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Hwang SJ, Seo J, Cha JY, Shin H, Kim GS, Cho YM, Hua Z, Youn HS, Seo CH, Joo SY, Cho YS. Utility of customized 3D compression mask with pressure sensors on facial burn scars: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Burns 2024; 50:1885-1897. [PMID: 38937166 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A pressure of approximately 15-25 mmHg is used for effective compression therapy to prevent and treat hypertrophic scar formation in patients with burns. However, conventional facial compression garments present challenges owing to inadequate pressure distribution in curved areas such as the cheeks, around the mouth, and the slope of the nose. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of a custom-made 3D compression mask equipped with pressure sensors to treat facial burn scars. METHODS This single-blinded, prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted between May and October 2023, involving 48 burn scars in 12 inpatients with facial burns. We created the custom-made 3D compression mask equipped with pressure sensors, inner lined with biocompatible silicon, and a harness system using 3D printing technology, which can continuously monitor whether an appropriate pressure of 15-25 mmHg maintains. The biological scar properties, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), and Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) scores in patients with facial burns were assessed before applying the compression mask and garment and at 4 and 12 weeks after application. RESULTS Pre-application assessment of biological scar properties, VSS, and POSAS revealed no statistically significant differences between the 3D mask and control groups (p > 0.05 for all). Throughout the 12-week application, skin hydration and scar thickness significantly increased (p < 0.001) and reduced (p = 0.010), respectively, in the 3D mask group compared to the control group. Additionally, significant improvements in scar pliability (p = 0.004) and height (p = 0.009) of VSS, itching (p = 0.047), scar stiffness (p = 0.001), thickness (p = 0.011), and irregularity (p < 0.001) of POSAS-patient component, and scar thickness (p = 0.001), pliability (p = 0.012), and surface area (p = 0.027) of the POSAS-observer component were observed in 3D mask group throughout the 12-week application compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The customized 3D compression mask equipped with pressure sensors significantly improved scar thickness, skin hydration, and various assessment scale parameters throughout the 12-week application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jin Hwang
- COMWEL Korea Orthopedics & Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Incheon 21417, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Cha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Shin
- COMWEL Korea Orthopedics & Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Incheon 21417, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Seok Kim
- COMWEL Korea Orthopedics & Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Incheon 21417, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- T&L Co., Ltd., 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16827, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Hua
- T&L Co., Ltd., 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16827, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Soon Youn
- T&L Co., Ltd., 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16827, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Hoon Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea.
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Batsukh S, Oh S, Lee JM, Joo JHJ, Son KH, Byun K. Extracellular Vesicles from Ecklonia cava and Phlorotannin Promote Rejuvenation in Aged Skin. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:223. [PMID: 38786614 PMCID: PMC11123375 DOI: 10.3390/md22050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) elicit diverse biological effects, including promoting skin health. EVs isolated from Ecklonia cava (EV-EC) carry heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which inhibits key regulators such as TNF-α, MAPKs, and NF-κB, consequently downregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Aging exacerbates oxidative stress, upregulating MAPK and NF-κB signaling and worsening extracellular matrix degradation in the skin. E. cava-derived phlorotannin (PT) mitigates MAPK and NF-κB signaling. We evaluated the impact of EV-EC and PT on skin rejuvenation using an in vitro keratinocyte senescence model and an in vivo aged-mouse model. Western blotting confirmed the presence of HSP70 in EV-EC. Treatment with EV-EC and PT in senescent keratinocytes increased HSP70 expression and decreased the expression of TNF-α, MAPK, NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and MMPs. Oxidative stress was also reduced. Sequential treatment with PT and EV-EC (PT/EV-EC) yielded more significant results compared to individual treatments. The administration of PT/EV-EC to the back skin of aged mice mirrored the in vitro findings, resulting in increased collagen fiber accumulation and improved elasticity in the aged skin. Therefore, PT/EV-EC holds promise in promoting skin rejuvenation by increasing HSP70 expression, decreasing the expression of MMPs, and reducing oxidative stress in aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosorburam Batsukh
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Doctors Dermatologic Clinic, Gangdong Godeok, Seoul 05269, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health & Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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De Decker I, Klotz T, Vu P, Hoeksema H, De Mey K, Beeckman A, Vermeulen B, Speeckaert M, Blondeel P, Wagstaff M, Monstrey S, Claes KEY. Influence of Moisturizers on Skin Microcirculation: An Assessment Study Using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1507. [PMID: 37888118 PMCID: PMC10608544 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive scar management typically involves pressure therapy, hydration with silicones or moisturizers, and UV protection. Moisture loss from scars can lead to hypertrophic scar formation. Pressure therapy reduces blood flow, fibroblast activity, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) release. This study examined various moisturizers and liquid silicone gel's impact on microcirculation. 40 volunteers participated in a study where superficial abrasions were created to induce trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Five moisturizers (TEDRA®, TEDRA® NT1, TEDRA® NT3, Alhydran®, Lipikar®) and BAP Scar Care® silicone gel were tested. TEWL, hydration, and blood flow were measured up to 4 h post-application. Results showed that silicone had the least impact on occlusion and hydration. Alhydran® reduced blood flow the most, while Lipikar® increased it the most. TEDRA® NT1 had reduced flow compared to TEDRA® and TEDRA® NT3. All TEDRA® products exhibited high hydration, and all but silicone showed good occlusion. Moisturizers influenced skin microcirculation, with some causing decrease, while others increased flow. However, the clinical impact on scarring remains unclear compared to the evident effects of hydration and occlusion. More research is necessary to study moisturizers alone and with pressure therapy on scars, along with potential adverse effects of increased microcirculation on scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignace De Decker
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanja Klotz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (T.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Vu
- SA Pharmacy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Henk Hoeksema
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kimberly De Mey
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
| | - Anse Beeckman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sint-Pietersnieuwsstraat 33, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bob Vermeulen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Synaps Park 1, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Phillip Blondeel
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcus Wagstaff
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (T.K.); (M.W.)
- Adult Burns Service and Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Monstrey
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel E. Y. Claes
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.H.); (K.D.M.); (P.B.); (S.M.); (K.E.Y.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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The Extracellular Matrix Vitalizer RATM Increased Skin Elasticity by Modulating Mitochondrial Function in Aged Animal Skin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030694. [PMID: 36978943 PMCID: PMC10044720 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction result in skin aging by increasing ECM levels-degrading proteins such as MMPs, and decreasing collagen synthesis. MMPs also destroy the basement membrane, which is involved in skin elasticity. The extracellular matrix vitalizer RATM (RA) contains various antioxidants and sodium hyaluronate, which lead to skin rejuvenation. We evaluated whether RA decreases oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, eventually increasing skin elasticity in aged animals. Oxidative stress was assessed by assaying NADPH oxidase activity, which is involved in ROS generation, and the expression of SOD, which removes ROS. NADPH oxidase activity was increased in aged skin and decreased by RA injection. SOD expression was decreased in aged skin and increased by RA injection. Damage to mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial fusion markers was increased in aged skin and decreased by RA. The levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers and fission markers were decreased in aged skin and increased by RA. The levels of NF-κB/AP-1 and MMP1/2/3/9 were increased in aged skin and decreased by RA. The levels of TGF-β, CTGF, and collagen I/III were decreased in aged skin and increased by RA. The expression of laminin and nidogen and basement membrane density were decreased in aged skin and increased by RA. RA increased collagen fiber accumulation and elasticity in aged skin. In conclusion, RA improves skin rejuvenation by decreasing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in aged skin.
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Neves LMG, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Approaches for Investigation of Skin Scarring: Human and Animal Models. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:97-116. [PMID: 34915768 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The cutaneous repair process naturally results in different types of scarring that are classified as normal or pathological. Affected individuals are often affected from an esthetic, physical (functional), and psychosocial perspective. The distinct nature of scarring in humans, particularly the formation of pathological scars, makes the study of skin scarring a challenge for researchers in this area. Several established experimental models exist for studying scar formation. However, the increasing development and validation of newly emerging models have made it possible to carry out studies focused on different variables that influence this unique process. Recent Advances: Experimental models such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have obtained different degrees of success in the reproduction of the scar formation in its native milieu and true environment. These models also differ in their ability to elucidate the molecular, cellular, and structural mechanisms involved in scarring, as well as for testing new agents and approaches for therapies. The models reviewed here, including cells derived from human skin and in vivo animal models, have contributed to the advancement of skin scarring research. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The absence of experimental models that faithfully reproduce the typical characteristics of the different types of human skin scars makes the improvement of validated models and the establishment of new ones a critical unmet need. The fields of wound healing research combined with tissue engineering have offered newer alternatives for experimental studies with the potential to provide clinically useful knowledge about scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M G Neves
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Biomimetic nanofiber-enabled rapid creation of skin grafts. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Koskinen Holm C, Qu C. Engineering a 3D In Vitro Model of Human Gingival Tissue Equivalent with Genipin/Cytochalasin D. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137401. [PMID: 35806407 PMCID: PMC9266888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Koskinen Holm
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (C.K.H.); (C.Q.)
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (C.K.H.); (C.Q.)
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Amiri N, Golin AP, Jalili RB, Ghahary A. Roles of cutaneous cell-cell communication in wound healing outcome: An emphasis on keratinocyte-fibroblast crosstalk. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:475-484. [PMID: 34932841 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is a very complex event and involves a continuously orchestrated sequence of signals and responses from platelets, fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. The details of interaction between these signals, which are mainly growth factors and cytokines, have been widely discussed. However, it is still not clear how activated cells at wound sites lessen their activities after epithelialization is completed. Termination of the wound healing process requires a fine balance between extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation. Maintaining this balance requires highly accurate epithelial-mesenchymal communication and correct information exchange between keratinocytes and fibroblasts. As it has been reported in the literature, a disruption in epithelialization during the process of wound healing increases the frequency of developing chronic wounds or fibrotic conditions, as seen in a variety of clinical cases. Conversely, the potential stop signal for wound healing should have a regulatory role on both ECM synthesis and degradation to reach a successful wound healing outcome. This review briefly describes the potential roles of growth factors and cytokines in controlling the early phase of wound healing and predominantly explores the role of releasable factors from epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in controlling during and the late stage of the healing process. Emphasis will be given on the crosstalk between keratinocytes and fibroblasts in ECM modulation and the healing outcome following a brief discussion of the wound healing initiation mechanism. In particular, we will review the termination of acute dermal wound healing, which frequently leads to the development of hypertrophic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafise Amiri
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew P Golin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reza B Jalili
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Bhartiya P, Masur K, Shome D, Kaushik N, Nguyen LN, Kaushik NK, Choi EH. Influence of Redox Stress on Crosstalk between Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121338. [PMID: 34943253 PMCID: PMC8698713 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There has been significant scientific progress in skin care and skin damage repair, but the complete understanding of skin homeostasis is still beyond our reach. With an increase in environmental stress factors, the incidence rates of skin cancer and skin disorders are on the rise. Taken together with the incidence of scar- and burn-related morbidities, there is an urgent need to understand interactions between skin cells to develop novel therapies for the regeneration of healthy skin. One of the recurrent stress factors affecting the skin are the harmful free radicals, also referred to as oxidative stress. This study aimed to address the influence of oxidative stress on the interaction between two types of skin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The study utilized cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) to induce oxidative stress in cells and to assess the interactions between the two cell types. We showed that CAP can stimulate cells to enhance their proliferation and migration. This study provides a further understanding of skin cell regulation under stress conditions. Such knowledge may help in designing treatment therapies for rapid wound healing and skin repair. Abstract Although the skin is constantly subjected to endogenous and exogenous stress, it maintains a homeostatic state through wound repair and regeneration pathways. Treatment for skin diseases and injury requires a significant understanding of the various mechanisms and interactions that occur within skin cells. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts interact with each other and act as key players in the repair process. Although fibroblasts and keratinocytes are widely studied in wound healing and skin remodeling under different conditions, the influence of redox stress on keratinocyte-fibroblast crosstalk has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) to generate and deliver oxidative stress to keratinocytes and fibroblasts and to assess its impact on their interactions. To this end, we used a well-established in vitro 3D co-culture model imitating a realistic scenario. Our study shows that low CAP exposure is biocompatible and does not affect the viability or energetics of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Exposure to low doses of CAP enhanced the proliferation rate of cells and stimulated the expression of key genes (KGF, MMP2, GMCSF, IL-6, and IL-8) in fibroblasts, indicating the activation and initiation of the skin repair process. Additionally, enhanced migration was observed under co-culture conditions under the given redox stress conditions, and expression of the upstream regulator and the effectors of the Hippo pathway (YAP and CYR61, respectively), which are associated with enhanced migration, were elevated. Overall, this study reinforces the application of CAP and redox stress in skin repair physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bhartiya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (P.B.); (L.N.N.)
| | - Kai Masur
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Debarati Shome
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea;
| | - Linh N. Nguyen
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (P.B.); (L.N.N.)
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (P.B.); (L.N.N.)
- Correspondence: (N.K.K.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (P.B.); (L.N.N.)
- Correspondence: (N.K.K.); (E.H.C.)
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Kurtti A, Nguyen JK, Weedon J, Mamalis A, Lai Y, Masub N, Geisler A, Siegel DM, Jagdeo JR. Light emitting diode-red light for reduction of post-surgical scarring: Results from a dose-ranging, split-face, randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100073. [PMID: 33788987 PMCID: PMC8919713 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scarring has significant esthetic and functional consequences for patients. A need exists for anti-scarring therapeutics. Light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) has been shown to modulate skin fibrosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LED-RL to reduce post-operative scarring. Cutaneous Understanding of Red-light Efficacy on Scarring was a randomized, mock-controlled, single-blind, dose-ranging, split-face phase II clinical trial. Starting 1 week post-surgery, patients received LED-RL irradiation and temperature-controlled mock therapy to incision sites at fluences of 160, 320 or 480 J/cm2 , triweekly for 3 weeks. Efficacy was assessed at 1, 3 and 6-12 months. The primary endpoint was difference in scar pliability between LED-RL-treated and control sites. Secondary outcomes included Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, collagen and water concentration, and adverse events. There were no significant differences in scar pliability between treated and control scars. At certain fluences, treated scars showed greater improvements in observer rating and scar pliability, reflected by greater reductions in induration, from baseline to 6 months compared to control scars. Treatment-site adverse events included blistering (n = 2) and swelling (n = 1), which were mild and resolved without sequelae. LED-RL phototherapy is safe in the early postoperative period and may reduce scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Kurtti
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Julie K. Nguyen
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Jeremy Weedon
- Office of the SVP for Research, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Modesto, CA
| | - Yi Lai
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Natasha Masub
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Amaris Geisler
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M. Siegel
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Jared R. Jagdeo
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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Russo B, Brembilla NC, Chizzolini C. Interplay Between Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts: A Systematic Review Providing a New Angle for Understanding Skin Fibrotic Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:648. [PMID: 32477322 PMCID: PMC7232541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Skin fibrosis is the result of aberrant processes leading to abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the dermis. In healthy skin, keratinocytes participate to maintain skin homeostasis by actively crosstalking with fibroblasts. Within the wide spectrum of fibrotic skin disorders, relatively little attention has been devoted to the role of keratinocytes for their capacity to participate to skin fibrosis. This systematic review aims at summarizing the available knowledge on the reciprocal interplay of keratinocytes with fibroblasts and their soluble mediators in physiological states, mostly wound healing, and conditions associated with skin fibrosis. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed to identify in vitro and ex vivo human studies investigating the keratinocyte characteristics and their interplay with fibroblasts in physiological conditions and within fibrotic skin disorders including hypertrophic scars, keloids, and systemic sclerosis. Studies were selected according to pre-specified eligibility criteria. Data on study methods, models, stimuli and outcomes were retrieved and summarized according to pre-specified criteria. Results: Among the 6,271 abstracts retrieved, 73 articles were included, of which 14 were specifically dealing with fibrotic skin pathologies. Fifty-six studies investigated how keratinocyte may affect fibroblast responses in terms of ECM-related genes or protein production, phenotype modification, and cytokine production. Most studies in both physiological conditions and fibrosis demonstrated that keratinocytes stimulate fibroblasts through the production of interleukin 1, inducing keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and metalloproteinases in the fibroblasts. When the potential of keratinocytes to modulate collagen synthesis by healthy fibroblasts was explored, the results were controversial. Nevertheless, studies investigating keratinocytes from fibrotic skin, including keloids, hypertrophic scar, and scleroderma, suggested their potential involvement in enhancing ECM deposition. Twenty-three papers investigated keratinocyte proliferation differentiation and production of soluble mediators in response to interactions with fibroblasts. Most studies showed that fibroblasts modulate keratinocyte viability, proliferation, and differentiation. The production of KGF by fibroblast was identified as key for these functions. Conclusions: This review condenses evidence for the active interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts in maintaining skin homeostasis and the altered homeostatic interplay between keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in scleroderma and scleroderma-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Russo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò C Brembilla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Dermatology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Dufour AM, Borowczyk-Michalowska J, Alvarez M, Truchetet ME, Modarressi A, Brembilla NC, Chizzolini C. IL-17A Dissociates Inflammation from Fibrogenesis in Systemic Sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:103-112.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The labeling of cosmetic products provides a set of obligations, as reported in the Regulation 1223/2009, which came into force in Europe in July 2013. The indications reported on the label are intended to enable the clear identification of the functionality and proper use of cosmetics, ensure the protection of the consumer from the commercial aspects and, above all, from the safety point of view. Moreover, it should allow quick tracing of the product details and all info of toxicological relevance. However, the misuse of this tool often leads, on one side, to confusion among cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and biocides. On the other side, it gives rise to fanciful interpretations by a huge number of web users, who pretend to be able to judge the quality of a cosmetic product just by reading the ingredients list. This article points out the concrete purpose of cosmetic labels, in order to shed light on the use of certain categories of ‘controversial’ ingredients and on the real quality concepts of cosmetic products. Indeed, when properly interpreted, cosmetic labels represent a good tool for the professional investigation of adverse reactions to cosmetics.
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Abstract
Wounds that fail to heal quickly are often encountered by community nursing staff. An important step in assisting these chronic or stalled wounds progress through healing is debridement to remove devitalised tissue, including slough and eschar, that can prevent the wound from healing. A unique wound treatment called HydroTherapy aims to provide an optimal healing environment. The first step of HydroTherapy involves HydroClean plus™, this dressing enables removal of devitalised tissue through autolytic debridement and absorption of wound fluid. Irrigation and cleansing provided by Ringer's solution from the dressing further removes any necrotic tissue or eschar. Once effective wound bed preparation has been achieved a second dressing, HydroTac™, provides an ongoing hydrated wound environment that enables re-epithelialisation to occur in an unrestricted fashion. This paper presents 3 case studies of slow healing wounds treated with HydroClean plus™ which demonstrates effective wound debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Atkin
- Lecturer Practitoner/Vascular Nurse Specialist, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Yorkshire
| | - Karen Ousey
- Professor and Director, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, School of Human and Health Science
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Ousey K, Cutting KF, Rogers AA, Rippon MG. The importance of hydration in wound healing: reinvigorating the clinical perspective. J Wound Care 2016; 25:122, 124-30. [PMID: 26947692 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balancing skin hydration levels is important as any disruption in skin integrity will result in disturbance of the dermal water balance. The discovery that a moist environment actively supports the healing response when compared with a dry environment highlights the importance of water and good hydration levels for optimal healing. The benefits of 'wet' or 'hyper-hydrated' wound healing appear similar to those offered by moist over a dry environment. This suggests that the presence of free water may not be detrimental to healing, but any adverse effects of wound fluid on tissues is more likely related to the biological components contained within chronic wound exudate, for example elevated protease levels. Appropriate dressings applied to wounds must not only be able to absorb the exudate, but also retain this excess fluid together with its protease solutes, while concurrently preventing desiccation. This is particularly important in the case of chronic wounds where peri-wound skin barrier properties are compromised and there is increased permeation across the injured skin. This review discusses the importance of appropriate levels of hydration in skin, with a particular focus on the need for optimal hydration levels for effective healing. Declaration of interest: This paper was supported by Paul Hartmann Ltd. The authors have provided consultative services to Paul Hartmann Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ousey
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
| | | | | | - M G Rippon
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
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Rippon M, Ousey K, Cutting K. Wound healing and hyper-hydration: a counterintuitive model. J Wound Care 2016; 25:68, 70-5. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Rippon
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
| | - K. Ousey
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
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Zhong A, Xu W, Zhao J, Xie P, Jia S, Sun J, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. S100A8 and S100A9 Are Induced by Decreased Hydration in the Epidermis and Promote Fibroblast Activation and Fibrosis in the Dermis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:109-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor β1, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor by Silicone Gel Sheeting in Early-Stage Scarring. Arch Plast Surg 2015; 42:20-7. [PMID: 25606485 PMCID: PMC4297801 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2015.42.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scars and keloids are associated with abnormal levels of growth factors. Silicone gel sheets are effective in treating and preventing hypertrophic scars and keloids. There has been no report on the change in growth factors in the scar tissue following the use of silicone gel sheeting for scar prevention. A prospective controlled trial was performed to evaluate whether growth factors are altered by the application of a silicone gel sheet on a fresh surgical scar. METHODS Four of seven enrolled patients completed the study. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were investigated immunohistochemically in biopsies taken from five scars at 4 months following surgery. RESULTS In both the epidermis and the dermis, the expression of TGF-β1 (P=0.042 and P=0.042) and PDGF (P=0.043 and P=0.042) was significantly lower in the case of silicone gel sheet-treated scars than in the case of untreated scars. The expression of bFGF in the dermis was significantly higher in the case of silicone gel sheet-treated scars than in the case of untreated scars (P=0.042), but in the epidermis, the expression of bFGF showed no significant difference between the groups (P=0.655). CONCLUSIONS The levels of TGF-β1, PDGF, and bFGF are altered by the silicone gel sheet treatment, which might be one of the mechanisms of action in scar prevention.
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Feng ZG, Pang SF, Guo DJ, Yang YT, Liu B, Wang JW, Zheng KQ, Lin Y. Recombinant keratinocyte growth factor 1 in tobacco potentially promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:579632. [PMID: 24783215 PMCID: PMC3982250 DOI: 10.1155/2014/579632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor 1 (KGF1) is a growth factor that promotes epidermal cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and wound repair. It is expressed at low levels in a form of inclusion body in E. coli. In order to increase its expression and activity, we produced tobacco plants expressing KGF1 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a potato virus X (PVX)-based vector (pgR107). The vector contained the sequence encoding the KGF1 gene fused with a green florescence protein. The recombinant plasmid was introduced into leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana (a wild Australian tobacco) via Agrobacterium-mediated agroinfiltration. As determined by fluorescence and Western blot of leaf extracts, the KGF1 gene was correctly translated into the tobacco plants. The recombinant KGF1 was purified from plant tissues by heparin affinity chromatography, and cell proliferation in NIH/3T3 cells was stimulated by the purified KGF1. The purified KGF1 was also applied to the wounds of type-II diabetic rats. KGF1 had accumulated to levels as high as 530 μ g/g fresh weight in the leaves of agroinfected plants. We show that plant-derived KGF1 can promote the proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells and have significant effects on the type-II diabetic rat. The present findings indicated that KGF1 from tobacco maintains its biological activity, implying prospective industrial production in a plant bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Feng
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shi-Feng Pang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguang 523808, China
| | - Ding-Jiong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Yue-Tao Yang
- Traumatic Medicine Center, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui 315300, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Traumatic Medicine Center, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui 315300, China
| | - Ji-Wei Wang
- Traumatic Medicine Center, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui 315300, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zheng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguang 523808, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Battiston KG, Cheung JWC, Jain D, Santerre JP. Biomaterials in co-culture systems: towards optimizing tissue integration and cell signaling within scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4465-76. [PMID: 24602569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most natural tissues consist of multi-cellular systems made up of two or more cell types. However, some of these tissues may not regenerate themselves following tissue injury or disease without some form of intervention, such as from the use of tissue engineered constructs. Recent studies have increasingly used co-cultures in tissue engineering applications as these systems better model the natural tissues, both physically and biologically. This review aims to identify the challenges of using co-culture systems and to highlight different approaches with respect to the use of biomaterials in the use of such systems. The application of co-culture systems to stimulate a desired biological response and examples of studies within particular tissue engineering disciplines are summarized. A description of different analytical co-culture systems is also discussed and the role of biomaterials in the future of co-culture research are elaborated on. Understanding the complex cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interactions involved in co-culture systems will ultimately lead the field towards biomaterial concepts and designs with specific biochemical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics that are tailored towards the needs of distinct co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Battiston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Jane W C Cheung
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6; Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 464D, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6.
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Enhanced secretion of TIMP-1 by human hypertrophic scar keratinocytes could contribute to fibrosis. Burns 2012; 38:421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Regan Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Michael Somenek
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Mustoe TA, Gurjala A. The role of the epidermis and the mechanism of action of occlusive dressings in scarring. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 19 Suppl 1:s16-21. [PMID: 21793961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The problem of cutaneous scarring has conventionally been approached as a pathology of the dermis. Multiple lines of evidence from the clinic, in vitro experiments, and in vivo animal and human studies, however, increasingly suggest that the epidermis plays a major role in the control of underlying dermal scar. Building on the demonstrated efficacy of silicone gel occlusion, in this paper we review the evidence for epidermal regulation of scar, and propose the novel hypothesis that dermal fibrosis is exquisitely linked to the inflammatory state of the epidermis, which in turn is linked to hydration state as a function of epidermal barrier function. In the spectrum of factors contributing to dermal scar, the epidermis and its downstream effectors offer promising new targets for the development of antiscar therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Mustoe
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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24
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Fu X, Wang H. Rapid fabrication of biomimetic nanofiber-enabled skin grafts. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1533/9780857096449.3.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Attia J, Bigot N, Goux D, Quang Trong Nguyen, Boumediene K, Pujol JP. Modulation of collagen and keratin synthesis in co-cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes on hyaluronan-coated polysulfone membranes. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911510391445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were co-cultured on polysulfone (PSU) membranes, previously coated or not with hyaluronan (HA), and compared to monocultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The purpose was to define the interplay between both cell types and how it is influenced. The co-cultures reduced types I and III collagen levels, indicating that keratinocytes exerted an inhibition on matrix synthesis by fibroblasts. On the other hand, the amounts of keratins 17 and 10 were increased, suggesting that fibroblasts stimulate the production of keratins by keratinocytes. In contrast with naked PSU membranes, HA coatings increased types I and III collagens mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) levels, suggesting that HA counteracts the inhibition produced by keratinocytes. Changes were also observed in the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) on HA-coated PSU membranes. The presence of keratinocytes increased MMP1 and MMP3 synthesis by fibroblasts whereas HA exerted an inhibitory effect on MMP2 expression that depended on the culture conditions. The TGF-β3 mRNA levels were very high in co-cultures on PSU, whereas TGF-β1 mRNA was rather low; this was amplified on HA-coated membranes. These data provide a deeper insight into the intercellular interactions between dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and their modulation by the culture support of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Attia
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Caen Basse Normandie, IFR ICORE 146, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bigot
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Caen Basse Normandie, IFR ICORE 146, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Microscopy Center, University of Caen Basse Normandie, Campus I, Sciences C, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Quang Trong Nguyen
- Laboratory of Polymers, Biopolymers and Membranes (PBM), CNRS UMR 6522, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Karim Boumediene
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Caen Basse Normandie, IFR ICORE 146, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Pujol
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Caen Basse Normandie, IFR ICORE 146, 14032 Caen Cedex, France,
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Gallant-Behm CL, Du P, Lin SM, Marucha PT, DiPietro LA, Mustoe TA. Epithelial regulation of mesenchymal tissue behavior. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:892-9. [PMID: 21228814 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative scars are an important clinical problem, and yet the mechanisms that regulate scar formation remain poorly understood. This study explored the hypothesis that the epithelium has a critical role in dictating scar formation, and that these interactions differ in skin and mucosa. Paired skin and vaginal mucosal wounds on New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits diverged significantly; the cutaneous epithelium exhibited a greater and prolonged response to injury when compared with the mucosa. Microarray analysis of the injured epithelium was performed, and numerous factors were identified that were more strongly upregulated in skin, including several proinflammatory cytokines and profibrotic growth factors. Analysis of the underlying mesenchymal tissue demonstrated a fibrotic response in the dermis of the skin but not the mucosal lamina propria, in the absence of a connective tissue injury. To determine if the proinflammatory factors produced by the epidermis may have a role in dermal fibrosis, an IL-1 receptor antagonist was administered locally to healing skin wounds. In the NZW rabbit model, blockade of IL-1 signaling was effective in preventing hypertrophic scar formation. These results support the idea that soluble factors produced by the epithelium in response to injury may influence fibroblast behavior and regulate scar formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie L Gallant-Behm
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Chen L, Arbieva ZH, Guo S, Marucha PT, Mustoe TA, DiPietro LA. Positional differences in the wound transcriptome of skin and oral mucosa. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:471. [PMID: 20704739 PMCID: PMC3091667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When compared to skin, oral mucosal wounds heal rapidly and with reduced scar formation. Recent studies suggest that intrinsic differences in inflammation, growth factor production, levels of stem cells, and cellular proliferation capacity may underlie the exceptional healing that occurs in oral mucosa. The current study was designed to compare the transcriptomes of oral mucosal and skin wounds in order to identify critical differences in the healing response at these two sites using an unbiased approach. Results Using microarray analysis, we explored the differences in gene expression in skin and oral mucosal wound healing in a murine model of paired equivalent sized wounds. Samples were examined from days 0 to 10 and spanned all stages of the wound healing process. Using unwounded matched tissue as a control, filtering identified 1,479 probe sets in skin wounds yet only 502 probe sets in mucosal wounds that were significantly differentially expressed over time. Clusters of genes that showed similar patterns of expression were also identified in each wound type. Analysis of functionally related gene expression demonstrated dramatically different reactions to injury between skin and mucosal wounds. To explore whether site-specific differences might be derived from intrinsic differences in cellular responses at each site, we compared the response of isolated epithelial cells from skin and oral mucosa to a defined in vitro stimulus. When cytokine levels were measured, epithelial cells from skin produced significantly higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines than cells from oral mucosa. Conclusions The results provide the first detailed molecular profile of the site-specific differences in the genetic response to injury in mucosa and skin, and suggest the divergent reactions to injury may derive from intrinsic differences in the cellular responses at each site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tandara AA, Mustoe TA. MMP- and TIMP-secretion by human cutaneous keratinocytes and fibroblasts--impact of coculture and hydration. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 64:108-16. [PMID: 20542748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important in wound healing and scarring, but are difficult to study in vitro. We have previously reported on an in vitro keratinocyte-fibroblast coculture system exploring these interactions and found that coculture modifies the levels of cytokines they secrete. The same coculture model was used to study changes in MMP- and TIMP-activity. We hypothesised that the previously shown decrease of collagen is partly due to increased MMPs. Adult human cutaneous keratinocytes and fibroblasts were cocultured under serum-free conditions. Keratinocytes were either kept at the air-liquid interface or hydrated. The conditioned medium was submitted to a multiplex sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay including gelatinases, collagenases, stromelysins, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Collagen content was determined by western blot. Zymography depicted the gelatinases in conditioned media. For confirmation of the coculture results fibroblasts were treated with conditioned media from keratinocyte monocultures as well. MMP-1, MMP-9, and MMP-10 were mainly secreted by keratinocytes, whereas MMP-2, TIMP-1 and -2 by fibroblasts. MMP-13 was secreted by both cell types at comparable levels. Collagenases, gelatinases, MMP-3, and TIMPs increased significantly in cocultures compared to monocultures. Hydration of keratinocytes revealed a significant increase of MMP-3 and MMP-2, and a decrease of TIMP-2. Paracrine interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts modify strongly MMPs and TIMPs, whereas hydration of keratinocytes had a smaller impact in this context. The observed changes may be in part responsible for reduced collagen in coculture-conditioned media. The present coculture experiments reemphasise the role of epidermis in controlling scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Tandara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 675 North St. Clair, Suite 19-250, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Rahmani-Neishaboor E, Yau FMK, Jalili R, Kilani RT, Ghahary A. Improvement of hypertrophic scarring by using topical anti-fibrogenic/anti-inflammatory factors in a rabbit ear model. Wound Repair Regen 2010; 18:401-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yang J, Chen ACH, Wu Q, Jiang S, Liu X, Xiong L, Xia Y. The influence of temperature on 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic reaction in keratinocytes in vitro. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2010; 26:83-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2010.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gallant-Behm CL, Mustoe TA. Occlusion regulates epidermal cytokine production and inhibits scar formation. Wound Repair Regen 2010; 18:235-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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O'Shaughnessy KD, De La Garza M, Roy NK, Mustoe TA. Homeostasis of the epidermal barrier layer: A theory of how occlusion reduces hypertrophic scarring. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:700-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND With the investigation and potential introduction of several novel scar-reducing therapies to the market within the next several years, it is germane to review both the pathophysiology of scarring and the safety and efficacy of currently available and emerging therapeutic agents. METHODS An extensive review of the English-language literature was conducted using the MEDLINE database. RESULTS A comprehensive review of the pathophysiology of scarring and scar management, including both emerging and currently available therapies, was completed. Current clinical studies are limited by small sample sizes, lack of well-designed controls, and lack of standardized scar outcome measurement parameters. CONCLUSIONS A prominent challenge in the study of scar management is the paucity of well-designed, large, randomized, controlled studies examining existing scar-reducing techniques. The greatest improvement in scar-reducing protocols likely entails a polytherapeutic strategy for management. Further investigation into the role of inflammation in scarring is paramount to the development of improved scar-reducing agents. There is a need for large controlled trials using a polytherapeutic strategy that combines existing and novel agents to provide a standardized evidence-based evaluation of efficacy.
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Kloeters O, Schierle C, Tandara A, Mustoe TA. The use of a semiocclusive dressing reduces epidermal inflammatory cytokine expression and mitigates dermal proliferation and inflammation in a rat incisional model. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:568-75. [PMID: 18638276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Occlusive wound dressings are utilized clinically to accelerate wound healing and improve the final appearance of scars. In vivo and in vitro evidence suggests that one mechanism for this effect is maintenance of normal hydration in the epidermis, although the molecular signals remain uncharacterized. We sought to elucidate histological changes and some of the molecular signals involved in this effect in a rat model of wound semiocclusion. We utilized a rat linear incision model with surgical tape occlusion. Histological stains and quantitative real-time PCR analysis were used to characterize the cellular and molecular effects of semiocclusion on the wound healing response. Semioccluded wounds demonstrated decreased epidermal thickness and cellularity and less mitotic epidermal activity when compared with nonoccluded control wounds. Associated dermal cellularity was similarly attenuated by semiocclusion. Finally, levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly decreased on postoperative day 3 at the transcriptional level when compared with nonoccluded wounds. Semiocclusive wound treatments significantly decrease epidermal thickness, cellularity, mitotic activity, and dermal cellularity as well as transcriptional levels of important epidermal mediators of inflammation in a rat incisional wound model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kloeters
- Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Tandara AA, Mustoe TA. The role of the epidermis in the control of scarring: evidence for mechanism of action for silicone gel. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61:1219-25. [PMID: 18653391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars can be reduced by the application of silicone dressing; however, the detailed mechanism of silicone action is still unknown. It is known that silicone gel sheets cause a hydration of the epidermal layer of the skin. An in vitro co-culture experiment has shown that hydration of keratinocytes has a suppressive effect on the metabolism of the underlying fibroblasts resulting in reduced collagen deposition. We tested the hypothesis that silicone sheeting in vivo has a beneficial effect on scarring by reducing keratinocyte stimulation, with a resulting decrease in dermal thickness, hence scar hypertrophy. Silicone adhesive gel sheets were applied to scars in our rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scarring 14 days postwounding for a total of 16 days. Scarring was measured in this model by the scar elevation index (SEI), a ratio of the area of newly formed dermis to the area of the dermis of unwounded skin, and the epidermal thickness index (ETI), a ratio of the averaged epidermal height of the scar to the epidermal thickness of normal epidermis. Specific staining [anti-PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and Masson trichrome] was performed to reveal differences in scar morphology. SEIs were significantly reduced after silicone gel sheet application versus untreated scars corresponding to a 70% reduction in scar hypertrophy. Total occlusion reduced scar hypertrophy by 80% compared to semi-occlusion. ETIs of untreated scars were increased by more than 100% compared to uninjured skin. Silicone gel treatment significantly reduced epidermal thickness by more than 30%. Our findings demonstrate that 2 weeks of silicone gel application at a very early onset of scarring reduces dermal and epidermal thickness which appears to be due to a reduction in keratinocyte stimulation. Oxygen can be ruled out as a mechanism of action of silicone occlusive treatment. Hydration of the keratinocytes seems to be the key stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Tandara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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