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Smolen C, Jensen M, Dyer L, Pizzo L, Tyryshkina A, Banerjee D, Rohan L, Huber E, El Khattabi L, Prontera P, Caberg JH, Van Dijck A, Schwartz C, Faivre L, Callier P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Lefebvre M, Pope K, Snell P, Lockhart PJ, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Avola E, Mattina T, Fichera M, Luana Mandarà GM, Bruccheri MG, Pichon O, Le Caignec C, Stoeva R, Cuinat S, Mercier S, Bénéteau C, Blesson S, Nordsletten A, Martin-Coignard D, Sistermans E, Kooy RF, Amor DJ, Romano C, Isidor B, Juusola J, Girirajan S. Assortative mating and parental genetic relatedness contribute to the pathogenicity of variably expressive variants. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:2015-2028. [PMID: 37979581 PMCID: PMC10716518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined more than 97,000 families from four neurodevelopmental disease cohorts and the UK Biobank to identify phenotypic and genetic patterns in parents contributing to neurodevelopmental disease risk in children. We identified within- and cross-disorder correlations between six phenotypes in parents and children, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (R = 0.32-0.38, p < 10-126). We also found that measures of sub-clinical autism features in parents are associated with several autism severity measures in children, including biparental mean Social Responsiveness Scale scores and proband Repetitive Behaviors Scale scores (regression coefficient = 0.14, p = 3.38 × 10-4). We further describe patterns of phenotypic similarity between spouses, where spouses show correlations for six neurological and psychiatric phenotypes, including a within-disorder correlation for depression (R = 0.24-0.68, p < 0.001) and a cross-disorder correlation between anxiety and bipolar disorder (R = 0.09-0.22, p < 10-92). Using a simulated population, we also found that assortative mating can lead to increases in disease liability over generations and the appearance of "genetic anticipation" in families carrying rare variants. We identified several families in a neurodevelopmental disease cohort where the proband inherited multiple rare variants in disease-associated genes from each of their affected parents. We further identified parental relatedness as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders through its inverse relationship with variant pathogenicity and propose that parental relatedness modulates disease risk by increasing genome-wide homozygosity in children (R = 0.05-0.26, p < 0.05). Our results highlight the utility of assessing parent phenotypes and genotypes toward predicting features in children who carry rare variably expressive variants and implicate assortative mating as a risk factor for increased disease severity in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Smolen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anastasia Tyryshkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deepro Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laura Rohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laila El Khattabi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Medical Genetics, Armand Trousseau and Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège. Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Genetique et Cenre de Référence Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France; GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Centre de Genetique et Cenre de Référence Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France; GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Kate Pope
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Penny Snell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Bruce Lefroy Center, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucia Castiglia
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Ornella Galesi
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Avola
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Bruccheri
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Department of Medical Genetics, Nantes, France
| | - Cedric Le Caignec
- CHU Toulouse, Department of Medical Genetics, Toulouse, France; ToNIC, Toulouse Neuro Imaging, Center, Inserm, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Radka Stoeva
- Service de Cytogenetique, CHU de Le Mans, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Sandra Mercier
- CHU Nantes, Department of Medical Genetics, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Blesson
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David J Amor
- Bruce Lefroy Center, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Corrado Romano
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; Medical Genetics, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | | | | | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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2
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Smolen C, Jensen M, Dyer L, Pizzo L, Tyryshkina A, Banerjee D, Rohan L, Huber E, El Khattabi L, Prontera P, Caberg JH, Van Dijck A, Schwartz C, Faivre L, Callier P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Lefebvre M, Pope K, Snell P, Lockhart PJ, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Avola E, Mattina T, Fichera M, Mandarà GML, Bruccheri MG, Pichon O, Le Caignec C, Stoeva R, Cuinat S, Mercier S, Bénéteau C, Blesson S, Nordsletten A, Martin-Coignard D, Sistermans E, Kooy RF, Amor DJ, Romano C, Isidor B, Juusola J, Girirajan S. Assortative mating and parental genetic relatedness drive the pathogenicity of variably expressive variants. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.18.23290169. [PMID: 37292616 PMCID: PMC10246151 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.23290169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined more than 38,000 spouse pairs from four neurodevelopmental disease cohorts and the UK Biobank to identify phenotypic and genetic patterns in parents associated with neurodevelopmental disease risk in children. We identified correlations between six phenotypes in parents and children, including correlations of clinical diagnoses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (R=0.31-0.49, p<0.001), and two measures of sub-clinical autism features in parents affecting several autism severity measures in children, such as bi-parental mean Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores affecting proband SRS scores (regression coefficient=0.11, p=0.003). We further describe patterns of phenotypic and genetic similarity between spouses, where spouses show both within- and cross-disorder correlations for seven neurological and psychiatric phenotypes, including a within-disorder correlation for depression (R=0.25-0.72, p<0.001) and a cross-disorder correlation between schizophrenia and personality disorder (R=0.20-0.57, p<0.001). Further, these spouses with similar phenotypes were significantly correlated for rare variant burden (R=0.07-0.57, p<0.0001). We propose that assortative mating on these features may drive the increases in genetic risk over generations and the appearance of "genetic anticipation" associated with many variably expressive variants. We further identified parental relatedness as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders through its inverse correlations with burden and pathogenicity of rare variants and propose that parental relatedness drives disease risk by increasing genome-wide homozygosity in children (R=0.09-0.30, p<0.001). Our results highlight the utility of assessing parent phenotypes and genotypes in predicting features in children carrying variably expressive variants and counseling families carrying these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Smolen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anastasia Tyryshkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Deepro Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laura Rohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laila El Khattabi
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Medical Genetics, Armand Trousseau and Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège. Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Genetique et Cenre de Référence Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Centre de Genetique et Cenre de Référence Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- GAD INSERM UMR1231, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Kate Pope
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Penny Snell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J. Lockhart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Bruce Lefroy Center, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucia Castiglia
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Ornella Galesi
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Avola
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Bruccheri
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Department of Medical Genetics, Nantes, France
| | - Cedric Le Caignec
- CHU Toulouse, Department of Medical Genetics, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse Neuro Imaging, Center, Inserm, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Radka Stoeva
- Service de Cytogenetique, CHU de Le Mans, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Sandra Mercier
- CHU Nantes, Department of Medical Genetics, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Blesson
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David J. Amor
- Bruce Lefroy Center, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Corrado Romano
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Medical Genetics, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | | | | | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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3
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Jouret G, Heide S, Sorlin A, Faivre L, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Beneteau C, Denis-Musquer M, Turnpenny PD, Coutton C, Vieville G, Thevenon J, Larson A, Petit F, Boudry E, Smol T, Delobel B, Duban-Bedu B, Fallerini C, Mari F, Lo Rizzo C, Renieri A, Caberg JH, Denommé-Pichon AS, Tran Mau-Them F, Maystadt I, Courtin T, Keren B, Mouthon L, Charles P, Cuinat S, Isidor B, Theis P, Müller C, Kulisic M, Türkmen S, Stieber D, Bourgeois D, Scalais E, Klink B. Understanding the new BRD4-related syndrome: Clinical and genomic delineation with an international cohort study. Clin Genet 2022; 102:117-122. [PMID: 35470444 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BRD4 is part of a multiprotein complex involved in loading the cohesin complex onto DNA, a fundamental process required for cohesin-mediated loop extrusion and formation of Topologically Associating Domains. Pathogenic variations in this complex have been associated with a growing number of syndromes, collectively known as cohesinopathies, the most classic being Cornelia de Lange syndrome. However, no cohort study has been conducted to delineate the clinical and molecular spectrum of BRD4-related disorder. We formed an international collaborative study, and collected 14 new patients, including two fetuses. We performed phenotype and genotype analysis, integrated prenatal findings from fetopathological examinations, phenotypes of pediatric patients and adults. We report the first cohort of patients with BRD4-related disorder and delineate the dysmorphic features at different ages. This work extends the phenotypic spectrum of cohesinopathies and characterize a new clinically relevant and recognizable pattern, distinguishable from the other cohesinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jouret
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Solveig Heide
- Service de Génétique Cytogénétique, Embryologie Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, France
| | - Arthur Sorlin
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Inserm 1231 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Inserm 1231 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Service de Génétique Et Embryologie Médicales, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, France
| | - Claire Beneteau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Institut de Biologie, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Austin Larson
- Clinical Genetics Department, Children's Hospital Colorado, Littleton, Colorado, USA
| | - Florence Petit
- Clinique de Génétique "Guy Fontaine", CHU de Lille, France
| | - Elise Boudry
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Lille, France
| | - Thomas Smol
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Lille, France
| | - Bruno Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, GH de l'Institut, Catholique de Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, GH de l'Institut, Catholique de Lille, France
| | | | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics Department, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Lo Rizzo
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics Department, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France.,UF6254 Innovation en Diagnostic Genomique des Maladies Rares, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau-Them
- Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France.,UF6254 Innovation en Diagnostic Genomique des Maladies Rares, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Genetique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Genetique, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Linda Mouthon
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Silvestre Cuinat
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Theis
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Müller
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Marizela Kulisic
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Seval Türkmen
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Stieber
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Bourgeois
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuel Scalais
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS), National Center of Genetics (NCG), Dudelange, Luxembourg
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Boemer F, Josse C, Luis G, Di Valentin E, Thiry J, Cello C, Caberg JH, Dadoumont C, Harvengt J, Lumaka A, Bours V, Debray FG. Novel Loss of Function Variant in BCKDK Causes a Treatable Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042253. [PMID: 35216372 PMCID: PMC8878489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids playing crucial roles in protein synthesis and brain neurotransmission. Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the flux-generating step of BCAA catabolism, is tightly regulated by reversible phosphorylation of its E1α-subunit. BCKDK is the kinase responsible for the phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of BCKDH. In three siblings with severe developmental delays, microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder and epileptic encephalopathy, we identified a new homozygous in-frame deletion (c.999_1001delCAC; p.Thr334del) of BCKDK. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of BCAA were markedly reduced. Hyperactivity of BCKDH and over-consumption of BCAA were demonstrated by functional tests in cells transfected with the mutant BCKDK. Treatment with pharmacological doses of BCAA allowed the restoring of BCAA concentrations and greatly improved seizure control. Behavioral and developmental skills of the patients improved to a lesser extent. Importantly, a retrospective review of the newborn screening results allowed the identification of a strong decrease in BCAA concentrations on dried blood spots, suggesting that BCKDK is a new treatable metabolic disorder probably amenable to newborn screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (G.L.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-76-96; Fax: +32-4-366-84-74
| | - Claire Josse
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (J.T.)
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Recherche (GIGA-R), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Géraldine Luis
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (G.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Di Valentin
- Viral Vector Platform, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Recherche (GIGA-R), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Jérôme Thiry
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Christophe Cello
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (G.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | | | - Julie Harvengt
- Center of Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (J.H.); (V.B.)
| | - Aimé Lumaka
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Recherche (GIGA-R), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Vincent Bours
- Center of Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (J.H.); (V.B.)
| | - François-Guillaume Debray
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
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5
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Dangouloff T, Boemer F, Dideberg V, Caberg JH, Servais L. Reader response: Discrepancy in redetermination of SMN2 copy numbers in children with SMA. Neurology 2020; 95:144-145. [PMID: 32690780 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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6
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Cárdenas-de-la-Parra A, Martin-Brevet S, Moreau C, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Fonov VS, Maillard AM, Zürcher NR, Hadjikhani N, Beckmann JS, Reymond A, Draganski B, Jacquemont S, Collins DL, Addor MC, Andrieux J, Arveiler B, Baujatm G, Sloan-Bénan F, Belfiore M, Bonneau D, Bouquillon S, Boute O, Brusco A, Busa T, Caberg JH, Campion D, Colombert V, Cordier MP, David A, Debray FG, Delrue MA, Doco-Fenzy M, Dunkhase-Heinl U, Edery P, Fagerberg C, Faivre L, Forzano F, Genevieve D, Gérard M, Giachino D, Guichet A, Guillin O, Héron D, Isidor B, Jacquette A, Jaillard S, Journel H, Keren B, Lacombe D, Lebon S, Le Caignec C, Lemaître MP, Lespinasse J, Mathieu-Dramart M, Mercier S, Mignot C, Missirian C, Petit F, Pilekær Sørensen K, Pinson L, Plessis G, Prieur F, Rooryck-Thambo C, Rossi M, Sanlaville D, Schlott Kristiansen B, Schluth-Bolard C, Till M, Van Haelst M, Van Maldergem L. Developmental trajectories of neuroanatomical alterations associated with the 16p11.2 Copy Number Variations. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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7
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Boemer F, Caberg JH, Dideberg V, Beckers P, Marie S, Marcelis L, Bours V, Dangouloff T, Servais L. [(S)un (M)ay (A)rise on SMA : the hope of a region without spinal muscular atrophy]. Rev Med Liege 2019; 74:461-464. [PMID: 31486315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has considerably changed over the last 3 years. Several approaches that aim to increase the deficient SMN protein have demonstrated an efficacy that is inversely correlated with disease duration. In this context, newborn screening (NBS) is increasingly considered as the next step in several countries or regions. In 2018, we initiated a pilot study for NBS of SMA in French- and German-speaking Belgium. We aim to evaluate the feasibility, the efficacy, and the cost-effectiveness of such a program. Initially covering the region of Liege, the program was recently extended to the whole Southern Belgium and currently covers about 55.000 newborns per year. On June 1st 2019, 35.000 newborns had been screened and 5 affected babies were identified and referred to neuromuscular centers for early treatment. A full evaluation of the program will take place after three years to consider the inclusion of SMA screening in the publically-funded NBS program in Southern Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boemer
- Service de Génétique Humaine, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - J H Caberg
- Service de Génétique Humaine, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - V Dideberg
- Service de Génétique Humaine, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - P Beckers
- Service de Génétique Humaine, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - S Marie
- Laboratoire de Maladies Métaboliques et Centre de Dépistage Néonatal, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - L Marcelis
- Laboratoire de Pédiatrie, Centre de Dépistage Néonatal, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - V Bours
- Service de Génétique Humaine, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - T Dangouloff
- Centre de Références des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - L Servais
- Division de Neurologie pédiatrique, Centre de Références des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Liège, Belgique
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8
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Jønch AE, Douard E, Moreau C, Van Dijck A, Passeggeri M, Kooy F, Puechberty J, Campbell C, Sanlaville D, Lefroy H, Richetin S, Pain A, Geneviève D, Kini U, Le Caignec C, Lespinasse J, Skytte AB, Isidor B, Zweier C, Caberg JH, Delrue MA, Møller RS, Bojesen A, Hjalgrim H, Brasch-Andersen C, Lemyre E, Ousager LB, Jacquemont S. Estimating the effect size of the 15Q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion and its contribution to neurodevelopmental symptoms: recommendations for practice. J Med Genet 2019; 56:701-710. [PMID: 31451536 PMCID: PMC6817694 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The 15q11.2 deletion is frequently identified in the neurodevelopmental clinic. Case–control studies have associated the 15q11.2 deletion with neurodevelopmental disorders, and clinical case series have attempted to delineate a microdeletion syndrome with considerable phenotypic variability. The literature on this deletion is extensive and confusing, which is a challenge for genetic counselling. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect size of the 15q11.2 deletion and quantify its contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods We performed meta-analyses on new and previously published case–control studies and used statistical models trained in unselected populations with cognitive assessments. We used new (n=241) and previously published (n=150) data from a clinically referred group of deletion carriers. 15q11.2 duplications (new n=179 and previously published n=35) were used as a neutral control variant. Results The deletion decreases IQ by 4.3 points. The estimated ORs and respective frequencies in deletion carriers for intellectual disabilities, schizophrenia and epilepsy are 1.7 (3.4%), 1.5 (2%) and 3.1 (2.1%), respectively. There is no increased risk for heart malformations and autism. In the clinically referred group, the frequency and nature of symptoms in deletions are not different from those observed in carriers of the 15q11.2 duplication suggesting that most of the reported symptoms are due to ascertainment bias. Conclusions We recommend that the deletion should be classified as ‘pathogenic of mild effect size’. Since it explains only a small proportion of the phenotypic variance in carriers, it is not worth discussing in the developmental clinic or in a prenatal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aia Elise Jønch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elise Douard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clara Moreau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine personnalisée, Université Montpelier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carolyn Campbell
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CHU de Lyon, Bron, France.,Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Henrietta Lefroy
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Pain
- Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre Cantonal Autisme, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Hôpital Saint Eloi, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,The Spires Cleft Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Lespinasse
- Service de Cytogenetique, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, Chambéry, France
| | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sygehus Lillebalt Vejle Sygehus, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Brasch-Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lilian Bomme Ousager
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada .,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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9
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Uwineza A, Caberg JH, Hitayezu J, Wenric S, Mutesa L, Vial Y, Drunat S, Passemard S, Verloes A, El Ghouzzi V, Bours V. VPS51 biallelic variants cause microcephaly with brain malformations: A confirmatory report. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103704. [PMID: 31207318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing undertaken in two siblings with delayed psychomotor development, absent speech, severe intellectual disability and postnatal microcephaly, with brain malformations consisting of cerebellar atrophy in the eldest affected and hypoplastic corpus callosum in the younger sister; revealed a homozygous intragenic deletion in VPS51, which encodes the vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein, one the four subunits of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) and endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complexes that promotes the fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the trans-Golgi network (GARP) and recycling endosomes (EARP). This observation supports a pathogenic effect of VPS51 variants, which has only been reported previously once, in a single child with microcephaly. It confirms the key role of membrane trafficking in normal brain development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Uwineza
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Janvier Hitayezu
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Stephane Wenric
- GIGA-Research, Human Genetics Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Yoann Vial
- Department of Genetics, AP HP - Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France; PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Department of Genetics, AP HP - Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France; PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Department of Genetics, AP HP - Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France; PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, AP HP - Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France; PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Bours
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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10
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Boemer F, Caberg JH, Dideberg V, Dardenne D, Bours V, Hiligsmann M, Dangouloff T, Servais L. Newborn screening for SMA in Southern Belgium. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:343-349. [PMID: 31030938 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Approval was recently granted for a new treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Given that the treatment is effective when administered early and the societal burden of SMA-related disability, the implementation of a newborn screening program is warranted. We describe the stepwise process that led us to launch a newborn screening program for SMA in Southern Belgium. Different political, ethical, and clinical partners were informed about this project and were involved in its governance, as were genetic and screening labs. We developed and validated a newborn screening method to specifically recognize homozygous deletions of exon 7 in the SMN1 gene. Subsequently, a 3-year pilot study has been recently initiated in one Belgian neonatal screening laboratory to cover 17.000 neonates per year. Coverage extension to all of Southern Belgium to screen 55.000 babies each year is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Vinciane Dideberg
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Domien Dardenne
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Hiligsmann
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Dangouloff
- I-Motion, Platform for Pediatric Clinical Trials, Arnold Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France; Neuromuscular Center, CHR Citadelle, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurent Servais
- I-Motion, Platform for Pediatric Clinical Trials, Arnold Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France; Neuromuscular Center, CHR Citadelle, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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11
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Allach El Khattabi L, Heide S, Caberg JH, Andrieux J, Doco Fenzy M, Vincent-Delorme C, Callier P, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Afenjar A, Boute-Benejean O, Cordier MP, Faivre L, Francannet C, Gerard M, Goldenberg A, Masurel-Paulet A, Mosca-Boidron AL, Marle N, Moncla A, Le Meur N, Mathieu-Dramard M, Plessis G, Lesca G, Rossi M, Edery P, Delahaye-Duriez A, De Pontual L, Tabet AC, Lebbar A, Suiro L, Ioos C, Natiq A, Chafai Elalaoui S, Missirian C, Receveur A, François-Fiquet C, Garnier P, Yardin C, Laroche C, Vago P, Sanlaville D, Dupont JM, Benzacken B, Pipiras E. 16p13.11 microduplication in 45 new patients: refined clinical significance and genotype-phenotype correlations. J Med Genet 2018; 57:301-307. [PMID: 30287593 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of 16p13.11 duplications remains controversial while frequently detected in patients with developmental delay (DD), intellectual deficiency (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previously reported patients were not or poorly characterised. The absence of consensual recommendations leads to interpretation discrepancy and makes genetic counselling challenging. This study aims to decipher the genotype-phenotype correlations to improve genetic counselling and patients' medical care. METHODS We retrospectively analysed data from 16 013 patients referred to 12 genetic centers for DD, ID or ASD, and who had a chromosomal microarray analysis. The referring geneticists of patients for whom a 16p13.11 duplication was detected were asked to complete a questionnaire for detailed clinical and genetic data for the patients and their parents. RESULTS Clinical features are mainly speech delay and learning disabilities followed by ASD. A significant risk of cardiovascular disease was noted. About 90% of the patients inherited the duplication from a parent. At least one out of four parents carrying the duplication displayed a similar phenotype to the propositus. Genotype-phenotype correlations show no impact of the size of the duplicated segment on the severity of the phenotype. However, NDE1 and miR-484 seem to have an essential role in the neurocognitive phenotype. CONCLUSION Our study shows that 16p13.11 microduplications are likely pathogenic when detected in the context of DD/ID/ASD and supports an essential role of NDE1 and miR-484 in the neurocognitive phenotype. Moreover, it suggests the need for cardiac evaluation and follow-up and a large study to evaluate the aortic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laïla Allach El Khattabi
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France.,Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Cochin Research Institute, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Nuclear Lymphocyte Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Solveig Heide
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France
| | | | - Joris Andrieux
- Genetics department, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martine Doco Fenzy
- Genetics department, CHU Reims, Medical school IFR53, EA3801, Reims, France
| | - Caroline Vincent-Delorme
- Genetics department, Guy Fontaine Medical center, CLAD Nord de France, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU Lille, CH Arras, Arras, France
| | | | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Genetics and Embryology department, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Neuropediatrics department, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Reference Center for cerebellar malformations, Paris, France
| | - Odile Boute-Benejean
- Genetics department, Guy Fontaine Medical Center, CLAD Nord de France, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Marion Gerard
- Genetics department, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Moncla
- Medical Genetics department, CHU Timone enfants, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Le Meur
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive biology and Histology, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye-Duriez
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France.,Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Loïc De Pontual
- Pediatrics department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France
| | - Anne Claude Tabet
- Genetics department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aziza Lebbar
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France
| | - Lesley Suiro
- Neuropediatrics department, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Christine Ioos
- Neuropediatrics department, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Abdelhafid Natiq
- Medical Genetics department, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Chantal Missirian
- Medical Genetics department, CHU Timone enfants, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Aline Receveur
- Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology department, CHU d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Caroline François-Fiquet
- Plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, Maison Blanche Hospital, Robert Debré Hospital, Reims, France
| | | | - Catherine Yardin
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Cytogenetics, Cell Biology and Reproduction, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Cécile Laroche
- Pediatrics department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vago
- Cytogenetics department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, ERTICA, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Michel Dupont
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France.,Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Cochin Research Institute, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France
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12
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Pizzo L, Jensen M, Polyak A, Rosenfeld JA, Mannik K, Krishnan A, McCready E, Pichon O, Le Caignec C, Van Dijck A, Pope K, Voorhoeve E, Yoon J, Stankiewicz P, Cheung SW, Pazuchanics D, Huber E, Kumar V, Kember RL, Mari F, Curró A, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Avola E, Mattina T, Fichera M, Mandarà L, Vincent M, Nizon M, Mercier S, Bénéteau C, Blesson S, Martin-Coignard D, Mosca-Boidron AL, Caberg JH, Bucan M, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJM, Lefebvre M, Faivre L, Callier P, Skinner C, Keren B, Perrine C, Prontera P, Marle N, Renieri A, Reymond A, Kooy RF, Isidor B, Schwartz C, Romano C, Sistermans E, Amor DJ, Andrieux J, Girirajan S. Rare variants in the genetic background modulate cognitive and developmental phenotypes in individuals carrying disease-associated variants. Genet Med 2018; 21:816-825. [PMID: 30190612 PMCID: PMC6405313 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the contribution of rare variants in the genetic background toward variability of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in individuals with rare copy-number variants (CNVs) and gene-disruptive variants. Methods We analyzed quantitative clinical information, exome sequencing, and microarray data from 757 probands and 233 parents and siblings who carry disease-associated variants. Results The number of rare likely deleterious variants in functionally intolerant genes (“other hits”) correlated with expression of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in probands with 16p12.1 deletion (n=23, p=0.004) and in autism probands carrying gene-disruptive variants (n=184, p=0.03) compared with their carrier family members. Probands with 16p12.1 deletion and a strong family history presented more severe clinical features (p=0.04) and higher burden of other hits compared with those with mild/no family history (p=0.001). The number of other hits also correlated with severity of cognitive impairment in probands carrying pathogenic CNVs (n=53) or de novo pathogenic variants in disease genes (n=290), and negatively correlated with head size among 80 probands with 16p11.2 deletion. These co-occurring hits involved known disease-associated genes such as SETD5, AUTS2, and NRXN1, and were enriched for cellular and developmental processes. Conclusion Accurate genetic diagnosis of complex disorders will require complete evaluation of the genetic background even after a candidate disease-associated variant is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue Point, Grenada
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrin Mannik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Cedric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Medical genetics department, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR1238, Bone sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissue, Nantes, France
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kate Pope
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Els Voorhoeve
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jieun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sau Wai Cheung
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Damian Pazuchanics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Aurora Curró
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Mattina
- Medical Genetics, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.,Medical Genetics, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Marie Vincent
- CHU Nantes, Medical genetics department, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Blesson
- Department of genetics, Bretonneau university hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège. Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Center for Rare Diseases and Reference Developmental Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Laboratoire de Genetique Chromosomique et Moleculaire, CHU Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Perugia, Italy
| | - Nathalie Marle
- Laboratoire de Genetique Chromosomique et Moleculaire, CHU Dijon, France
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Amor
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Institut de Genetique Medicale, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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13
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Martin-Brevet S, Rodríguez-Herreros B, Nielsen JA, Moreau C, Modenato C, Maillard AM, Pain A, Richetin S, Jønch AE, Qureshi AY, Zürcher NR, Conus P, Chung WK, Sherr EH, Spiro JE, Kherif F, Beckmann JS, Hadjikhani N, Reymond A, Buckner RL, Draganski B, Jacquemont S, Arveiler B, Baujat G, Sloan-Béna F, Belfiore M, Bonneau D, Bouquillon S, Boute O, Brusco A, Busa T, Caberg JH, Campion D, Colombert V, Cordier MP, David A, Debray FG, Delrue MA, Doco-Fenzy M, Dunkhase-Heinl U, Edery P, Fagerberg C, Faivre L, Forzano F, Genevieve D, Gérard M, Giachino D, Guichet A, Guillin O, Héron D, Isidor B, Jacquette A, Jaillard S, Journel H, Keren B, Lacombe D, Lebon S, Le Caignec C, Lemaître MP, Lespinasse J, Mathieu-Dramart M, Mercier S, Mignot C, Missirian C, Petit F, Pilekær Sørensen K, Pinson L, Plessis G, Prieur F, Rooryck-Thambo C, Rossi M, Sanlaville D, Schlott Kristiansen B, Schluth-Bolard C, Till M, Van Haelst M, Van Maldergem L, Alupay H, Aaronson B, Ackerman S, Ankenman K, Anwar A, Atwell C, Bowe A, Beaudet AL, Benedetti M, Berg J, Berman J, Berry LN, Bibb AL, Blaskey L, Brennan J, Brewton CM, Buckner R, Bukshpun P, Burko J, Cali P, Cerban B, Chang Y, Cheong M, Chow V, Chu Z, Chudnovskaya D, Cornew L, Dale C, Dell J, Dempsey AG, Deschamps T, Earl R, Edgar J, Elgin J, Olson JE, Evans YL, Findlay A, Fischbach GD, Fisk C, Fregeau B, Gaetz B, Gaetz L, Garza S, Gerdts J, Glenn O, Gobuty SE, Golembski R, Greenup M, Heiken K, Hines K, Hinkley L, Jackson FI, Jenkins J, Jeremy RJ, Johnson K, Kanne SM, Kessler S, Khan SY, Ku M, Kuschner E, Laakman AL, Lam P, Lasala MW, Lee H, LaGuerre K, Levy S, Cavanagh AL, Llorens AV, Campe KL, Luks TL, Marco EJ, Martin S, Martin AJ, Marzano G, Masson C, McGovern KE, McNally Keehn R, Miller DT, Miller FK, Moss TJ, Murray R, Nagarajan SS, Nowell KP, Owen J, Paal AM, Packer A, Page PZ, Paul BM, Peters A, Peterson D, Poduri A, Pojman NJ, Porche K, Proud MB, Qasmieh S, Ramocki MB, Reilly B, Roberts TP, Shaw D, Sinha T, Smith-Packard B, Gallagher AS, Swarnakar V, Thieu T, Triantafallou C, Vaughan R, Wakahiro M, Wallace A, Ward T, Wenegrat J, Wolken A. Quantifying the Effects of 16p11.2 Copy Number Variants on Brain Structure: A Multisite Genetic-First Study. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:253-264. [PMID: 29778275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 16p11.2 breakpoint 4 to 5 copy number variants (CNVs) increase the risk for developing autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and language and cognitive impairment. In this multisite study, we aimed to quantify the effect of 16p11.2 CNVs on brain structure. METHODS Using voxel- and surface-based brain morphometric methods, we analyzed structural magnetic resonance imaging collected at seven sites from 78 individuals with a deletion, 71 individuals with a duplication, and 212 individuals without a CNV. RESULTS Beyond the 16p11.2-related mirror effect on global brain morphometry, we observe regional mirror differences in the insula (deletion > control > duplication). Other regions are preferentially affected by either the deletion or the duplication: the calcarine cortex and transverse temporal gyrus (deletion > control; Cohen's d > 1), the superior and middle temporal gyri (deletion < control; Cohen's d < -1), and the caudate and hippocampus (control > duplication; -0.5 > Cohen's d > -1). Measures of cognition, language, and social responsiveness and the presence of psychiatric diagnoses do not influence these results. CONCLUSIONS The global and regional effects on brain morphometry due to 16p11.2 CNVs generalize across site, computational method, age, and sex. Effect sizes on neuroimaging and cognitive traits are comparable. Findings partially overlap with results of meta-analyses performed across psychiatric disorders. However, the lack of correlation between morphometric and clinical measures suggests that CNV-associated brain changes contribute to clinical manifestations but require additional factors for the development of the disorder. These findings highlight the power of genetic risk factors as a complement to studying groups defined by behavioral criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martin-Brevet
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodríguez-Herreros
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jared A Nielsen
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clara Moreau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre Cantonal Autisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre Cantonal Autisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aia E Jønch
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abid Y Qureshi
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Nicole R Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Simons Foundation, New York, New York; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ferath Kherif
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nouchine Hadjikhani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Wenric S, ElGuendi S, Caberg JH, Bezzaou W, Fasquelle C, Charloteaux B, Karim L, Hennuy B, Frères P, Collignon J, Boukerroucha M, Schroeder H, Olivier F, Jossa V, Jerusalem G, Josse C, Bours V. Transcriptome-wide analysis of natural antisense transcripts shows their potential role in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17452. [PMID: 29234122 PMCID: PMC5727077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) represent 1/5 of the mammalian transcript number, and 90% of the genome length is transcribed. Many ncRNAs play a role in cancer. Among them, non-coding natural antisense transcripts (ncNAT) are RNA sequences that are complementary and overlapping to those of either protein-coding (PCT) or non-coding transcripts. Several ncNATs were described as regulating protein coding gene expression on the same loci, and they are expected to act more frequently in cis compared to other ncRNAs that commonly function in trans. In this work, 22 breast cancers expressing estrogen receptors and their paired adjacent non-malignant tissues were analyzed by strand-specific RNA sequencing. To highlight ncNATs potentially playing a role in protein coding gene regulations that occur in breast cancer, three different data analysis methods were used: differential expression analysis of ncNATs between tumor and non-malignant tissues, differential correlation analysis of paired ncNAT/PCT between tumor and non-malignant tissues, and ncNAT/PCT read count ratio variation between tumor and non-malignant tissues. Each of these methods yielded lists of ncNAT/PCT pairs that were enriched in survival-associated genes. This work highlights ncNAT lists that display potential to affect the expression of protein-coding genes involved in breast cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Wenric
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium.,University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sonia ElGuendi
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Warda Bezzaou
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Fasquelle
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Karim
- University of Liège, GIGA-Genomics Platform, Liege, Belgium
| | - Benoit Hennuy
- University of Liège, GIGA-Genomics Platform, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Frères
- University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Collignon
- University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Hélène Schroeder
- University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Olivier
- University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Véronique Jossa
- Clinique Saint-Vincent (CHC), Department of Pathology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium. .,University Hospital (CHU), Department of Medical Oncology, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Bours
- University of Liège, GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Liege, Belgium.,University Hospital (CHU), Center of Genetics, Liege, Belgium
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15
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Wenric S, Sticca T, Caberg JH, Josse C, Fasquelle C, Herens C, Jamar M, Max S, Gothot A, Caers J, Bours V. Exome copy number variation detection: Use of a pool of unrelated healthy tissue as reference sample. Genet Epidemiol 2016; 41:35-40. [PMID: 27862228 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of bioinformatic tools designed to detect CNVs (copy number variants) in tumor samples based on paired exome data where a matched healthy tissue constitutes the reference have been published in the recent years. The idea of using a pool of unrelated healthy DNA as reference has previously been formulated but not thoroughly validated. As of today, the gold standard for CNV calling is still aCGH but there is an increasing interest in detecting CNVs by exome sequencing. We propose to design a metric allowing the comparison of two CNV profiles, independently of the technique used and assessed the validity of using a pool of unrelated healthy DNA instead of a matched healthy tissue as reference in exome-based CNV detection. We compared the CNV profiles obtained with three different approaches (aCGH, exome sequencing with a matched healthy tissue as reference, exome sequencing with a pool of eight unrelated healthy tissue as reference) on three multiple myeloma samples. We show that the usual analyses performed to compare CNV profiles (deletion/amplification ratios and CNV size distribution) lack in precision when confronted with low LRR values, as they only consider the binary status of each CNV. We show that the metric-based distance constitutes a more accurate comparison of two CNV profiles. Based on these analyses, we conclude that a reliable picture of CNV alterations in multiple myeloma samples can be obtained from whole-exome sequencing in the absence of a matched healthy sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Wenric
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tiberio Sticca
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Josse
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Corinne Fasquelle
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Herens
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Max
- Department of Haematology and Immuno-haematology, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - André Gothot
- Department of Haematology and Immuno-haematology, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Haematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
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16
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Mangupli R, Rostomyan L, Castermans E, Caberg JH, Camperos P, Krivoy J, Cuauro E, Bours V, Daly AF, Beckers A. Combined treatment with octreotide LAR and pegvisomant in patients with pituitary gigantism: clinical evaluation and genetic screening. Pituitary 2016; 19:507-14. [PMID: 27287035 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-016-0732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary gigantism is a rare condition caused by growth hormone secreting hypersecretion, usually by a pituitary tumor. Acromegaly and gigantism cases that have a genetic cause are challenging to treat, due to large tumor size and poor responses to some medical therapies (e.g. AIP mutation affected cases and those with X-linked acrogigantism syndrome). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective study to identify gigantism cases among 160 somatotropinoma patients treated between 1985 and 2015 at the University Hospital of Caracas, Venezuela. We studied clinical details at diagnosis, hormonal responses to therapy and undertook targeted genetic testing. Among the 160 cases, eight patients (six males; 75 %) were diagnosed with pituitary gigantism and underwent genetic analysis that included array comparative genome hybridization for Xq26.3 duplications. RESULTS All patients had GH secreting pituitary macroadenomas that were difficult to control with conventional treatment options, such as surgery or primary somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) therapy. Combined therapy (long-acting SRL and pegvisomant) as primary treatment or after pituitary surgery and radiotherapy permitted the normalization of IGF-1 levels and clinical improvement. Novel AIP mutations were the found in three patients. None of the patients had Xq26.3 microduplications. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of pituitary gigantism is frequently challenging; delayed control increases the harmful effects of GH excess, such as, excessive stature and symptom burden, so early diagnosis and effective treatment are particularly important in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mangupli
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emilie Castermans
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Camperos
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime Krivoy
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elvia Cuauro
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Sticca T, Caberg JH, Wenric S, Poulet C, Herens C, Jamar M, Josse C, El Guendi S, Max S, Beguin Y, Gothot A, Caers J, Bours V. Genomic studies of multiple myeloma reveal an association between X chromosome alterations and genomic profile complexity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:18-27. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiberio Sticca
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | | | - Stephane Wenric
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Christophe Poulet
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Christian Herens
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Sonia El Guendi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Max
- Department of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Clinical Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - André Gothot
- Department of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Clinical Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
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18
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Daly AF, Yuan B, Fina F, Caberg JH, Trivellin G, Rostomyan L, de Herder WW, Naves LA, Metzger D, Cuny T, Rabl W, Shah N, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Zatelli MC, Faucz FR, Castermans E, Nanni-Metellus I, Lodish M, Muhammad A, Palmeira L, Potorac I, Mantovani G, Neggers SJ, Klein M, Barlier A, Liu P, Ouafik L, Bours V, Lupski JR, Stratakis CA, Beckers A. Somatic mosaicism underlies X-linked acrogigantism syndrome in sporadic male subjects. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:221-33. [PMID: 26935837 PMCID: PMC4877443 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mosaicism has been implicated as a causative mechanism in a number of genetic and genomic disorders. X-linked acrogigantism (XLAG) syndrome is a recently characterized genomic form of pediatric gigantism due to aggressive pituitary tumors that is caused by submicroscopic chromosome Xq26.3 duplications that include GPR101 We studied XLAG syndrome patients (n= 18) to determine if somatic mosaicism contributed to the genomic pathophysiology. Eighteen subjects with XLAG syndrome caused by Xq26.3 duplications were identified using high-definition array comparative genomic hybridization (HD-aCGH). We noted that males with XLAG had a decreased log2ratio (LR) compared with expected values, suggesting potential mosaicism, whereas females showed no such decrease. Compared with familial male XLAG cases, sporadic males had more marked evidence for mosaicism, with levels of Xq26.3 duplication between 16.1 and 53.8%. These characteristics were replicated using a novel, personalized breakpoint junction-specific quantification droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) technique. Using a separate ddPCR technique, we studied the feasibility of identifying XLAG syndrome cases in a distinct patient population of 64 unrelated subjects with acromegaly/gigantism, and identified one female gigantism patient who had had increased copy number variation (CNV) threshold for GPR101 that was subsequently diagnosed as having XLAG syndrome on HD-aCGH. Employing a combination of HD-aCGH and novel ddPCR approaches, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that XLAG syndrome can be caused by variable degrees of somatic mosaicism for duplications at chromosome Xq26.3. Somatic mosaicism was shown to occur in sporadic males but not in females with XLAG syndrome, although the clinical characteristics of the disease were similarly severe in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasUSA
| | - Frederic Fina
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, and Aix-Marseille UniversitéInserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam and Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luciana A Naves
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas Cuny
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Wolfgang Rabl
- Kinderklinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nalini Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila and Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emilie Castermans
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Nanni-Metellus
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Maya Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ammar Muhammad
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam and Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonor Palmeira
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Iulia Potorac
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium Department of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian J Neggers
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam and Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Klein
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, APHM, Hopital la Conception, Aix Marseille Universite, Marseilles, France CRNSCRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, and Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - James R Lupski
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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19
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Daly AF, Lysy PA, Desfilles C, Rostomyan L, Mohamed A, Caberg JH, Raverot V, Castermans E, Marbaix E, Maiter D, Brunelle C, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA, Bours V, Raftopoulos C, Beauloye V, Barlier A, Beckers A. GHRH excess and blockade in X-LAG syndrome. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:161-70. [PMID: 26671997 PMCID: PMC6300999 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) syndrome is a newly described form of inheritable pituitary gigantism that begins in early childhood and is usually associated with markedly elevated GH and prolactin secretion by mixed pituitary adenomas/hyperplasia. Microduplications on chromosome Xq26.3 including the GPR101 gene cause X-LAG syndrome. In individual cases random GHRH levels have been elevated. We performed a series of hormonal profiles in a young female sporadic X-LAG syndrome patient and subsequently undertook in vitro studies of primary pituitary tumor culture following neurosurgical resection. The patient demonstrated consistently elevated circulating GHRH levels throughout preoperative testing, which was accompanied by marked GH and prolactin hypersecretion; GH demonstrated a paradoxical increase following TRH administration. In vitro, the pituitary cells showed baseline GH and prolactin release that was further stimulated by GHRH administration. Co-incubation with GHRH and the GHRH receptor antagonist, acetyl-(d-Arg(2))-GHRH (1-29) amide, blocked the GHRH-induced GH stimulation; the GHRH receptor antagonist alone significantly reduced GH release. Pasireotide, but not octreotide, inhibited GH secretion. A ghrelin receptor agonist and an inverse agonist led to modest, statistically significant increases and decreases in GH secretion, respectively. GHRH hypersecretion can accompany the pituitary abnormalities seen in X-LAG syndrome. These data suggest that the pathology of X-LAG syndrome may include hypothalamic dysregulation of GHRH secretion, which is in keeping with localization of GPR101 in the hypothalamus. Therapeutic blockade of GHRH secretion could represent a way to target the marked hormonal hypersecretion and overgrowth that characterizes X-LAG syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Daly
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe A Lysy
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Desfilles
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amira Mohamed
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Raverot
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Castermans
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Maiter
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chloe Brunelle
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Raftopoulos
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Beauloye
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Barlier
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumDepartment of Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumPediatric Endocrinology UnitUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumCliniques Universitaires Saint Luc and Department of PathologyUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, BelgiumLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAPHM, Hôpital la Conception, 13385, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversitéCRNS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, FranceSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USALaboratoire d'Hormonologie - CBPEGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 bd Pinel - 69677 Bron Cedex, FranceUniversité Catholique de LouvainPole d'endocrinologie, diabete et nutrition (EDIN), Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversité Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Uwineza A, Hitayezu J, Jamar M, Caberg JH, Murorunkwere S, Janvier N, Bours V, Mutesa L. Cytogenetic Studies of Rwandan Pediatric Patients Presenting with Global Developmental Delay, Intellectual Disability and/or Multiple Congenital Anomalies. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62:38-45. [PMID: 26507407 PMCID: PMC4935782 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Global developmental delay (GDD) is defined as a significant delay in two or more developmental domains: gross or fine motor, speech/language, cognitive, social/personal and activities of daily living. Many of these children will go on to be diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID), which is most commonly defined as having an IQ <75 in addition to impairment in adaptive functioning. Cytogenetic studies have been performed in 664 Rwandan pediatric patients presenting GDD/ID and/or multiple congenital abnormalities (MCA). Karyotype analysis was performed in all patients and revealed 260 chromosomal abnormalities. The most frequent chromosomal abnormality was Down syndrome and then Edward syndrome and Patau syndrome. Other identified chromosomal abnormalities included 47,XX,+del(9)(q11), 46,XY,del(13)(q34) and 46,XX,der(22)t(10;22)(p10;p10)mat. In conclusion, our results highlight the high frequency of cytogenetically detectable abnormalities in this series, with implications for the burden on the healthcare. This study demonstrates the importance of cytogenetic analysis in patients with GDD/ID and MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Uwineza
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda,Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Janvier Hitayezu
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Seraphine Murorunkwere
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Ndinkabandi Janvier
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Vincent Bours
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
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21
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Debray FG, Stümpfig C, Vanlander AV, Dideberg V, Josse C, Caberg JH, Boemer F, Bours V, Stevens R, Seneca S, Smet J, Lill R, van Coster R. Mutation of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly gene IBA57 causes fatal infantile leukodystrophy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:1147-53. [PMID: 25971455 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of severe genetic neurodegenerative disorders. A multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome was found in an infant presenting with a progressive leukoencephalopathy. Homozygosity mapping, whole exome sequencing, and functional studies were used to define the underlying molecular defect. Respiratory chain studies in skeletal muscle isolated from the proband revealed a combined deficiency of complexes I and II. In addition, western blotting indicated lack of protein lipoylation. The combination of these findings was suggestive for a defect in the iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly pathway. SNP array identified loss of heterozygosity in large chromosomal regions, covering the NFU1 and BOLA3, and the IBA57 and ABCB10 candidate genes, in 2p15-p11.2 and 1q31.1-q42.13, respectively. A homozygous c.436C > T (p.Arg146Trp) variant was detected in IBA57 using whole exome sequencing. Complementation studies in a HeLa cell line depleted for IBA57 showed that the mutant protein with the semi-conservative amino acid exchange was unable to restore the biochemical phenotype indicating a loss-of-function mutation of IBA57. In conclusion, defects in the Fe/S protein assembly gene IBA57 can cause autosomal recessive neurodegeneration associated with progressive leukodystrophy and fatal outcome at young age. In the affected patient, the biochemical phenotype was characterized by a defect in the respiratory chain complexes I and II and a decrease in mitochondrial protein lipoylation, both resulting from impaired assembly of Fe/S clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stümpfig
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud V Vanlander
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Vinciane Dideberg
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Medical Genetics, Sart-Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- GIGA Research, Human Genetics Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Medical Genetics, Sart-Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Medical Genetics, Sart-Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Medical Genetics, Sart-Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - René Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinique de l'Espérance, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sara Seneca
- Center of Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel and Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joél Smet
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie SynMikro, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Rudy van Coster
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
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22
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Rostomyan L, Daly AF, Petrossians P, Nachev E, Lila AR, Lecoq AL, Lecumberri B, Trivellin G, Salvatori R, Moraitis AG, Holdaway I, Kranenburg-van Klaveren DJ, Chiara Zatelli M, Palacios N, Nozieres C, Zacharin M, Ebeling T, Ojaniemi M, Rozhinskaya L, Verrua E, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Filipponi S, Gusakova D, Pronin V, Bertherat J, Belaya Z, Ilovayskaya I, Sahnoun-Fathallah M, Sievers C, Stalla GK, Castermans E, Caberg JH, Sorkina E, Auriemma RS, Mittal S, Kareva M, Lysy PA, Emy P, De Menis E, Choong CS, Mantovani G, Bours V, De Herder W, Brue T, Barlier A, Neggers SJCMM, Zacharieva S, Chanson P, Shah NS, Stratakis CA, Naves LA, Beckers A. Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:745-57. [PMID: 26187128 PMCID: PMC6533620 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite being a classical growth disorder, pituitary gigantism has not been studied previously in a standardized way. We performed a retrospective, multicenter, international study to characterize a large series of pituitary gigantism patients. We included 208 patients (163 males; 78.4%) with growth hormone excess and a current/previous abnormal growth velocity for age or final height >2 s.d. above country normal means. The median onset of rapid growth was 13 years and occurred significantly earlier in females than in males; pituitary adenomas were diagnosed earlier in females than males (15.8 vs 21.5 years respectively). Adenomas were ≥10 mm (i.e., macroadenomas) in 84%, of which extrasellar extension occurred in 77% and invasion in 54%. GH/IGF1 control was achieved in 39% during long-term follow-up. Final height was greater in younger onset patients, with larger tumors and higher GH levels. Later disease control was associated with a greater difference from mid-parental height (r=0.23, P=0.02). AIP mutations occurred in 29%; microduplication at Xq26.3 - X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) - occurred in two familial isolated pituitary adenoma kindreds and in ten sporadic patients. Tumor size was not different in X-LAG, AIP mutated and genetically negative patient groups. AIP-mutated and X-LAG patients were significantly younger at onset and diagnosis, but disease control was worse in genetically negative cases. Pituitary gigantism patients are characterized by male predominance and large tumors that are difficult to control. Treatment delay increases final height and symptom burden. AIP mutations and X-LAG explain many cases, but no genetic etiology is seen in >50% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Rostomyan
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Patrick Petrossians
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Emil Nachev
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Anurag R Lila
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Anne-Lise Lecoq
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Beatriz Lecumberri
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Andreas G Moraitis
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Ian Holdaway
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Dianne J Kranenburg-van Klaveren
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Nuria Palacios
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Cecile Nozieres
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Tapani Ebeling
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Liudmila Rozhinskaya
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Elisa Verrua
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Silvia Filipponi
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Daria Gusakova
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Vyacheslav Pronin
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Jerome Bertherat
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Zhanna Belaya
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Irena Ilovayskaya
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Mona Sahnoun-Fathallah
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Caroline Sievers
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Gunter K Stalla
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Emilie Castermans
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Ekaterina Sorkina
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Sachin Mittal
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Maria Kareva
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Philippe A Lysy
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Philippe Emy
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Ernesto De Menis
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Catherine S Choong
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Vincent Bours
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Wouter De Herder
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Thierry Brue
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Anne Barlier
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Sabina Zacharieva
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Nalini Samir Shah
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Luciana A Naves
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
| | - Albert Beckers
- Departments of Endocrinology and Human GeneticsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, BelgiumClinical Center of Endocrinology and GerontologyMedical University, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of EndocrinologyKing Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, FranceUMR S1185Univ Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceINSERM U1185Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceServicio de Endocrinología y NutriciónHospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, SpainSection on Endocrinology and GeneticsProgram on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of EndocrinologyGreenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New ZealandSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSection of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyServicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainService d'endocrinologie-diabétologieCentre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Montée du Docteur Chapuis BP127, 38 209 Vienne cedex, FranceMurdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartments of Internal Medicine and PediatricsOulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartments of Neuroen
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Beckers A, Lodish MB, Trivellin G, Rostomyan L, Lee M, Faucz FR, Yuan B, Choong CS, Caberg JH, Verrua E, Naves LA, Cheetham TD, Young J, Lysy PA, Petrossians P, Cotterill A, Shah NS, Metzger D, Castermans E, Ambrosio MR, Villa C, Strebkova N, Mazerkina N, Gaillard S, Barra GB, Casulari LA, Neggers SJ, Salvatori R, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Zacharin M, Santamaria BL, Zacharieva S, Lim EM, Mantovani G, Zatelli MC, Collins MT, Bonneville JF, Quezado M, Chittiboina P, Oldfield EH, Bours V, Liu P, De Herder W, Pellegata N, Lupski JR, Daly AF, Stratakis CA. X-linked acrogigantism syndrome: clinical profile and therapeutic responses. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:353-67. [PMID: 25712922 PMCID: PMC4433400 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) is a new syndrome of pituitary gigantism, caused by microduplications on chromosome Xq26.3, encompassing the gene GPR101, which is highly upregulated in pituitary tumors. We conducted this study to explore the clinical, radiological, and hormonal phenotype and responses to therapy in patients with X-LAG syndrome. The study included 18 patients (13 sporadic) with X-LAG and microduplication of chromosome Xq26.3. All sporadic cases had unique duplications and the inheritance pattern in two families was dominant, with all Xq26.3 duplication carriers being affected. Patients began to grow rapidly as early as 2-3 months of age (median 12 months). At diagnosis (median delay 27 months), patients had a median height and weight standard deviation scores (SDS) of >+3.9 SDS. Apart from the increased overall body size, the children had acromegalic symptoms including acral enlargement and facial coarsening. More than a third of cases had increased appetite. Patients had marked hypersecretion of GH/IGF1 and usually prolactin, due to a pituitary macroadenoma or hyperplasia. Primary neurosurgical control was achieved with extensive anterior pituitary resection, but postoperative hypopituitarism was frequent. Control with somatostatin analogs was not readily achieved despite moderate to high levels of expression of somatostatin receptor subtype-2 in tumor tissue. Postoperative use of adjuvant pegvisomant resulted in control of IGF1 in all five cases where it was employed. X-LAG is a new infant-onset gigantism syndrome that has a severe clinical phenotype leading to challenging disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maya Beth Lodish
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Misu Lee
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Catherine S Choong
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elisa Verrua
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tim D Cheetham
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Young
- INSERM U 693, GHU Paris-Sud - Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe A Lysy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrick Petrossians
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew Cotterill
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Metzger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emilie Castermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Villa
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Hopital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Strebkova
- Endocrinological Research Centre, Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadia Mazerkina
- Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian J. Neggers
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam / Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Department of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea
- Department of Endocrinology, University of L’Aquila, IRCCS, L’Aquila, and Neuromed, Pozilli, Italy
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sabina Zacharieva
- Clinical Center of Endocrinology and Gerontology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ee Mun Lim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, PathWest QEII-Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chaira Zatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-François Bonneville
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward H. Oldfield
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Wouter De Herder
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam / Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Pellegata
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adrian F. Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Trivellin G, Daly AF, Faucz FR, Yuan B, Rostomyan L, Larco DO, Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Szarek E, Leal LF, Caberg JH, Castermans E, Villa C, Dimopoulos A, Chittiboina P, Xekouki P, Shah N, Metzger D, Lysy PA, Ferrante E, Strebkova N, Mazerkina N, Zatelli MC, Lodish M, Horvath A, de Alexandre RB, Manning AD, Levy I, Keil MF, Sierra MDLL, Palmeira L, Coppieters W, Georges M, Naves LA, Jamar M, Bours V, Wu TJ, Choong CS, Bertherat J, Chanson P, Kamenický P, Farrell WE, Barlier A, Quezado M, Bjelobaba I, Stojilkovic SS, Wess J, Costanzi S, Liu P, Lupski JR, Beckers A, Stratakis CA. Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 microduplications and GPR101 mutation. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2363-74. [PMID: 25470569 PMCID: PMC4291174 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1408028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased secretion of growth hormone leads to gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults; the genetic causes of gigantism and acromegaly are poorly understood. METHODS We performed clinical and genetic studies of samples obtained from 43 patients with gigantism and then sequenced an implicated gene in samples from 248 patients with acromegaly. RESULTS We observed microduplication on chromosome Xq26.3 in samples from 13 patients with gigantism; of these samples, 4 were obtained from members of two unrelated kindreds, and 9 were from patients with sporadic cases. All the patients had disease onset during early childhood. Of the patients with gigantism who did not carry an Xq26.3 microduplication, none presented before the age of 5 years. Genomic characterization of the Xq26.3 region suggests that the microduplications are generated during chromosome replication and that they contain four protein-coding genes. Only one of these genes, GPR101, which encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor, was overexpressed in patients' pituitary lesions. We identified a recurrent GPR101 mutation (p.E308D) in 11 of 248 patients with acromegaly, with the mutation found mostly in tumors. When the mutation was transfected into rat GH3 cells, it led to increased release of growth hormone and proliferation of growth hormone-producing cells. CONCLUSIONS We describe a pediatric disorder (which we have termed X-linked acrogigantism [X-LAG]) that is caused by an Xq26.3 genomic duplication and is characterized by early-onset gigantism resulting from an excess of growth hormone. Duplication of GPR101 probably causes X-LAG. We also found a recurrent mutation in GPR101 in some adults with acromegaly. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and others.).
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Dorboz I, Coutelier M, Bertrand AT, Caberg JH, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Lainé J, Stevanin G, Bonne G, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Servais L. Severe dystonia, cerebellar atrophy, and cardiomyopathy likely caused by a missense mutation in TOR1AIP1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:174. [PMID: 25425325 PMCID: PMC4302636 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia, cerebellar atrophy, and cardiomyopathy constitute a rare association. METHODS We used homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing to determine the mutation, western blot and immunolabelling on cultured fibroblasts to demonstrate the lower expression and the mislocalization of the protein. RESULTS We report on a boy born from consanguineous healthy parents, who presented at three years of age with rapidly progressing dystonia, progressive cerebellar atrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. We identified regions of homozygosity and performed whole exome sequencing that revealed a homozygous missense mutation in TOR1AIP1. The mutation, absent in controls, results in a change of a highly conserved glutamic acid to alanine. TOR1AIP1 encodes lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), a transmembrane protein ubiquitously expressed in the inner nuclear membrane. LAP1 interacts with torsinA, the protein mutated in DYT1-dystonia. In vitro studies in fibroblasts of the patient revealed reduced expression of LAP1 and its mislocalization and aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum as underlying pathogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The pathogenic role of TOR1AIP1 mutation is supported by a) the involvement of a highly conserved amino acid, b) the absence of the mutation in controls, c) the functional interaction of LAP1 with torsinA, and d) mislocalization of LAP1 in patient cells. Of note, cardiomyopathy has been reported in LAP1-null mice and in patients with the TOR1AIP1 nonsense mutation. Other cases will help delineate the clinical spectrum of LAP1-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Dorboz
- Inserm U1141, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Paris, F-75019, France.
| | - Marie Coutelier
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Duve, UCL, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Anne T Bertrand
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | | | | | - Jeanne Lainé
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Département de Physiologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Inserm, U974, Paris, F-75013, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, Paris, F-75013, France. .,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, U.F. Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Paris, F-75013, France.
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Inserm U1141, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Paris, F-75019, France. .,Service de neurologie pédiatrique et des maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Servais
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique et des maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France. .,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Hôpital de La Citadelle, 4000, Liège, Belgium. .,Institut de Myologie, Bâtiment Babinski, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, 48/83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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Teteli R, Uwineza A, Butera Y, Hitayezu J, Murorunkwere S, Umurerwa L, Ndinkabandi J, Hellin AC, Jamar M, Caberg JH, Muganga N, Mucumbitsi J, Rusingiza EK, Mutesa L. Pattern of congenital heart diseases in Rwandan children with genetic defects. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:85. [PMID: 25722758 PMCID: PMC4335284 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.85.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are commonly associated with genetic defects. Our study aimed at determining the occurrence and pattern of CHD association with genetic defects among pediatric patients in Rwanda. METHODS A total of 125 patients with clinical features suggestive of genetic defects were recruited. Echocardiography and standard karyotype studies were performed in all patients. RESULTS CHDs were detected in the majority of patients with genetic defects. The commonest isolated CHD was ventricular septal defect found in many cases of Down syndrome. In total, chromosomal abnormalities represented the majority of cases in our cohort and were associated with various types of CHDs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that CHDs are common in Rwandan pediatric patients with genetic defects. These results suggest that a routine echocardiography assessment combined with systematic genetic investigations including standard karyotype should be mandatory in patients presenting characteristic clinical features in whom CHD is suspected to be associated with genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Teteli
- Department of Pediatrics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Annette Uwineza
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Yvan Butera
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda
| | - Janvier Hitayezu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Seraphine Murorunkwere
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Lamberte Umurerwa
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Ndinkabandi
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Anne-Cécile Hellin
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Narcisse Muganga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Joseph Mucumbitsi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, King Faysal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Kamanzi Rusingiza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Uwineza A, Caberg JH, Hitayezu J, Hellin AC, Jamar M, Dideberg V, Rusingiza EK, Bours V, Mutesa L. Array-CGH analysis in Rwandan patients presenting development delay/intellectual disability with multiple congenital anomalies. BMC Med Genet 2014; 15:79. [PMID: 25016475 PMCID: PMC4123504 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Array-CGH is considered as the first-tier investigation used to identify copy number variations. Right now, there is no available data about the genetic etiology of patients with development delay/intellectual disability and congenital malformation in East Africa. Methods Array comparative genomic hybridization was performed in 50 Rwandan patients with development delay/intellectual disability and multiple congenital abnormalities, using the Agilent’s 180 K microarray platform. Results Fourteen patients (28%) had a global development delay whereas 36 (72%) patients presented intellectual disability. All patients presented multiple congenital abnormalities. Clinically significant copy number variations were found in 13 patients (26%). Size of CNVs ranged from 0,9 Mb to 34 Mb. Six patients had CNVs associated with known syndromes, whereas 7 patients presented rare genomic imbalances. Conclusion This study showed that CNVs are present in African population and show the importance to implement genetic testing in East-African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda.
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Vanakker O, Vilain C, Janssens K, Van der Aa N, Smits G, Bandelier C, Blaumeiser B, Bulk S, Caberg JH, De Leener A, De Rademaeker M, de Ravel T, Desir J, Destree A, Dheedene A, Gaillez S, Grisart B, Hellin AC, Janssens S, Keymolen K, Menten B, Pichon B, Ravoet M, Revencu N, Rombout S, Staessens C, Van Den Bogaert A, Van Den Bogaert K, Vermeesch JR, Kooy F, Sznajer Y, Devriendt K. Implementation of genomic arrays in prenatal diagnosis: The Belgian approach to meet the challenges. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Caers J, Hafraoui K, Keutgens A, Caberg JH, Lambert F, Tassin F, Beguin Y. Haematological and molecular responses in refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis treated with lenalidomide. Eur J Haematol 2013; 92:179-80. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Caers
- Department of Hematology; CHU of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | | | - Aurore Keutgens
- Department of Laboratory Hematology; CHU Sart Tilman; Liège Belgium
| | | | | | - Francoise Tassin
- Department of Laboratory Hematology; CHU Sart Tilman; Liège Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Department of Hematology; CHU of Liège; Liège Belgium
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Uwineza A, Pierquin G, Gaillez S, Jamar M, Hellin AC, Caberg JH, Bours V. Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular characterization of two cases of mosaic ring chromosome 13. Genet Couns 2013; 24:193-200. [PMID: 24032290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of mosaic ring chromosome 13 is rare. The mechanism of ring chromosome formation is usually associated with loss of genetic material. We report 2 cases of mosaic ring chromosome 13, resulting in deletion of 13qter. The first patient, a 15 year-old boy, presented a delayed psychomotor development, mental retardation, dysmorphic features and bleeding disorders associated with a de novo terminal 13q34 deletion. The second case was a foetus of 31 weeks with prenatal diagnosis of severe malformation such as holoprosencephaly, congenital cardiac defects, gastro-intestinal abnormalities with intrauterine growth retardation, the molecular analysis showed a de novo deletion encompassing the region 13q31.3-q34.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uwineza
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Belgium.
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Garraux G, Caberg JH, Vanbellinghen JF, Jamar M, Bours V, Moonen G, Dive D. Partial trisomy 4q associated with young-onset dopa-responsive parkinsonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:398-400. [PMID: 22410449 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a patient who developed a young-onset, dopa-responsive parkinsonism linked to a de novo heterozygous interstitial duplication 4q. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Movement Disorder Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital Centre, Liège, Belgium. PATIENT A 31-year-old woman. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic data. RESULTS The duplicated region contains 150 known genes, including the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene locus. Motor and 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography features are similar to those previously reported in heterozygote SNCA duplication carriers. Altered expression of other genes contained in the duplicated region may contribute to clinical features that are uncommon in the phenotypic spectrum of SNCA multiplications such as delayed developmental psychomotor milestones during infancy and musculoskeletal abnormalities. CONCLUSION This case report provides new insights on the genetic basis of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Garraux
- MOVERE Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center of Liège, and Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Belgium.
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Caberg JH, Hubert P, Herman L, Herfs M, Roncarati P, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Increased migration of Langerhans cells in response to HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogene silencing: role of CCL20. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:39-47. [PMID: 18438663 PMCID: PMC11030152 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly type 16, is causally associated with cancer of the uterine cervix. The persistence or progression of cervical lesions suggests that viral antigens are not adequately presented to the immune system. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observation that most squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) show quantitative and functional alterations of Langerhans cells (LC). The infiltration of immature LC in the squamous epithelium is mainly controlled by Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3alpha/CCL20. After having shown that CCL20 production is altered in HPV-transformed keratinocytes (KC), the possible role of HPV16 E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins in the reduced CCL20 levels observed in SILs was investigated by silencing HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes by RNA interference (siRNA). This treatment not only increased CCL20 secretion but also resulted in the modulation of NF-kappaB p50, p52 and p65 precursor localization. Moreover, silencing of E6 and E7 oncogenes in HPV16-transformed KC induced a significantly higher migratory capacity of LC in a Boyden chamber assay and in an in vitro formed (pre)neoplastic epithelium reminiscent of high-grade SILs. Anti-CCL20 neutralizing antibody experiments showed that the increased migration of LC is due to the re-expression of CCL20 in E6 and E7 siRNA transfected KC. These data suggest that HPV16 E6/E7-induced down-regulation of CCL20 observed during the cervical carcinogenesis may contribute to a diminished capacity of the immune system to control HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium.
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Cloosen S, Caberg JH, Huls MB, Vanderlocht J, Senden-Gijsbers BLMG, Roncarati P, Hubert P, Delvenne P, Germeraad WTV, Bos GMJ. Surface Mucin-1 does not play a role in dendritic cell migration. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:738-42. [PMID: 18952292 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated upon maturation of dendritic cells (DC) in vitro or in vivo. One of the proposed functions of surface expressed MUC1 is its involvement in migration of cells. We hypothesized that MUC1 is involved in DC migration since mature DC (mDC) are highly migratory cells and MUC1 is upregulated on the surface of DC upon maturation. In this study we cultured DC using two maturation cocktails, one cocktail containing IL-4, GM-CSF, TNFalpha, PGE2, IL-1 beta and IL-6 (TP1,6-DC) and the other IL-13, GM-CSF, Ribomunyl and IFN-gamma (RI-DC). Both maturation cocktails render DC with a similar surface phenotype including CCR7 expression, but only the former induces a migratory capacity of DC to a CCL19 gradient. To analyze the role of surface-expression of MUC1 on TP1,6-DC, that are capable of migration, expression of MUC1 was prevented by adding an anti-MUC1 antibody (Ab) during the maturation process. Compared with matured DC in the absence of the Ab, no difference was observed in chemokine-induced migratory behaviour between the MUC1+ and MUC1- DC populations in a standard Transwell chemotaxis assay, nor in organotypic cultures. Our data clearly demonstrate that surface MUC1 on DC does not influence intrinsic cell-motility, nor is it involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix dependent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Cloosen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Immune responses against pathogens require fine regulation to avoid excessive inflammation, which could be harmful to the host. Moreover, the immune system must be tolerant to nonpathogenic antigens to prevent allergy, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. There is accumulating evidence that interactions between dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in the balance between immune response and tolerance. Communications between these cells are complex, bidirectional, and mediated by soluble or cell surface molecules. The maturation status of DC, which may be influenced by different microenvironmental factors, is considered as an important checkpoint for the induction of peripheral tolerance through modifications of the activation status of T cells. Moreover, several lines of experimental evidence suggest that different subsets or the functional status of DC are also involved in the promotion of Treg cell differentiation. A better knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response induced or inhibited by DC via their interactions with Treg cells could be relevant for the development of new, immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology, CRCE-CBIG, B35, University of Liege, CHU of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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Herman L, Hubert P, Caberg JH, Evrard B, Kedzia W, Boniver J, Delvenne P. MIP3 alpha stimulates the migration of Langerhans cells in models of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated (pre)neoplastic epithelium. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1087-96. [PMID: 17146629 PMCID: PMC11031062 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in the majority of cervical cancers and their precursors (squamous intraepithelial lesions; SIL), the persistence or progression of cervical lesions could be associated with quantitative and functional alterations of dendritic/Langerhans cells (DC/LC). As LC abnormalities have been associated with a decreased expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP3alpha) in cervical SIL, we tested the effect of exogenous MIP3alpha on the migration of LC in a (pre)neoplastic epithelium formed in vitro. By using a Boyden chamber assay, we first showed that the migratory capacity of LC generated in vitro is significantly increased in the presence of MIP3alpha compared to control medium. We next demonstrated that MIP3alpha is able to increase the 3D infiltration of LC in organotypic cultures of HPV-transformed keratinocytes. This property to stimulate LC migration was not altered after inclusion of MIP3alpha in a bioadhesive polycarbophil gel. Moreover, the function of DC to exert cytostatic effects and to present alloantigens was not altered in the presence of MIP3alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Herman
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Witold Kedzia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Karol Marcinkowski School of Medecine, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacques Boniver
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Hubert P, Herman L, Maillard C, Caberg JH, Nikkels A, Pierard G, Foidart JM, Noel A, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Defensins induce the recruitment of dendritic cells in cervical human papillomavirus-associated (pre)neoplastic lesions formed in vitro and transplanted in vivo. FASEB J 2007; 21:2765-75. [PMID: 17470569 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7646com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their direct antimicrobial activity, defensins might also influence adaptive immunity by attracting immature dendritic cells (DC). As these cells have been shown to be deficient in uterine cervix carcinogenesis, we evaluated the ability of alpha-defensin (HNP-2, human neutrophil defensin 2) and beta-defensin (HbetaD2, human beta defensin 2) to stimulate their migration in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated (pre)cancers. We first observed, using RT-PCR and immunohistology, that HbetaD2 is absent in HPV-transformed keratinocytes and that it is weakly expressed in cervical (pre)neoplastic lesions in comparison with normal keratinocytes. We next demonstrated that defensins exert a chemotactic activity for DC in a Boyden Chamber assay and stimulate their infiltration in an in vitro-formed (pre)neoplastic epithelium (organotypic culture of HPV-transformed keratinocytes). To evaluate the ability of defensins also to recruit DC in vivo, we developed a model of immunodeficient mice grafted with organotypic cultures of HPV+ keratinocytes, which form an epithelium similar to a high-grade neoplastic lesion, with tumoral invasion and neovascularization. Intravenously injected human DC were able to infiltrate grafts of HPV+ keratinocytes after administration of HNP-2 in the transplantation chamber. Taken together, these results suggest that defensins could reverse a frequent immune alteration observed in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology B35, University Hospital of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Delvenne P, Herman L, Kholod N, Caberg JH, Herfs M, Boniver J, Jacobs N, Hubert P. Role of hormone cofactors in the human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 264:1-5. [PMID: 17145130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for the development of (pre)neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix, it is not sufficient. Among the cofactors involved in the malignant transformation of cells infected by HPV, sex hormones may facilitate the cervical carcinogenesis by different mechanisms, including the induction of squamous metaplasia in the transformation zone of the cervix, interactions between steroid hormones and HPV gene expression and alterations of the local immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Pathology, CRCE-CBIG, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Hubert P, Caberg JH, Gilles C, Bousarghin L, Franzen-Detrooz E, Boniver J, Delvenne P. E-cadherin-dependent adhesion of dendritic and Langerhans cells to keratinocytes is defective in cervical human papillomavirus-associated (pre)neoplastic lesions. J Pathol 2005; 206:346-55. [PMID: 15852499 DOI: 10.1002/path.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in the majority of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the uterine cervix, the persistence and progression of cervical lesions suggest that viral antigens are not adequately presented to the immune system. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observation that most SILs show quantitative and functional alterations of Langerhans cells (LCs). The aim of this study was to determine whether modulation of E-cadherin-mediated homophilic and heterotypic interactions between keratinocytes and LCs is involved in these abnormalities of LCs in (pre)neoplastic cervical epithelium. Cell membrane expression of E-cadherin and the density of CD1a+ LCs were low in the epithelium of SILs and SCC biopsy specimens, compared with normal exocervical epithelium. Dendritic cells (DCs) and LCs generated in vitro were randomly distributed throughout the full thickness of organotypic cultures of E-cadherin- HPV-transformed cells. In contrast, these cells rapidly adhered to the keratinocyte cell layers when HPV-transformed cells transfected with E-cadherin were used. These data suggest that the E-cadherin-mediated contact between keratinocytes and LCs is potentially important for initiating or maintaining the immune response during chronic HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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