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Ask-Gullstrand P, Strandberg E, Båge R, Rius-Vilarrasa E, Berglund B. The effect of genetic defects on pregnancy loss in Swedish dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2999-3005. [PMID: 37977438 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of carrier status of 10 lethal recessive genetic defects on pregnancy maintenance in Swedish dairy cattle was examined. The genetic defects were Ayrshire Haplotype 1, Ayrshire Haplotype 2, BTA12, BTA23, and Brown Swiss Haplotype 2 in Red Dairy Cattle (RDC), and Holstein Haplotype 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 (HH1-HH7) in Holstein. Effects of carrier status of BTA12 and HH3 on conception rate (CR), interval from first to last service (FLS), and milk production were also examined. Data were obtained for 1,429 herds in the Swedish milk recording system, while information on carrier status of genetic defects was obtained from the Nordic Cattle Genetic Evaluation. In total, data on 158,795 inseminations in 28,432 RDC and 22,018 Holstein females were available. Data permitted separate analyses of BTA12 and HH3, but carrier frequencies of other defects were too low to enable further analysis. Pregnancy loss was defined as failure to maintain pregnancy, where pregnancy status was confirmed with manual and chemical pregnancy diagnosis, insemination, calving, sales and culling data. Odds ratios (OR) and probabilities of pregnancy loss and CR were estimated using generalized linear mixed models, while pregnancy loss, CR, FLS, milk, protein, and fat yields were analyzed using linear mixed models. Pregnancy losses were reported on average within the first month post-AI. At-risk matings were more prone to suffer pregnancy loss in BTA12 (OR = 1.79) and HH3 carriers (OR = 1.77) than not-at-risk matings. At-risk matings also had lower CR (OR = 0.62 and 0.63 for BTA12 and HH3, respectively) than not-at-risk matings. Carrier females of BTA12 had longer FLS and higher milk production than noncarriers. Conception rate and pregnancy maintenance could be improved by avoiding at-risk matings. This finding could help reduce pregnancy loss due to genetic defects in the breeding program for improved fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ask-Gullstrand
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Strandberg
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Båge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - B Berglund
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Skouboe MK, Werner M, Mogensen TH. Inborn Errors of Immunity Predisposing to Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System. Pathogens 2023; 12. [PMID: 36839582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections can lead to a number of severe clinical manifestations, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), causing encephalitis and meningitis. However, understanding of the host factors conferring increased susceptibility to these diseases and their complications remains incomplete. Previous studies have uncovered defects in the innate Toll-like receptor 3 pathway and production of type I interferon (IFN-I) in children and adults that predispose them to herpes simplex encephalitis. More recently, there is accumulating evidence for an important role of IFN-independent cell-autonomous intrinsic mechanisms, including small nucleolar RNAs, RNA lariat metabolism, and autophagy, in restricting herpesvirus replication and conferring protection against CNS infection. The present review first describes clinical manifestations of HSV infection with a focus on neurological complications and then summarizes the host-pathogen interactions and innate immune pathways responsible for sensing herpesviruses and triggering antiviral responses and immunity. Next, we review the current landscape of inborn errors of immunity and the underlying genetic defects and disturbances of cellular immune pathways that confer increased susceptibility to HSV infection in CNS. Ultimately, we discuss some of the present outstanding unanswered questions relating to inborn errors of immunity and HSV CNS infection together with some perspectives and future directions for research in the pathogenesis of these severe diseases in humans.
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Guo M, Wang SM. The BRCAness Landscape of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36497135 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCAness refers to the damaged homologous recombination (HR) function due to the defects in HR-involved non-BRCA1/2 genes. BRCAness is the important marker for the use of synthetic lethal-based PARP inhibitor therapy in breast and ovarian cancer treatment. The success provides an opportunity of applying PARP inhibitor therapy to treat other cancer types with BRCAness features. However, systematic knowledge is lack for BRCAness in different cancer types beyond breast and ovarian cancer. We performed a comprehensive characterization for 40 BRCAness-related genes in 33 cancer types with over 10,000 cancer cases, including pathogenic variation, homozygotic deletion, promoter hypermethylation, gene expression, and clinical correlation of BRCAness in each cancer type. Using BRCA1/BRCA2 mutated breast and ovarian cancer as the control, we observed that BRCAness is widely present in multiple cancer types. Based on the sum of the BRCAneass features in each cancer type, we identified the following 21 cancer types as the potential targets for PARPi therapy: adrenocortical carcinoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma, brain lower grade glioma, colon adenocarcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, head and neck squamous carcinoma, kidney chromophobe, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, rectum adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, uterine carcinosarcoma, and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma.
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Ortega MS, Bickhart DM, Lockhart KN, Null DJ, Hutchison JL, McClure JC, Cole JB. Truncation of IFT80 causes early embryonic loss in Holstein cattle associated with Holstein haplotype 2. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9001-9011. [PMID: 36085107 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recessive alleles represent genetic risk in populations that have undergone bottleneck events. We present a comprehensive framework for identification and validation of these genetic defects, including haplotype-based detection, variant selection from sequence data, and validation using knockout embryos. Holstein haplotype 2 (HH2), which causes embryonic death, was used to demonstrate the approach. Holstein haplotype 2 was identified using a deficiency-of-homozygotes approach and confirmed to negatively affect conception rate and stillbirths. Five carriers were present in a group of 183 sequenced Holstein bulls selected to maximize the coverage of unique haplotypes. Three variants concordant with haplotype calls were found in HH2: a high-priority frameshift mutation resulting, and 2 low-priority variants (1 synonymous variant, 1 premature stop codon). The frameshift in intraflagellar 80 (IFT80) was confirmed in a separate group of Holsteins from the 1000 Bull Genomes Project that shared no animals with the discovery set. IFT80-null embryos were generated by truncating the IFT80 transcript at exon 2 or 11 using a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Abattoir-derived oocytes were fertilized in vitro, and zygotes were injected at the one-cell stage either with a guide RNA and CAS9 mRNA complex (n = 100) or Cas9 mRNA (control, n = 100) before return to culture, and replicated 3 times. IFT80 is activated at the 8-cell stage, and IFT80-null embryos arrested at this stage of development, which is consistent with data from mouse hypomorphs and HH2 carrier-to-carrier matings. This frameshift in IFT80 on chromosome 1 at 107,172,615 bp (p.Leu381fs) disrupts WNT and hedgehog signaling, and is responsible for the death of homozygous embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sofía Ortega
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Derek M Bickhart
- Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research Laboratory, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kelsey N Lockhart
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Daniel J Null
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - Jana L Hutchison
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - Jennifer C McClure
- Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research Laboratory, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
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Lithovius V, Otonkoski T. Stem Cell Based Models in Congenital Hyperinsulinism - Perspective on Practicalities and Possibilities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:837450. [PMID: 35250887 PMCID: PMC8895269 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.837450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a severe inherited neonatal disorder characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion caused by genetic defects of the pancreatic beta cells. Several open questions remain in CHI research, such as the optimal treatment for the most common type of CHI, caused by mutations in the genes encoding ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and the molecular mechanisms of newly identified CHI genes. Answering these questions requires robust preclinical models, particularly since primary patient material is extremely scarce and accurate animal models are not available. In this short review, we explain why pluripotent stem cell derived islets present an attractive solution to these issues and outline the current progress in stem-cell based modeling of CHI. Stem cell derived islets enable the study of molecular mechanisms of CHI and the discovery of novel antihypoglycemic drugs, while also providing a valuable model to study the biology of variable functional states of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Väinö Lithovius
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Väinö Lithovius, ; Timo Otonkoski,
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Väinö Lithovius, ; Timo Otonkoski,
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Abstract
Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is a term used to describe a selection of short children for whom no precise aetiology has been identified. Molecular investigations have made notable discoveries in children with ISS, thus removing them from this category. However, many, if not the majority of children referred with short stature, are designated ISS. Our interest in defects of GH action, i.e. GH resistance, has led to a study of children with mild GH resistance, who we believe can be mis-categorised as ISS leading to potential inappropriate management. Approval of ISS by the FDA for hGH therapy has resulted in many short children receiving this treatment. The results are extremely variable. It is therefore important to correctly assess and investigate all ISS subjects in order to identify those with mild but unequivocal GH resistance, as in cases of PAPP-A2 deficiency. The correct identification of GH resistance defects will direct therapy towards rhIGF-I rather than rhGH. This example illustrates the importance of recognition of GH resistance among the very large number patients referred with short stature who are labelled as 'ISS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O. Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Cutaneous findings are commonly associated with underlying gastrointestinal disorders and, in many instances, may be the first manifestation. Many such syndromes have incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, making them difficult to recognise. Skin manifestations may be an easily recognised feature of the underlying disorder. Most of these syndromes are hereditary but not all are associated with malignancies; either benign or premalignant extraintestinal lesions can be the initial manifestation. Some involve a single organ system, while others involve multiple organs of the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we have focused on Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and Muir-Torre syndrome), familial adenomatous polyposis, the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes that include Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and the PTEN hamartoma syndromes, which include Cowden syndrome and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome and, lastly, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, which is not heritable. Some of these are associated with colorectal cancer, of which 15% are heritable. The majority are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. These syndromes are uncommon. However, because of the strong association with the cutaneous findings, early detection and screening may be possible and are key to decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with them, for both the patient and family members. The clinical findings, epidemiological findings, underlying genetic alterations and pathological findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Duarte
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Clara Milikowski
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Pifferi M, Bush A, Mulé G, Gracci S, Fonnesu R, Michelucci A, Cangiotti A, Caligo MA, Miccoli M, Boner AL, Peroni D. Longitudinal Lung Volume Changes by Ultrastructure and Genotype in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:963-70. [PMID: 33760720 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-816OC] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Genotype-phenotype relationships are emerging in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), but little is known about lung volume changes over time. Objectives: To investigate the evolution of static lung volumes with ultrastructural defects, gene mutations, body mass index, and specific infections in PCD. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, single-center study in children and adults evaluated twice yearly for up to 10 years. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess associations between ciliary morphology, genetic mutations, and clinical features. Results: A total of 122 patients had 1,096 visits. At enrollment, almost all spirometric and, especially in adults, plethysmographic parameters were significantly worse in absent inner dynein arms (IDAs), central apparatus (CA) defects, and microtubular disorganization (MTD) (IDA/CA/MTD) compared with patients with normal electron microscopy (EM) results. The mean trend increase with time for residual volume (RV) was significantly higher in IDA/CA/MTD group compared with groups with outer dynein arm defect and normal EM results. The mean trend of RV/total lung capacity in the IDA/CA/MTD group was significantly worse than in all other groups. The steepest rise in lung volumes was in CCDC39 and CCDC40, whereas hyperinflation increased less in DNAH5 and DNAH11 groups. RV/total lung capacity showed a significantly steeper rise in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with patients with other infections or patients without infection. Conclusions: Patients with IDA/CA/MTD defects or CCDC39 and CCDC40 mutations had the greatest increase in hyperinflation, whereas those with outer dynein arm defect and normal EM results or DNAH11 and DNAH5 mutations had less severe changes. We have robustly confirmed the worse prognosis for some genetic and ultrastructural defects, which association hitherto rested solely on spirometry.
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Konovalova E, Romanenkova O, Kostyunina O, Gladyr E. The Molecular Bases Study of the Inherited Diseases for the Health Maintenance of the Beef Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:678. [PMID: 33946496 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The article highlighted the problem of meat cattle genetic defects. The aim was the development of DNA tests for some genetic defects diagnostics, the determination of the animal carriers and their frequencies tracking in time. The 1490 DNA samples from the Aberdeen Angus (n = 701), Hereford (n = 385), Simmental (n = 286) and Belgian Blue (n = 118) cattle have been genotyped on the genetic defects by newly created and earlier developed DNA tests based on AS-PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. The Aberdeen Angus cattle genotyping has revealed 2.38 ± 0.31% AMC-cows and 1.67 ± 0.19 % AMC-bulls, 0.65 ± 0.07% DDC-cows and 0.90 ± 0.10% DDC-bulls. The single animals among the Hereford cattle were carriers of MSUD and CWH (on 0.27 ± 0.05%), ICM and HY (on 0.16 ± 0.03%). The Simmental cattle were free from OS. All Belgian Blue livestock were M1- and 0.84%-CMD1-carriers. The different ages Aberdeen Angus cattle genotyping has shown the tendency of the AMC- and DDC frequencies to increase in the later generations. The statistically significant increase of DDC of 1.17% in the cows’ population born in 2019 compared to those born in 2015 allows concluding the further development of the DNA analysis-based measures preventing the manifestation of the genetic anomalies in meat cattle herds is necessary.
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Iampietro C, Bellucci L, Arcolino FO, Arigoni M, Alessandri L, Gomez Y, Papadimitriou E, Calogero RA, Cocchi E, Van Den Heuvel L, Levtchenko E, Bussolati B. Molecular and functional characterization of urine-derived podocytes from patients with Alport syndrome. J Pathol 2021; 252:88-100. [PMID: 32652570 PMCID: PMC7589231 DOI: 10.1002/path.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder involving mutations in the genes encoding collagen IV α3, α4 or α5 chains, resulting in the impairment of glomerular basement membrane. Podocytes are responsible for production and correct assembly of collagen IV isoforms; however, data on the phenotypic characteristics of human AS podocytes and their functional alterations are currently limited. The evident loss of viable podocytes into the urine of patients with active glomerular disease enables their isolation in a non‐invasive way. Here we isolated, immortalized, and subcloned podocytes from the urine of three different AS patients for molecular and functional characterization. AS podocytes expressed a typical podocyte signature and showed a collagen IV profile reflecting each patient's mutation. Furthermore, RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed 348 genes differentially expressed in AS podocytes compared with control podocytes. Gene Ontology analysis underlined the enrichment in genes involved in cell motility, adhesion, survival, and angiogenesis. In parallel, AS podocytes displayed reduced motility. Finally, a functional permeability assay, using a podocyte–glomerular endothelial cell co‐culture system, was established and AS podocyte co‐cultures showed a significantly higher permeability of albumin compared to control podocyte co‐cultures, in both static and dynamic conditions under continuous perfusion. In conclusion, our data provide a molecular characterization of immortalized AS podocytes, highlighting alterations in several biological processes related to extracellular matrix remodelling. Moreover, we have established an in vitro model to reproduce the altered podocyte permeability observed in patients with AS. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland..
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Iampietro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Linda Bellucci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fanny O Arcolino
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elli Papadimitriou
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Cocchi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Division of Nephrology and Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lambertus Van Den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose and is ultimately caused by insufficient insulin production from pancreatic beta cells. Different research models have been utilized to unravel the molecular mechanisms leading to the onset of diabetes. The generation of pancreatic endocrine cells from human pluripotent stem cells constitutes an approach to study genetic defects leading to impaired beta cell development and function. Here, we review the recent progress in generating and characterizing functional stem cell-derived beta cells. We summarize the diabetes disease modeling possibilities that stem cells offer and the challenges that lie ahead to further improve these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- Regulatory Genomics and Diabetes, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Diego Balboa,
| | - Diepiriye G. Iworima
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Asthenozoospermia (AZS), defined by reduced motility or absent sperm motility, is one of the main causes of male infertility. This condition may be divided into isolated AZS in the absence of other symptoms and syndromic AZS, which is characterized by several concurrent clinical symptoms. Sperm motility depends on fully functional flagellum, energy availability, and the crosstalk of several signaling pathways; therefore, mutations in genes involved in flagellar assembly and motile regulation can cause AZS. Thus, it is crucial to understand the genetic causes and mechanisms contributing to AZS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the particular genes and mechanisms involved in intact flagellum, energy availability, and signaling transduction that could cause human AZS and discuss the respective gene defects known to be responsible for these abnormalities. Additionally, we discuss intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes and offspring health where available in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Tu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tongyao Hu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
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13
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Genetic Anomalies of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Pediatrics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:288-297. [PMID: 32621723 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200704144912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several different proteins regulate, directly or indirectly, the production of growth hormones from the pituitary gland, thereby complex genetics is involved. Defects in these genes are related to the deficiency of growth hormones solely, or deficiency of other hormones, secreted from the pituitary gland including growth hormones. These studies can aid clinicians to trace the pattern of the disease between the families, start early treatment and predict possible future consequences. This paper highlights some of the most common and novel genetic anomalies concerning growth hormones, which are responsible for various genetic defects in isolated growth and combined pituitary hormone deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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14
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Kettunen JLT, Tuomi T. Human Physiology of Genetic Defects Causing Beta-cell Dysfunction. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1579-98. [PMID: 31953147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has revealed hundreds of genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes, many especially with insulin secretion. However, the evidence for their single or combined effect on beta-cell function relies mostly on genetic association of the variants or genetic risk scores with simple traits, and few have been functionally fully characterized even in cell or animal models. Translating the measured traits into human physiology is not straightforward: none of the various indices for beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity recapitulates the dynamic interplay between glucose sensing, endogenous glucose production, insulin production and secretion, insulin clearance, insulin resistance-to name just a few factors. Because insulin sensitivity is a major determinant of physiological need of insulin, insulin secretion should be evaluated in parallel with insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, multiple physiological or pathogenic processes can either mask or unmask subtle defects in beta-cell function. Even in monogenic diabetes, a clearly pathogenic genetic variant can result in different phenotypic characteristics-or no phenotype at all. In this review, we evaluate the methods available for studying beta-cell function in humans, critically examine the evidence linking some identified variants to a specific beta-cell phenotype, and highlight areas requiring further study.
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15
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Abstract
Hypopituitarism in neonates is rare, but has life-threatening complications if untreated. This review describes the features of hypopituitarism and the evidence for which infants in whom a genetic cause should be suspected. Importantly, neonates are often asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms. Hypopituitarism can be due to abnormal gland development as a result of genetic defects, which result from mutations in gene coding for transcription factors which regulate pituitary development. The mutations can be divided into those causing isolated hypopituitarism or those causing syndromes with associated hypopituitarism. The latter involve mutations in transcription factors which regulate pituitary, as well as extra-pituitary development. There is a paucity of evidence as to which patients should be investigated for genetic mutations, but detailed clinical and biochemical phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland could help target those in whom genetic investigations would be most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Parkin
- King’s College London, Guy’s King’s and St Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritika Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Bhat
- Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Greenough
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Starting about 60 years ago, a number of reports appeared that outlined the severe clinical course of a few adult subjects with profound hypogammaglobinemia. Puzzled by the lack of family history and adult onset of symptoms in most, the name "acquired" hypogammaglobinemia was given, but later altered to the current name common variable immune deficiency. Pathology reports remarked on the loss of lymph node architecture and paucity of plasma cells in lymphoid tissues in these subjects. While characterized by reduced serum IgG and IgA and often IgM, and thus classified among the B-cell defects, an increasing number of cellular defects in these patients have been recognized over time. In the early years, severe respiratory tract infections commonly led to a shortened life span, but the wide spread availability of immune globulin concentrates for the last 25 years has improved survival. However, chronic non-infectious inflammatory and autoimmune conditions have now emerged as challenging clinical problems; these require further immunologic understanding and additional therapeutic measures. Recent study of this phenotypic syndrome have provided an increasingly fertile ground for the identification of autosomal recessive and now more commonly, autosomal dominant gene defects which lead to the loss of B-cell development in this syndrome.
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17
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Bandari AK, Bhat S, Archana MV, Yadavalli S, Patel K, Rajagopalan P, Madugundu AK, Madkaikar M, Reddy K, Muthusamy B, Pandey A. Family-Based Next-Generation Sequencing Study Identifies an IL2RG Variant in an Infant with Primary Immunodeficiency. OMICS 2019; 23:285-290. [PMID: 31100039 PMCID: PMC6534087 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of inherited genetic disorders that are characterized by an absent or impaired immune system. In this report, we describe the use of next-generation sequencing to investigate a male infant with clinical and immunological manifestations suggestive of a PID. Whole-exome sequencing of the infant along with his parents revealed a novel nucleotide variant (cytosine to adenine substitution at nucleotide position 252) in the coding region of the interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (IL2RG) gene. The mother was found to be a carrier. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and represent the first such reported mutation in an Indian family. This mutation leads to an asparagine to lysine substitution (p.Asn84Lys) located in the extracellular domain of IL2RG, which is predicted to be pathogenic. Our study demonstrates the power of next-generation sequencing in identifying potential causative mutations to enable accurate clinical diagnosis, prenatal screening, and carrier female detection in PID patients. We believe that this approach, which is not a current routine in clinical practice, will become a mainstream component of individualized medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind K Bandari
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,2 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,3 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Bhat
- 4 Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - M V Archana
- 4 Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Krishna Patel
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,5 Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Anil K Madugundu
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,2 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,3 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,7 Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- 8 National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,2 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,3 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 3 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,7 Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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18
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Abstract
Outcrossing should reduce inbreeding levels and associated negative effects in highly inbred populations. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of different outcrossing schemes using computer simulations. The inbreeding rate estimated for a 25-year period of 2.1% per generation in a highly inbred dog breed reduced to 1.8% when a single litter was produced by an outcross without backcrosses. To reduce the inbreeding rate below 1%, more than eight of the 14 litters born yearly in the recipient breed had to be outcrossed. However, outcrossing in pedigree dogs is usually followed by backcrossing and generally involves one or a few litters. Backcrossing reduced the effect of outcrossing considerably. When two litters were produced by an outcross followed by one generation of backcross, the inbreeding rate was 2.0% per generation. Continuously outcrossing was more effective than a single or a few outcrosses. When each newborn litter during 25 years had a 5% chance of being produced by an outcross, the inbreeding rate reduced to -0.2%. To investigate the possibility that new alleles were introduced from the donor population into the recipient population, the fate of different type of alleles (varying from completely lethal to beneficial) before and after an outcross was investigated by first simulating 80 years of natural selection prior to the outcross and then different types of outcross. Because natural selection reduced the frequency of lethal alleles before outcrossing, the introduction of a lethal allele that was segregating in the donor breed but not in the recipient breed occurred rarely. Introduction of slightly detrimental alleles or neutral alleles occurred more frequently. In conclusion, outcrossing only had a limited short-term effect unless repeated continuously. Nevertheless, it may help to buy time in which the population structure can be changed so that the effective population size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Windig
- Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H P Doekes
- Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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19
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França TT, Leite LFB, Maximo TA, Lambert CG, Zurro NB, Forte WCN, Condino-Neto A. A Novel de Novo Mutation in the CD40 Ligand Gene in a Patient With a Mild X-Linked Hyper-IgM Phenotype Initially Diagnosed as CVID: New Aspects of Old Diseases. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:130. [PMID: 29780795 PMCID: PMC5945832 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene (CD40LG) lead to X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (X-HIGM), which is a primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by decreased serum levels of IgG and IgA and normal or elevated IgM levels. Although most X-HIGM patients become symptomatic during the first or second year of life, during which they exhibit recurrent infections, some patients exhibit mild phenotypes, which are usually associated with hypomorphic mutations that do not abrogate protein expression or function. Here, we describe a 28-year-old man who initially presented with recurrent infections since the age of 7 years, when he exhibited meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient had no family history of immunodeficiency, and based on clinical and laboratory presentation, he was initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). In subsequent years, he displayed several sporadic episodes of infection, including pneumonia, pharyngotonsillitis, acute otitis media, rhinosinusitis, fungal dermatosis, and intestinal helminthiasis. The evaluation of CD40L expression on the surface of activated CD3+CD4+ T cells from the patient showed decreased expression of CD40L. Genetic analysis revealed a novel de novo mutation consisting of a 6-nucleotide insertion in exon 1 of CD40LG, which confirmed the diagnosis of X-HIGM. In this report, we describe a novel mutation in the CD40L gene and highlight the complexities of PID diagnosis in light of atypical phenotypes and hypomorphic mutations as well as the importance of the differential diagnosis of PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata T França
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F B Leite
- Immunodeficiency Sector, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Maximo
- Immunodeficiency Sector, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane G Lambert
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nuria B Zurro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilma C N Forte
- Immunology Discipline, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Abstract
The critical role of the CD40/CD40L pathway in B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching and germinal center formation has been studied and described extensively in previous literature. Interruption of the CD40/CD40L signal causes hyper-IgM (HIGM) syndrome, which has been classified and recognized as a group of rare inherited immune deficiency disorders. Defects in CD40 and CD40L interactions or in downstream signaling molecules, including activation-induced cytidine deaminase, uracyl-DNA-glycosylase, NF-κB and DNA repair enzymes, result in an increased level of serum IgM and a significantly decreased or absent level of IgA, IgG and IgE that is accompanied by severe recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases. Many genetic defects in HIGM have been identified and, as a result, it is possible for patients to be definitively diagnosed by gene sequencing and to delineate the immunological features of the patients. Modifying the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway may offer the possibility of restoring the normal serum Ab production and curing the immunodeficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has achieved a high rate of success using a sibling donor. In addition, successful examples of treating other immunodeficiencies using gene therapy indicated that there was a possibility of eradicating HIGM with this approach. In this review, we summarize the current drugs and a variety of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of the HIGM syndrome by interfering with the defective CD40/CD40L pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Meng
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- 2 Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, PR China
| | - Wen-Chen Suen
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
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21
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Li H, Huang K, Wang H, Wang L, Yang M, Wang L, Lin R, Liu H, Gao J, Shuai X, Liu X, Tao K, Wang G, Wang Z. Immature enteric ganglion cells were observed in a 13-year-old colon signet ring cell carcinoma patient: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7036. [PMID: 28640080 PMCID: PMC5484188 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE All the enteric ganglion cells are fully mature by 2 to 5 years of age in human. No one had reported the presentation of immature enteric ganglion cells in elder ones. Colorectal carcinoma is also rare in the adolescent population. The coincidence of these 2 rare events in a 13-year-old boy has never been reported elsewhere, which may suggest some linkage between them. PATIENT CONCERN A 13-year-old boy presented with progressive abdominal pain and melena for 3 months. Computed tomography (CT) scan and endoscopic ultrasonography showed significant abnormality in the transverse colon characteristic of marked mural thickening. The biopsy results indicated signet ring cell carcinoma. DIAGNOSES A 13-year-old male patient with advanced colon signet ring cell carcinoma. In addition, immature but not mature ganglion cells could be observed in almost all of the slices of the resected nontumorous area of the specimen. INTERVENTIONS The transverse colon tumor was resected and the subsequent histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of primary colon signet ring cell carcinoma. Then the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and biological target therapies subsequently. OUTCOMES After 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and biological target therapies, metastasis was however detected within a year. LESSONS In this case, a 13-year-old male patient with advanced colon signet ring cell carcinoma were presented. Unexpectedly, immature ganglion cells could be observed in almost all of the slices of the resected nontumorous area of the specimen. It is critical to raise medical awareness and improve the diagnosis and treatment of the signet ring cell carcinoma. This malignancy and the immature ganglion cells may be associated, possibly caused by some unidentified genetic defects. Genome sequencing, histopathological examination, and long-term follow-up of young patients with related diseases, would help further reveal the potential relationship between tumorigenesis and ganglion cells' immaturity, contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | - Kun Huang
- Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
| | | | | | | | - Hongli Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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22
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. In particular, type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents one of the main causes of death in the world, and those suffering from it have a lower quality of life. Although there are multiple hypotheses about the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the development of T2D, the effects of this pathology on pancreatic β-cells are often ignored. We now know that in addition to genetic defects, β-cell organellar dysfunction participates in the earliest stages of the disease; other factors also contribute to this dysfunction, such as excessive production of reactive oxygen species and a decrease in cellular volume and mass. These features usually result from increased apoptosis, which is not adequately compensated for by the characteristic regeneration mechanisms of these cells. In this study, we specifically examine the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic defects that contribute to β-cell dysfunction and lead to the establishment of T2D, particularly the dysregulated insulin synthesis and secretion in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda-Perez Maria Elizabeth
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Division de Ciencia Biologicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I). Avenida San Rafael Atlixco, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Francisco J
- Avenida San Rafael Atlixco, Distrito Federal, Mexico. Division de Ciencias Biologicas y de Salud, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I). Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ortega-Camarillo Clara
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, HE, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI. IMSS., Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtemoc, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Carmen
- Doctorado en Biologia Experimental, Division de Ciencia Biologicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I). Avenida San Rafael Atlixco, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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23
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Simanovsky N, Rozovsky K, Hiller N, Weintraub M, Stepensky P. Extending the Spectrum of Radiological Findings in Patients With Severe Osteopetrosis and Different Genetic Backgrounds. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1222-6. [PMID: 26970326 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate radiological findings in a cohort of 22 patients with infantile malignant osteopetrosis in order to establish the correlation between radiological findings and different genetic backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical files, genetic analysis results, and radiological examinations of children treated for osteopetrosis with bone marrow transplantation in a referral center in the last 5 years were retrospectively evaluated. The study received institutional review board (IRB) approval. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were included in the study: 18 males, four females, ages 1 month-9 years 10 months, and the median age was 11 months (mean 23 months). There were 12 patients with different mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, five with mutations in the SNX10 gene, four children harbored RANK mutations, and one patient had a CLCN7 mutation. We noted more severe radiological findings in patients with TCIRG1 and RANK mutations, including fractures, osteopetrorickets, hydrocephalus, and hepatomegaly. Varus deformity of the femoral neck was seen exclusively in patients with a TCIRG1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS The variable genetic spectrum of osteopetrosis is associated with a variable radiological presentation. These correlations may be helpful for priorities in genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Simanovsky
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katya Rozovsky
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurith Hiller
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Weintraub
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Cho YK, Kim JE, Woo JH. Genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng intake: monitoring of nef sequence polymorphisms over 20 years. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:144-150. [PMID: 28413318 PMCID: PMC5386103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of gross deletions in the human immunodeficiency virus nef gene (gΔnef) is associated with long-term nonprogression of infected patients. Here, we investigated how quickly genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) intake in 10 long-term slow progressors. Methods This study was divided into three phases over a 20-yr period; baseline, KRG intake alone, and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). nef gene amplicons were obtained using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR from 10 long-term slow progressors (n = 1,396), and nested PCR from 36 control patients (n = 198), and 28 ART patients (n = 157), and these were then sequenced. The proportion of gΔnef, premature stop codons, and not in-frame insertion or deletion of a nucleotide was compared between three phases, control, and ART patients. Results The proportion of defective nef genes was significantly higher in on-KRG patients (15.6%) than in baseline (5.7%), control (5.6%), on-KRG plus ART phase (7.8%), and on-ART patients (6.6%; p < 0.01). Small in-frame deletions or insertions were significantly more frequent among patients treated with KRG alone compared with controls (p < 0.01). Significantly fewer instances of genetic defects were detected in samples taken during the KRG plus ART phase (7.8%; p < 0.01). The earliest defects detected were gΔnef and small in-frame deletions after 7 mo and 67 mo of KRG intake, respectively. Conclusion KRG treatment might induce genetic defects in the nef gene. This report provides new insight into the importance of genetic defects in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder in children that is characterized by persistent fever, splenomegaly with cytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypofibrinogenemia. Increased levels of various cytokines and soluble interleukin-2 receptor are biological markers of HLH. HLH can be classified into two major forms: primary and secondary. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), a type of primary HLH, is an autosomal recessive disorder that typically occurs in infancy and can be classified into five different subtypes (FHL types 1-5). In Japan, >80% of patients with FHL have either PRF1 (FHL type 2) or UNC13D (FHL type 3) defects. FHL is considered to be a disorder of T-cell function because the activity of NK cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes as target cells is usually impaired. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus-associated HLH (EBV-HLH) is considered a major subtype of secondary HLH. Any genetic background could have an effect on the pathogenesis of secondary HLH because EBV-HLH is considered to be particularly prevalent in Asian countries. For primary HLH, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only accepted curative therapy, although cord blood transplantation with a reduced-conditioning regimen has been used with superior outcomes. For secondary HLH, including EBV-HLH, immunochemotherapy based on the HLH-2004 protocol has been used. In the near future, the entire mechanism of HLH should be clarified to establish less toxic therapies, including cell therapy and gene targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon, Ehime , Japan
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26
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Palendira U, Rickinson AB. Primary immunodeficiencies and the control of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:22-44. [PMID: 26415106 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiency (PID) states, where mutations in single immune system genes predispose individuals to certain infectious agents and not others, are experiments of nature that hold important lessons for the immunologist. The number of genetically defined PIDs is rising rapidly, as is the opportunity to learn from them. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, has long been of interest because of its complex interaction with the immune system. Thus, it causes both infectious mononucleosis (IM), an immunopathologic disease associated with exaggerated host responses, and at least one malignancy, EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease, when those responses are impaired. Here, we describe the full range of PIDs currently linked with an increased risk of EBV-associated disease. These provide examples where IM-like immunopathology is fatally exaggerated, and others where responses impaired at the stage of induction, expansion, or effector function predispose to malignancy. Current evidence from this rapidly moving field supports the view that lesions in both natural killer cell and T cell function can lead to EBV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- Cancer Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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Picard C, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova JL, Chatila T, Conley ME, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Holland SM, Klein C, Nonoyama S, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck JM, Sullivan KE, Tang ML, Franco JL, Gaspar HB. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: an Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:696-726. [PMID: 26482257 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the updated classification of primary immunodeficiencies compiled by the Primary Immunodeficiency Expert Committee (PID EC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). In the two years since the previous version, 34 new gene defects are reported in this updated version. For each disorder, the key clinical and laboratory features are provided. In this new version we continue to see the increasing overlap between immunodeficiency, as manifested by infection and/or malignancy, and immune dysregulation, as manifested by auto-inflammation, auto-immunity, and/or allergy. There is also an increased number of genetic defects that lead to susceptibility to specific organisms which reflects the finely tuned nature of immune defense systems. This classification is the most up to date catalogue of all known and published primary immunodeficiencies and acts as a current reference of the knowledge of these conditions and is an important aid for the genetic and molecular diagnosis of patients with these rare diseases.
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28
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Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic neutropenia are extensive, varying from haematopoietic stem cell disorders resulting in defective neutrophil production, to accelerated apoptosis of neutrophil progenitors or circulating mature neutrophils. While the knowledge concerning genetic defects associated with congenital neutropenia or bone marrow failure is increasing rapidly, the functional role and consequences of these genetic alterations is often not well understood. In addition, there is a large group of diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies and metabolic diseases, in which chronic neutropenia is one of the symptoms, while there is no clear bone marrow pathology or haematopoietic stem cell dysfunction. Altogether, these disease entities illustrate the complexity of normal neutrophil development, the functional role of the (bone marrow) microenvironment and the increased propensity to undergo apoptosis, which is typical for neutrophils. The large variety of disorders associated with chronic neutropenia makes classification almost impossible and possibly not desirable, based on the clinical phenotypes. However, a better understanding of the regulation of normal myeloid differentiation and neutrophil development is of great importance in the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained chronic neutropenia. In this review we propose insights in the pathophysiology of chronic neutropenia in the context of the functional role of key players during normal neutrophil development, neutrophil release and neutrophil survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Bartels
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kate Murphy
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ester Rieter
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marrie Bruin
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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29
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Teteli R, Uwineza A, Butera Y, Hitayezu J, Murorunkwere S, Umurerwa L, Ndinkabandi J, Hellin AC, Jamar M, Caberg JH, Muganga N, Mucumbitsi J, Rusingiza EK, Mutesa L. Pattern of congenital heart diseases in Rwandan children with genetic defects. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:85. [PMID: 25722758 PMCID: PMC4335284 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.85.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are commonly associated with genetic defects. Our study aimed at determining the occurrence and pattern of CHD association with genetic defects among pediatric patients in Rwanda. METHODS A total of 125 patients with clinical features suggestive of genetic defects were recruited. Echocardiography and standard karyotype studies were performed in all patients. RESULTS CHDs were detected in the majority of patients with genetic defects. The commonest isolated CHD was ventricular septal defect found in many cases of Down syndrome. In total, chromosomal abnormalities represented the majority of cases in our cohort and were associated with various types of CHDs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that CHDs are common in Rwandan pediatric patients with genetic defects. These results suggest that a routine echocardiography assessment combined with systematic genetic investigations including standard karyotype should be mandatory in patients presenting characteristic clinical features in whom CHD is suspected to be associated with genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Teteli
- Department of Pediatrics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Annette Uwineza
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Yvan Butera
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda
| | - Janvier Hitayezu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Seraphine Murorunkwere
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Lamberte Umurerwa
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Ndinkabandi
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Anne-Cécile Hellin
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Narcisse Muganga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Joseph Mucumbitsi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, King Faysal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Kamanzi Rusingiza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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30
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Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova JL, Chatila T, Conley ME, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Gaspar HB, Holland SM, Klein C, Nonoyama S, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Picard C, Puck JM, Sullivan K, Tang MLK. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee for primary immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 24795713 PMCID: PMC4001072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the updated classification of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) compiled by the Expert Committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies. In comparison to the previous version, more than 30 new gene defects are reported in this updated version. In addition, we have added a table of acquired defects that are phenocopies of PIDs. For each disorder, the key clinical and laboratory features are provided. This classification is the most up-to-date catalog of all known PIDs and acts as a current reference of the knowledge of these conditions and is an important aid for the molecular diagnosis of patients with these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuwait University , Kuwait City , Kuwait ; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Al-Sabah Hospital , Kuwait City , Kuwait
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Casablanca Children's Hospital, Ibn Rochd Medical School, King Hassan II University , Casablanca , Morocco
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA ; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institut, Necker Medical School, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Talal Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
| | | | - Amos Etzioni
- Meyer Children's Hospital-Technion , Haifa , Israel
| | - Jose Luis Franco
- Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, University of Antioquia , Medellin , Colombia
| | | | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College , Saitama , Japan
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Erik Oksenhendler
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institut, Necker Medical School, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Centre d'Étude des Déficits Immunitaires (CEDI), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP , Paris , France
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kate Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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31
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Abstract
Mental retardation affects about 2-3% of the population and is often associated with comorbidities. So far, more than 450 different medical conditions are known with mental retardation as a sign and it is assumed that there are many more yet to be defined. The diagnosis of the underlying entity allows for a few specific optimization of cognitive function, but usually improves the treatment of comorbidities. Furthermore, the detection of the underlying genetic defect allows the specification of the risk of recurrence and enables prenatal diagnosis for future pregnancies of persons at risk in the family. Recent findings suggest that especially in diseases that are associated with defective synaptic signal transduction may be targeted by specific drugs for improvement of cognitive performance in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Otte
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Universität Zürich, Schlieren
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32
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Abstract
Terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4, (4q) is a rare event. It is characterized by spectral phenotypic manifestations, depending upon the site and quantity of chromatin lost. The chromosomal loss which span 4 (q31-q35) segment often manifests as craniofacial anomalies, mental retardation with ocular, cardiac, genitourinary defects and pelvic/limb dysmorphism. These abnormalities are usually unilateral. We report a female child (46, XX), aged 11 months, born to nonconsanguineous parents, bearing chromosomal deletion of 4 (q31.2-35.2) segment, which has manifested as craniofacial hypoplasia of left side of face, ipsilateral ptosis, erythroderma and bilateral thumb anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kuldeep
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Volokhina E, Westra D, Xue X, Gros P, van de Kar N, van den Heuvel L. Novel C3 mutation p.Lys65Gln in aHUS affects complement factor H binding. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:1519-24. [PMID: 22669319 PMCID: PMC3407361 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is associated with mutations affecting complement proteins and regulators and with autoantibodies against complement factor H (CFH). Approximately half of the aHUS patients progress to end-stage renal disease. DNA analysis of the risk factor genes is important for prognosis of aHUS recurrence after renal transplantation. METHODS Mutational screening of C3 encoding the central complement component was performed by Sanger sequencing in 70 aHUS patients. Mutated and wild type recombinant C3b proteins were produced and their affinity to CFH was analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS A single novel missense change p.Lys65Gln in C3 was found in 3 aHUS patients. The alteration leads to decreased binding of C3b to CFH in vitro. All three patients acquired the illness as adults and had a first aHUS episode after renal transplantation or suffered recurrence of the disease after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The novel C3 change was found in 3 aHUS patients. It results in decreased C3b binding to CFH and thus might lead to impaired C3b inactivation in vivo. The p.Lys65Gln is likely to be associated with aHUS after kidney transplantation and, therefore, might be an important prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Volokhina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology (804), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke Westra
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology (804), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoguang Xue
- Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology (804), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology (804), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands ,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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34
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Savage MO, Hwa V, David A, Rosenfeld RG, Metherell LA. Genetic Defects in the Growth Hormone-IGF-I Axis Causing Growth Hormone Insensitivity and Impaired Linear Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:95. [PMID: 22654835 PMCID: PMC3356141 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic defects in the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis affecting the IGF system present with growth failure as their principal clinical feature. This is usually associated with GH insensitivity (GHI) presenting in childhood as severe or mild short stature. Dysmorphic features and metabolic abnormalities may also be present. The field of GHI due to mutations affecting GH action has evolved rapidly since the first description of the extreme phenotype related to homozygous GH receptor (GHR) mutations in 1966. A continuum of genetic, phenotypic, and biochemical abnormalities can be defined associated with clinically relevant defects in linear growth. The mechanisms of the GH-IGF-I axis in the regulation of normal human growth is discussed followed by descriptions of mutations in GHR, STAT5B, IGF-I, IGFALS, IGF1R, and GH1 defects causing bio-inactive GH or anti-GH antibodies. These GH-IGF-I axis defects are associated with a range of clinical, and hormonal characteristics. An up-dated approach to the clinical assessment of the patient with GHI focusing on investigation of the GH-IGF-I axis and relevant molecular studies contributing to the identification of causative genetic defects is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O. Savage
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Alessia David
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Ron G. Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Louise A. Metherell
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
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35
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Abstract
We studied different genetic models and evaluation systems to select against a genetic disease with additive, recessive or polygenic inheritance in genetic conservation schemes. When using optimum contribution selection with a restriction on the rate of inbreeding (DeltaF) to select against a disease allele, selection directly on DNA-genotypes is, as expected, the most efficient strategy. Selection for BLUP or segregation analysis breeding value estimates both need 1-2 generations more to halve the frequency of the disease allele, while these methods do not require knowledge of the disease mutation at the DNA level. BLUP and segregation analysis methods were equally efficient when selecting against a disease with single gene or complex polygene inheritance, i.e. knowledge about the mode of inheritance of the disease was not needed for efficient selection against the disease. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction on DeltaF needed more generations to halve the frequency of the disease alleles or the fraction of diseased animals. Optimum contribution selection maintained DeltaF at its predefined level, even when selection of females was at random. It is argued that in the investigated small conservation schemes with selection against a genetic defect, control of DeltaF is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Sonesson
- Institute of Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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O'Hara AM, Fernie BA, Moran AP, Williams YE, Connaughton JJ, Orren A, Hobart MJ. C7 deficiency in an Irish family: a deletion defect which is predominant in the Irish. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114:355-61. [PMID: 9844043 PMCID: PMC1905122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human deficiencies of terminal complement components are known to be associated with increased susceptibility to Neisseria meningitidis infection. Polymorphic DNA marker studies in complement deficient investigations allow identification of haplotypes associated with the deficiency and enable the possible identification of heterozygote carriers of the defect. We report studies of an Irish family in which the index case had suffered recurrent meningococcal disease and was found to be deficient in the seventh component of complement (C7). The availability of all family members enabled us to determine the segregating haplotypes. The defects in the family segregated with two very closely related C6 and C7 DNA haplotypes, one of which is known to be associated with the large Irish C7 DNA deletion defect. The index case and two C7 deficient siblings were found to be homozygous for this defect, a deletion that spans approx. 6.8 kbp and encompasses exons 7 and 8. The deletion defect of exons 7 and 8 of C7 has been found in homozygous form in another C7 deficient Irish individual, and is present in heterozygous form in C7 deficient members of a third Irish family. Therefore, this deletion defect occurs in five of the six deficient chromosomes of these three unrelated Irish families, raising the interesting question of how prevalent this defect may be within the Irish community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M O'Hara
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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37
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Culligan DJ. Pathogenetic Aspects of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Hematology 1998; 3:119-42. [PMID: 27416478 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1998.11746385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are acquired clonal disorders of the bone marrow. They were clearly defined in morphological terms by the French-American-British (FAB) group in 1982, as five conditions each with their own diagnostic criteria, but with the shared characteristics of ineffective blood cell production in one or more cell line, morphological dysplasia and a variable propensity to evolve into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In clinical practice patients typically present in old age with macrocytic anaemia, cytopenias, monocytosis and accumulation of marrow blast cells leading in time to fatal bone marrow failure or AML. To date treatment is unable to alter the natural history of MDS except in those few individuals who are able to undergo allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Culligan
- a Department of Haematology , Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZN
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