 17.38 (95% CI 2.66-113.70), respectively, and the corresponding indexes of Gail model 2 were 0.35 (95% CI 0.17-0.59), 0.86 (95% CI 0.76-0.92) and 3.38 (95% CI 1.40-8.17), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The Gail model was more accurate in predicting the incidence of breast cancer in American and European females, while far less useful for individual-level risk prediction. Moreover, the Gail model may overestimate the risk in Asian women and the results were further validated by TSA, which is an addition to the three previous systematic review and meta-analyses. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016047215 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubei Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongji Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu Xi Road, Tiyuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 People’s Republic of China
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