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Fruschelli M, Lorusso N, Hadjistilianou T, Mencarelli MA, Bruttini M, Renieri A, Mandalà M, Di Maggio A. Novel retinal finding in a patient with 4q12 deletion. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 43:120-122. [PMID: 34551660 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1978102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 4q deletions are rare disorders phenotypically characterized by several features. The most commonly described ocular abnormalities include unilateral microphthalmia with bilateral colobomata, blue sclerae with pigmented retinal clumps, hypermetropia, and a divergent squint. PURPOSE To report a case of 4q12 deletion with a singular retinal feature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 20-year-old Caucasian female with a history of poliosis, progressive appearance of small areas of skin depigmentation along trunk and limbs since birth and diagnosis of learning deficit was referred for a complete ocular examination. The genetic counseling showed microdeletion in the 4q12 region. An audiometric test was performed, showing a progressive bilateral neurosensorial hypoacusia. Ocular examination showed the presence of multifocal, tiny, whitish deposits in the posterior pole. Multimodal imaging defined the lesions as small elevations of the retinal pigment epithelium with slight hyper-autofluorescence and staining in the late phase of fluoresceine angiography (FA). Visual acuity was 20/20. The retinal findings did not change during the three-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Although the findings herein reported have never been described before in patients affected by 4q12 mutations, we do not exclude that they could represent a manifestation of the peculiar genetic asset of the patient, related to dysfunction in pigment epithelium/neuroretinal metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fruschelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Graduate School of Ophthalmology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Theodora Hadjistilianou
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mirella Bruttini
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Mandalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Moulinas C, Dollfus H, Lipsker D. [Leucoderma in children: Review of the literature]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015; 142:399-409. [PMID: 25952794 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucoderma is a frequent presenting complaint in children and it is sometimes difficult to make a definite diagnostic during the first consultation. The aim of this study is to analyse the diagnoses associated with leucoderma in children in order to propose a practical approach to their differential diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a review of the literature using the keywords "leucoderma children review", "leucoderma Ito" and "nevus depigmentosus" in the Medline database. All relevant articles were included. RESULTS Four hundred and thirty-five articles were retrieved and 179 were analysed. A clinical approach was proposed in 6 articles and investigations in 15 articles. DISCUSSION Causal diagnosis of leucoderma may frequently be made on clinical grounds by determining the age of onset and distribution of lesions. Nevertheless, some situations require investigation. The literature is limited regarding clinical approaches and examinations in leucoderma. Herein, we present a systematic clinical and laboratory approach to the differential diagnosis of these skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moulinas
- Clinique dermatologique de Strasbourg, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - H Dollfus
- Service de génétique médicale, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - D Lipsker
- Clinique dermatologique de Strasbourg, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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3
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Hemati P, du Souich C, Boerkoel CF. 4q12-4q21.21 deletion genotype-phenotype correlation and the absence of piebaldism in presence of KIT haploinsufficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:231-7. [PMID: 25355368 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 4q deletion syndrome is a rare intellectual disability disorder caused by a variety of non-recurrent deletions of 4q. We describe the evolution of the phenotypic features of a female patient with a previously unreported deletion of 4q12-4q21.21 (hg 18; 54,711,575-79,601,919). By review reported individuals with interstitial deletions extending telomeric from 4q12 have syndromic intellectual disability with variable piebaldism. We expand the phenotype to include dolichocephaly, pectus excavatum, hip dysplasia, pes planus, myopia, lens opacities, and an absence of spoken language but not of communication through sign. The proposita also did not have piebaldism suggesting again that piebaldism arises from a mechanism more complex than simple haploinsufficiency of KIT. Comparing deletions among affected individuals localizes the critical interval within 4q12-4q13.1, although the absence of molecular boundaries for nearly all reported cases precludes precise delineation and genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hemati
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4, (4q) is a rare event. It is characterized by spectral phenotypic manifestations, depending upon the site and quantity of chromatin lost. The chromosomal loss which span 4 (q31-q35) segment often manifests as craniofacial anomalies, mental retardation with ocular, cardiac, genitourinary defects and pelvic/limb dysmorphism. These abnormalities are usually unilateral. We report a female child (46, XX), aged 11 months, born to nonconsanguineous parents, bearing chromosomal deletion of 4 (q31.2-35.2) segment, which has manifested as craniofacial hypoplasia of left side of face, ipsilateral ptosis, erythroderma and bilateral thumb anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kuldeep
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Ramadevi AR, Naik U, Dutta U, Prabhakara K. De novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 4, inv(4)(p16q12) in a boy with piebaldism and mental retardation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 113:190-2. [PMID: 12407711 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old boy who was diagnosed to have piebaldism had moderate growth and mental retardation. Chromosome analysis from peripheral blood showed pericentric inversion 4(p16q12). The inversion was further confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using whole chromosome painting and centromeric probes. Chromosomal analysis of parents revealed de novo inheritance of this inversion. This is the first report of pericentric inversion associated with piebald trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radha Ramadevi
- Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.
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Grimbacher B, Dutra AS, Holland SM, Fischer RE, Pao M, Gallin JI, Puck JM. Analphoid marker chromosome in a patient with hyper-IgE syndrome, autism, and mild mental retardation. Genet Med 1999; 1:213-8. [PMID: 11256675 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-199907000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-IgE syndrome with recurrent infections (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent skin and lung abscesses and extreme elevations of serum IgE, but also involving dentition, bones, and connective tissue. Although the etiology of HIES is unknown, autosomal dominant inheritance has been observed in multiple kindreds. A 17 year old male with sporadic HIES, autism, and mild mental retardation was found to have a supernumerary marker chromosome in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. Microdissection and FISH analysis of the marker chromosome showed that it was derived from a small interstitial deletion of one homologue of chromosome 4q21. Lack of hybridization of probes specific for telomeres and alphoid centromeres, including a centromere 4 specific probe, established that the marker was an analphoid ring chromosome. Comparative genotyping of transformed B-cell subclones with (M+) and without (M-) the marker chromosome showed loss of the maternal alleles in M- cells between markers D4S1569 and D4S3010. FISH using YAC clones from 4q21 confirmed the size and location of the interstitial deletion. Thus our patient's phenotypes were associated with de novo formation of a marker chromosome containing 15-20 cM of DNA deleted from his maternally derived chromosome 4. Proximal chromosome 4q therefore is a candidate region for disease genes for both HIES and autism. Identification of genes disrupted or lost during the formation of the marker chromosome as well as linkage studies in kindreds with HIES or autism may help us to understand the etiology of these complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grimbacher
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4442, USA
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Hsu TY, Kung FT, Ou CY, Hsiao PY, Huang FJ, Changchien CC, Chang SY. Prenatal diagnosis of de novo interstitial deletion of proximal 4q by maternal serum screening for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:1323-7. [PMID: 9885027 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199812)18:12<1323::aid-pd446>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the proximal portion of chromosome 4q is apparently rare. To our knowledge, prenatal diagnosis of the interstitial deletion of 4q12-21.1 has never been reported. We present a prenatal case of 4q deletion in association with a positive Down syndrome screening test of an elevated maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG) level. The prenatal sonogram revealed intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and shortening of the femur. Facial dysmorphism included micrognathia, depressed nasal bridge and low-set ears, these anomalies were evident at the postnatal examination. All of the anomalies were consistent with those described in proximal 4q deletion syndrome. Our case suggests that chromosome studies may be indicated for patients with high maternal serum free beta-hCG and IUGR in the early second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Slavotinek A, Kingston H. Interstitial deletion of bands 4q12-->q13.1: case report and review of proximal 4q deletions. J Med Genet 1997; 34:862-5. [PMID: 9350824 PMCID: PMC1051098 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.10.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a 6 year old child with a small de novo interstitial deletion of proximal 4q, karyotype 46,XX,del(4)(pter-->q12::q13.1-->qter). She has made good developmental progress and attends normal school with minimal assistance. We review published reports and clinical findings in patients with proximal 4q deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slavotinek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Schinzel A, Braegger CP, Brecevic L, Dutly F, Binkert F. Interstitial deletion, del(4)(q12q21.1), owing to de novo unbalanced translocation in a 2 year old girl: further evidence that the piebald trait maps to proximal 4q12. J Med Genet 1997; 34:692-5. [PMID: 9279767 PMCID: PMC1051037 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.8.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A very short, microcephalic, and mentally retarded 2 year old girl showed minor anomalies including prominent occiput, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelle, high frontal hairline, prominent ears, upward slanting palpebral fissures, a small nose with bulbous tip, delayed tooth eruption and bone maturation, and short and tapering fingers and toes. She did not have a white forelock. Cytogenetic investigation disclosed a de novo unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 4 and 18 with deletion of 4q12-->q21.1. Molecular investigation showed lack of a paternal allele for the microsatellite markers D4S392 and D4S398. This case shows indirect evidence that the piebald gene maps to proximal 4q12.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schinzel
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Nowaczyk MJM, Teshima IE, Siegel-Bartelt J, Clarke JTR. Deletion 4q21/4q22 syndrome: Two patients with de novo 4q21.3q23 and 4q13.2q23 deletions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970414)69:4<400::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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