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Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang D, Chen Z, Chen X, Su Z, He X. The Origin of Additive Genetic Variance Driven by Positive Selection. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2300-2308. [PMID: 32243529 PMCID: PMC7403624 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection predicts no additive variance of fitness in a natural population. Consistently, studies in a variety of wild populations show virtually no narrow-sense heritability (h2) for traits important to fitness. However, counterexamples are occasionally reported, calling for a deeper understanding on the evolution of additive variance. In this study, we propose adaptive divergence followed by population admixture as a source of the additive genetic variance of evolutionarily important traits. We experimentally tested the hypothesis by examining a panel of ∼1,000 yeast segregants produced by a hybrid of two yeast strains that experienced adaptive divergence. We measured >400 yeast cell morphological traits and found a strong positive correlation between h2 and evolutionary importance. Because adaptive divergence followed by population admixture could happen constantly, particularly in species with wide geographic distribution and strong migratory capacity (e.g., humans), the finding reconciles the observation of abundant additive variances in evolutionarily important traits with Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. Importantly, the revealed role of positive selection in promoting rather than depleting additive variance suggests a simple explanation for why additive genetic variance can be dominant in a population despite the ubiquitous between-gene epistasis observed in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshu Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Macagno ALM, Edgerton TJ, Moczek AP. Incipient hybrid inferiority between recently introduced, diverging dung beetle populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding why and how certain clades emerge as speciation hotspots is a fundamental objective of evolutionary biology. Here we investigate divergences between exotic Onthophagus taurus, a dung beetle introduced into the USA and Australia in the 1970s, as a potential model for the widespread recent speciation events characterizing the genus Onthophagus. To do so, we hybridized O. taurus derived from Eastern US (EUS) and Western Australian (WA) populations, and assessed fitness-relevant trait expression in first- and second-generation hybrids. We found that dams invest more in offspring provisioning when paired with a sire from the same population, and that WA dams crossed with EUS sires produce smaller and lighter F1 hybrids, with an unexpectedly male-biased sex ratio. Furthermore, fewer F2 hybrids with vertically inherited WA cytoplasm and microbiome emerged compared with WA backcrosses with WA cytoplasm/microbiome, suggesting that combinations of nuclear genome, cytoplasm and/or microbiome may contribute to hybrid viability. Lastly, we document a dominance of WA genotypes over body size at the point of inflection between minor and major male morphs, a trait of significance in mate competition, which has diverged remarkably between these populations. We discuss our results in light of the evolutionary ecology of onthophagine beetles and the role of developmental evolution in clade diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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3
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Regueira JC, Damasceno EM, Iannuzzi L. Shape variation of Cydianerus latruncularius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) across biomes and sexes. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Ribeiro JRI, Stefanello F, Bugs C, Stenert C, Maltchik L, Guilbert E. Coevolution between male and female genitalia in Belostoma angustum Lauck, 1964 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae): disentangling size and shape. ZOOLOGY 2019; 137:125711. [PMID: 31634693 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and natural selection mechanisms might drive variation in the genitalia of male animals. All aforementioned mechanisms are known to predict the coevolution of male and female genital morphology. Belostoma angustum is known to have subtle variation in the male and female genitalia of its members. In this species, phallosoma with dorsal arms and ventral diverticulum are assumed to be intromittent male genital traits that interact with the female genital chamber. We thus evaluated the existence of variation after disentangling the size from the shape of male genitalia in B. angustum. Body and genitalia dimensions and photographs of phallosoma with dorsal arms, ventral diverticulum and lateral views of the right paramere (the non-intromittent part) were obtained. Semi-landmarks and landmarks were used to capture phenotypic variation, by eliminating all non-shape variation with a Procrustes superimposition. Male and female specimens collected from the same location or immediate vicinity were grouped, and 12 groups originating from 12 locations were used to conduct two block-Partial Least Squares analyses (PLS). Group structures were also taken into account by adopting a multilevel approach. The male and female genital traits had similarly shallow static allometry slopes, as well as the dispersion values around the mean (i.e. coefficient of variation) and the standard error of the estimate. The correlation between the pooled within-locality covariance matrix of the symmetric component of phallosoma with dorsal arms and the female genital chamber was significant (r-PLS=0.37), as well as that with male body dimensions (r-PLS=0.36), even after controlling for allometry. Specimens with lower PLS shape scores had narrower phallosoma with dorsal arms, with poorly curved outer margins of the dorsal arms, whereas specimens with higher PLS shape scores had slightly shorter dorsal arms, with strongly curved outer margins. Lower shape scores were associated with narrower and especially shorter and narrower female genital chambers. Similar shallow allometric curves among sexes and the correlation between intromittent male parts and the female genital chamber, as well as male dimensions, suggest the coevolution of these contact structures in size and in shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Inacio Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Stefanello
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristhian Bugs
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Stenert
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Eric Guilbert
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, MECADEV - UMR 7179 MNHN/CNRS, CP50-57, rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
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5
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Fumi M, Friberg M. Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of threeLeptideabutterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magne Friberg
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund, Sweden
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Macagno ALM, Zattara EE, Ezeakudo O, Moczek AP, Ledón-Rettig CC. Adaptive maternal behavioral plasticity and developmental programming mitigate the transgenerational effects of temperature in dung beetles. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. M. Macagno
- Dept of Biology; Indiana Univ.; 915 E. Third Street Myers Hall 150 Bloomington IN 47405-7107 USA
| | - Eduardo E. Zattara
- Dept of Biology; Indiana Univ.; 915 E. Third Street Myers Hall 150 Bloomington IN 47405-7107 USA
- INIBIOMA, Univ. Nacional del Comahue - CONICET; Bariloche Argentina
| | | | - Armin P. Moczek
- Dept of Biology; Indiana Univ.; 915 E. Third Street Myers Hall 150 Bloomington IN 47405-7107 USA
| | - Cristina C. Ledón-Rettig
- Dept of Biology; Indiana Univ.; 915 E. Third Street Myers Hall 150 Bloomington IN 47405-7107 USA
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Parzer HF, David Polly P, Moczek AP. The evolution of relative trait size and shape: insights from the genitalia of dung beetles. Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:83-93. [PMID: 29423654 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects show relatively little genital variation within species compared to extraordinary and often rapid diversification among species. It has been suggested that selection for reproductive isolation through differences in genital shape might explain this phenomenon. This hypothesis predicts that populations diverge faster in genital shape than in genital size. We tested this prediction in males from 10 dung beetle species with known phylogenetic relationships from the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), including four species for which we were able to sample multiple populations. Specifically, we compared intra- and interspecific differentiation in shape and relative sizes of genitalia and calculated their respective evolutionary rates. We compared these rates to two similarly sized non-genital traits, the head and the fore-tibia. We found significant intraspecific variation in genital shape in all four species for which multiple populations were sampled, but for three of them we also identified significant relative size variation. We also found that genital shape evolved at higher rates than relative genital size. Genital shape evolved faster than head shape, but not fore-tibia shape. However, shapes of all measured structures evolved faster than their relative size. We discuss the functional constraints that may bias the developmental evolution of relative size and shape of genitalia and other morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald F Parzer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. .,Department of Biology and Allied Health Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA.
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Estimating the magnitude of morphoscapes: how to measure the morphological component of biodiversity in relation to habitats using geometric morphometrics. Naturwissenschaften 2017. [PMID: 28642973 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ecological indicators are currently developed to account for the different facets of loss of biological diversity due to direct or indirect effects of human activities. Most ecological indicators include species richness as a metric. Others, such as functional traits and phylogenetic diversity, account for differences in species, even when species richness is the same. Here, we describe and apply a different indicator, called morphoscape dimension, accounting for morphological variability across habitats in a geographical region. We use the case of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in four different habitats in the Po Plain in Northern Italy to exemplify how to quantify the magnitude of the morphological space (i.e. the dimension of the morphoscape) occupied by the species in each habitat using geometric morphometrics. To this aim, we employed a variety of metrics of morphological disparity related to univariate size, and more complex multivariate shape and form. Our 'proof of concept' suggests that metrics assessing size and form might largely tend to simply mirror the information provided by species richness, whereas shape morphoscape disparity may be able to account for non-trivial differences in species traits amongst habitats. This is indicated by the woodland morphoscape being on average bigger than that of crops, the most species-rich habitat, despite having almost 20% less species. We conclude suggesting that the analysis of morphoscape dimension has the potential to become a new additional and complimentary tool in the hands of conservation biologists and ecologists to explore and quantify habitat complexity and inform decisions on management and conservation based on a wide set of ecological indicators.
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Revised classification and phylogeny of an Afrotropical species group based on molecular and morphological data, with the description of a new genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Onthophagini). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Macagno ALM, Moczek AP, Pizzo A. Rapid Divergence of Nesting Depth and Digging Appendages among Tunneling Dung Beetle Populations and Species. Am Nat 2016; 187:E143-51. [PMID: 27105002 DOI: 10.1086/685776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many dung beetle communities are characterized by species that share very similar morphological, ecological, and behavioral traits and requirements yet appear to be stably maintained. Here, we document that the morphologically nearly indistinguishable, sympatric, and syntopic tunneling sister species Onthophagus taurus and Onthophagus illyricus may be avoiding competitive exclusion by nesting at remarkably different soil depths. Intriguingly, we also find rapid divergence in preferred nesting depth across native and recently established O. taurus populations. Furthermore, geometric morphometric analyses reveal that both inter- and intraspecific divergences in nesting depth are paralleled by similar changes in the shape of the primary digging appendages, the fore tibiae. Collectively, our results identify preferred nesting depth and tibial shape as surprisingly evolutionarily labile and with the potential to ease interspecific competition and/or to facilitate adaptation to local climatic conditions.
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11
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Roy L, Bon MC, Cesarini C, Serin J, Bonato O. Pinpointing the level of isolation between two cryptic species sharing the same microhabitat: a case study with a scarabaeid species complex. ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Roy
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; route de Mende 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie-Claude Bon
- USDA-ARS-EBCL; 810 Avenue du Campus Agropolis 34980 Montferrier le Lez France
| | - Cyril Cesarini
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; route de Mende 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - José Serin
- CSIRO-Europe; 830 Avenue du Campus Agropolis 34980 Montferrier le Lez France
| | - Olivier Bonato
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - IRD; route de Mende 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Sasakawa K. Utility of geometric morphometrics for inferring feeding habit from mouthpart morphology in insects: tests with larval Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kôji Sasakawa
- Laboratory of Zoology; Department of Science Education; Faculty of Education; Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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An unfinished speciation process revealed by geometric morphometrics, horn allometries and biomolecular analyses: The case of the fracticornis–similis–opacicollis species complex of the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kijimoto T, Pespeni M, Beckers O, Moczek AP. Beetle horns and horned beetles: emerging models in developmental evolution and ecology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:405-18. [PMID: 23799584 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many important questions in developmental biology increasingly interface with related questions in other biological disciplines such as evolutionary biology and ecology. In this article, we review and summarize recent progress in the development of horned beetles and beetle horns as study systems amenable to the integration of a wide range of approaches, from gene function analysis in the laboratory to population ecological and behavioral studies in the field. Specifically, we focus on three key questions at the current interface of developmental biology, evolutionary biology and ecology: (1) the developmental mechanisms underlying the origin and diversification of novel, complex traits, (2) the relationship between phenotypic diversification and the diversification of genes and transcriptomes, and (3) the role of behavior as a leader or follower in developmental evolution. For each question we discuss how work on horned beetles is contributing to our current understanding of key issues, as well as highlight challenges and opportunities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiya Kijimoto
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Palestrini C, Roggero A, Hernández Nova LK, Giachino PM, Rolando A. On the evolution of shape and size divergence inNebria(Nebriola) ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). SYST BIODIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2012.685775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Shape--but not size--codivergence between male and female copulatory structures in Onthophagus beetles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28893. [PMID: 22194942 PMCID: PMC3237555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genitalia are among the fastest evolving morphological traits in arthropods. Among the many hypotheses aimed at explaining this observation, some explicitly or implicitly predict concomitant male and female changes of genital traits that interact during copulation (i.e., lock and key, sexual conflict, cryptic female choice and pleiotropy). Testing these hypotheses requires insights into whether male and female copulatory structures that physically interact during mating also affect each other's evolution and patterns of diversification. Here we compare and contrast size and shape evolution of male and female structures that are known to interact tightly during copulation using two model systems: (a) the sister species O. taurus (1 native, 3 recently established populations) and O. illyricus, and (b) the species-complex O. fracticornis-similis-opacicollis. Partial Least Squares analyses indicated very little to no correlation between size and shape of copulatory structures, both in males and females. Accordingly, comparing shape and size diversification patterns of genitalia within each sex showed that the two components diversify readily - though largely independently of each other - within and between species. Similarly, comparing patterns of divergence across sexes showed that relative sizes of male and female copulatory organs diversify largely independent of each other. However, performing this analysis for genital shape revealed a signature of parallel divergence. Our results therefore suggest that male and female copulatory structures that are linked mechanically during copulation may diverge in concert with respect to their shapes. Furthermore, our results suggest that genital divergence in general, and co-divergence of male and female genital shape in particular, can evolve over an extraordinarily short time frame. Results are discussed in the framework of the hypotheses that assume or predict concomitant evolutionary changes in male and female copulatory organs.
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Interspecific shape divergence in Aphodiini dung beetles: the case of Amidorus obscurus and A. immaturus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-011-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Moczek AP. Phenotypic plasticity and diversity in insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:593-603. [PMID: 20083635 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity in general and polyphenic development in particular are thought to play important roles in organismal diversification and evolutionary innovation. Focusing on the evolutionary developmental biology of insects, and specifically that of horned beetles, I explore the avenues by which phenotypic plasticity and polyphenic development have mediated the origins of novelty and diversity. Specifically, I argue that phenotypic plasticity generates novel targets for evolutionary processes to act on, as well as brings about trade-offs during development and evolution, thereby diversifying evolutionary trajectories available to natural populations. Lastly, I examine the notion that in those cases in which phenotypic plasticity is underlain by modularity in gene expression, it results in a fundamental trade-off between degree of plasticity and mutation accumulation. On one hand, this trade-off limits the extent of plasticity that can be accommodated by modularity of gene expression. On the other hand, it causes genes whose expression is specific to rare environments to accumulate greater variation within species, providing the opportunity for faster divergence and diversification between species, compared with genes expressed across environments. Phenotypic plasticity therefore contributes to organismal diversification on a variety of levels of biological organization, thereby facilitating the evolution of novel traits, new species and complex life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East Third Street, Myers Hall 150, Bloomington, IN 47405-7107, USA.
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Evolutionary Response to Sexual Selection in Male Genital Morphology. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1442-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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EBERHARD W, RODRIGUEZ RL, POLIHRONAKIS M. Pitfalls in understanding the functional significance of genital allometry. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:435-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Macagno ALM, Pizzo A, Roggero A, Rolando A, Palestrini C. Horn polyphenism and related head shape variation in a single-horned dung beetle:Onthophagus(Palaeonthophagus)fracticornis(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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