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Martin E, Winter S, Garcin C, Tanita K, Hoshino A, Lenoir C, Fournier B, Migaud M, Boutboul D, Simonin M, Fernandes A, Bastard P, Le Voyer T, Roupie AL, Ben Ahmed Y, Leruez-Ville M, Burgard M, Rao G, Ma CS, Masson C, Soudais C, Picard C, Bustamante J, Tangye SG, Cheikh N, Seppänen M, Puel A, Daly M, Casanova JL, Neven B, Fischer A, Latour S. Role of IL-27 in Epstein-Barr virus infection revealed by IL-27RA deficiency. Nature 2024; 628:620-629. [PMID: 38509369 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection can engender severe B cell lymphoproliferative diseases1,2. The primary infection is often asymptomatic or causes infectious mononucleosis (IM), a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder3. Selective vulnerability to EBV has been reported in association with inherited mutations impairing T cell immunity to EBV4. Here we report biallelic loss-of-function variants in IL27RA that underlie an acute and severe primary EBV infection with a nevertheless favourable outcome requiring a minimal treatment. One mutant allele (rs201107107) was enriched in the Finnish population (minor allele frequency = 0.0068) and carried a high risk of severe infectious mononucleosis when homozygous. IL27RA encodes the IL-27 receptor alpha subunit5,6. In the absence of IL-27RA, phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 by IL-27 is abolished in T cells. In in vitro studies, IL-27 exerts a synergistic effect on T-cell-receptor-dependent T cell proliferation7 that is deficient in cells from the patients, leading to impaired expansion of potent anti-EBV effector cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. IL-27 is produced by EBV-infected B lymphocytes and an IL-27RA-IL-27 autocrine loop is required for the maintenance of EBV-transformed B cells. This potentially explains the eventual favourable outcome of the EBV-induced viral disease in patients with IL-27RA deficiency. Furthermore, we identified neutralizing anti-IL-27 autoantibodies in most individuals who developed sporadic infectious mononucleosis and chronic EBV infection. These results demonstrate the critical role of IL-27RA-IL-27 in immunity to EBV, but also the hijacking of this defence by EBV to promote the expansion of infected transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Winter
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Garcin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kay Tanita
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Akihiro Hoshino
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lenoir
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Fournier
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Hematology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Simonin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Fernandes
- Plateforme Vecteurs Viraux et Transfert de Gènes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Roupie
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yassine Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie, Parasitologie et Hygiène, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Burgard
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie, Parasitologie et Hygiène, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cécile Masson
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, INSERM UMR1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathalie Cheikh
- Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Mikko Seppänen
- Pediatric Research Center and Rare Disease Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Puel
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Daly
- Institut for Molecular Medecine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Hu Z, Zheng X, Zeng W, Wang H, Yang H, Fan Y. Dynamically Expressed miR-BART16 Functions as a Suppressor of CAND1 in Infectious Mononucleosis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus in Children. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:371-377. [PMID: 32581028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MiR-BART16 is a newly discovered Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded microRNA (miRNA). We aimed to explore the role of EBV-miR-BART16 in infectious mononucleosis (IM). METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analyzed in 30 IM and 10 healthy children by flow cytometry. MiR-BART16 and its targets were measured by real-time PCR, western blot, ELISA, and dual-luciferase assay. RESULTS Serum miR-BART16 expression was significantly higher in the IM children than that in the healthy children, and was positively correlated with EBV copy number. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed serum miR-BART16 could differentiate IM and healthy individuals (P=0.0041). CAND1 was targeted and downregulated by miR-BART16 in an EBV infection-dependent way. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight that EBV-miR-BART16 plays an important role in regulating the expression of CAND1 to affect pediatric IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanjie Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yisun Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Wadé NB, Chang CM, Conti D, Millstein J, Skibola C, Nieters A, Wang SS, De Sanjose S, Kane E, Spinelli JJ, Bracci P, Zhang Y, Slager S, Wang J, Hjalgrim H, Smedby KE, Brown EE, Jarrett RF, Cozen W. Infectious mononucleosis, immune genotypes, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): an InterLymph Consortium study. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:451-462. [PMID: 32124188 PMCID: PMC7534692 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the interaction between non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), infectious mononucleosis (IM) history, and immune-related genotypes in a pooled case-control analysis. METHODS A total of 7,926 NHL patients and 10,018 controls from 12 case-control studies were included. Studies were conducted during various time periods between 1988 and 2008, and participants were 17-96 years of age at the time of ascertainment/recruitment. Self-reported IM history and immune response genotypes were provided by the InterLymph Data Coordinating Center at Mayo Clinic. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression, and interactions were estimated using the empirical Bayes method. PACT was used to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS There was evidence of an interaction effect between IM history and two variants on T-cell lymphoma (TCL) risk: rs1143627 in interleukin-1B (IL1B) (pinteraction = 0.04, ORinteraction = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.87) and rs1800797 in interleukin-6 (IL6) (pinteraction = 0.03, ORinteraction = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01, 0.80). Neither interaction effect withstood adjustment for multiple comparisons. There were no statistically significant interactions between immune response genotypes and IM on other NHL subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk variants in IL1B and IL6 may affect the association between IM and TCL, possibly by influencing T-cell activation, growth, and differentiation in the presence of IM, thereby decreasing risk of immune cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niquelle Brown Wadé
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company (Cigna), Bloomfield, CT, USA
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Millstein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Skibola
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Silvia De Sanjose
- Sexual and Reproductive Health, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleanor Kane
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John J Spinelli
- Population Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paige Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Susan Slager
- Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Ekstrom Smedby
- Karolinska Institutet, Sweden University Hospital, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth E Brown
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ruth F Jarrett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Filatova EN, Sakharnov NA, Knyazev DI, Utkin OV. Changes in mRNA expression of members of TGFB1-associated pathways in human leukocytes during EBV infection. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:247-254. [PMID: 30465450 DOI: 10.1556/030.65.2018.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFB1) likely contributes to the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated cancer. A microarray containing 59 probes for detecting mRNA of members of TGFB1-associated pathways was developed. mRNA expression of TGFB1 receptors and members of connected pathways were examined in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients during acute EBV infection and after recovery. TGFB1 and TGFBR2 mRNA expression was increased in patients with EBV infection. Similarly, mRNA expression of protein kinase C (PRKCB), MAP3K7, PDLIM7, and other members of TGFB1 and NF-κB signaling pathways increased. A shift of mRNA transcript variant expression of some key members (TGFBR2, PRKCB, and NFKBIB) of involved signaling pathways was detected. After the patients' recovery, most of the altered mRNA expression has been normalized. We speculate that in patients with EBV infection, members of TGFB1-associated pathways contribute to the suppression of proapoptotic and induction of pro-survival factors in leukocytes. The modulation of TGFB1-associated pathways may be considered as a potential risk factor in the development of EBV-associated tumors in patients with acute EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikolaevna Filatova
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sakharnov
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Igorevich Knyazev
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Vladimirovich Utkin
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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Filatova EN, Anisenkova EV, Presnyakova NB, Utkin OV. DR3 regulation of apoptosis of naive T-lymphocytes in children with acute infectious mononucleosis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2016; 63:339-357. [PMID: 27682848 DOI: 10.1556/030.63.2016.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) is a widespread viral disease that mostly affects children. Development of AIM is accompanied by a change in the ratio of immune cells. This is provided by means of different biological processes including the regulation of apoptosis of naive T-cells. One of the potential regulators of apoptosis of T-lymphocytes is a death receptor 3 (DR3). We have studied the role of DR3 in the regulation of apoptosis of naive CD4+ (nTh) and CD8+ (nCTL) T-cells in healthy children and children with AIM. In healthy children as well as in children with AIM, the activation of DR3 is accompanied by inhibition of apoptosis of nTh. In healthy children, the stimulation of DR3 resulted in the increase in apoptosis of nCTL. On the contrary, in children with AIM, the level of apoptosis of nCTL decreased after DR3 activation, which is a positive contribution to the antiviral immune response. In children with AIM, nCTL are characterized by reduced level of apoptosis as compared with healthy children. These results indicate that DR3 can be involved in the reduction of sensitivity of nCTL to apoptosis in children with AIM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oleg Vladimirovich Utkin
- 1 Blokhina Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- 2 Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Palendira U, Rickinson AB. Primary immunodeficiencies and the control of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:22-44. [PMID: 26415106 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiency (PID) states, where mutations in single immune system genes predispose individuals to certain infectious agents and not others, are experiments of nature that hold important lessons for the immunologist. The number of genetically defined PIDs is rising rapidly, as is the opportunity to learn from them. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, has long been of interest because of its complex interaction with the immune system. Thus, it causes both infectious mononucleosis (IM), an immunopathologic disease associated with exaggerated host responses, and at least one malignancy, EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease, when those responses are impaired. Here, we describe the full range of PIDs currently linked with an increased risk of EBV-associated disease. These provide examples where IM-like immunopathology is fatally exaggerated, and others where responses impaired at the stage of induction, expansion, or effector function predispose to malignancy. Current evidence from this rapidly moving field supports the view that lesions in both natural killer cell and T cell function can lead to EBV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- Cancer Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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7
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Huo L, Jiang MY, Li Q, Zhu YP. Novel Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes with EBV-infectious Diseases in Children. Biomed Environ Sci 2015; 28:303-307. [PMID: 25966757 DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which are mainly expressed on natural killer (NK) cells are implicated in many virus infections. However, it is unclear whether or not KIRs are associated with susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection related diseases. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate possible correlation between polymorphisms of KIR genes and infectious mononucleosis (IM)/EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). The polymorphisms of KIR genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). The results would contribute to clarify the association of KIRs with EBV induced diseases, and provide new insights into the role of NK cells and innate immune response against viral infections and/or subsequent progression.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- China
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infectious Mononucleosis/genetics
- Infectious Mononucleosis/immunology
- Infectious Mononucleosis/virology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/genetics
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/immunology
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/virology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Yan Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Ping Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Akay E, Patel M, Conibear T, Chaggar T, Haque T. Interleukin 28B gene polymorphisms and Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Intervirology 2014; 57:112-5. [PMID: 24480970 DOI: 10.1159/000357326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the interleukin (IL) 28B gene encoding a type III interferon (IFN-λ) are the most important genetic predictors of treatment response to hepatitis C virus (HCV). This retrospective study was undertaken to determine any association between IL28B SNPs and the development of viraemia in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). METHODS Genomic DNA extracted from plasma from 45 EBV seropositive controls and 46 acute IM, 23 non-PTLD (transplant) and 21 PTLD patients was tested by PCR for 2 SNPs within IL28B. EBV DNA levels were tested in IM and PTLD samples by a real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS No significant differences were seen in SNP frequencies at rs12979860 and rs8099917 in IM and PTLD patients compared to EBV seropositive controls and transplant patients. EBV DNA levels were lower in IM and PTLD patients with CC (a favourable genotype in HCV) at rs12979860 compared to non-CC genotypes (p = 0.055). Acute IM patients with CC had significantly lower levels of EBV DNA in plasma compared to those with non-CC genotypes (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Genotype CC may influence anti-viral responses of IFN-λ, thereby allowing better control of EBV viraemia during lymphoproliferation, particularly in IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Akay
- Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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9
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Huang X, Kushekhar K, Nolte I, Kooistra W, Visser L, Bouwman I, Kouprie N, Veenstra R, van Imhoff G, Olver B, Houlston RS, Poppema S, Diepstra A, Hepkema B, van den Berg A. HLA associations in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: EBV status matters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39986. [PMID: 22808081 PMCID: PMC3393726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) involves environmental and genetic factors. To explore the role of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, we performed a case-control genotyping study in 338 Dutch cHL patients using a PCR-based sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) hybridization approach. The allele frequencies were compared to HLA typings of more than 6,000 controls. The age of the cHL patients varied between 13 and 81 years with a median of 35 years. Nodular sclerosis subtype was the most common subtype (87%) and EBV was detected in 25% of the cHL patients. HLA-B5 was significantly increased and HLA-DR7 significantly decreased in the total cHL patient population as compared to controls. Two class II associations were observed to be specific for the EBV- cHL population with an increase of HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR5. Allele frequencies of HLA-A1, HLA-B37 and HLA-DR10 were significantly increased in the EBV+ cHL population; these alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium and form a common haplotype in Caucasians. The allele frequency of HLA-A2 was significantly decreased in the EBV+ cHL population. Analysis of haplotypes with a frequency of >1% revealed a significant increase of HLA-A2-B7-DR2 in EBV- cHL as compared to controls. SSOP association analysis revealed significant differences between EBV+ and EBV- cHL patients for 19 probes that discriminate between HLA-A*01 and HLA-A*02. In conclusion, the HLA-A1 and HLA-A2 antigens and not specific single nucleotide variants shared by multiple alleles are responsible for the association with EBV+ cHL. Furthermore several new protective and predisposing HLA class I and II associations for the EBV+, the EBV- and the entire cHL population were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kushi Kushekhar
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wierd Kooistra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Visser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilby Bouwman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kouprie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Veenstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf van Imhoff
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Olver
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Sibrand Poppema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke Hepkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Li YH, Wen FQ, Xiao ZH, Chen YX, Zhang ZX, Chen LL. [Genetic polymorphism of GST gene in children with infectious mononucleosis and acute lymphocytic leukemia]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2012; 14:260-263. [PMID: 22537952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between glutathione S-transferase genes GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and the susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis (IM) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children. METHODS The case-control study involved 106 children with IM, 41 children with ALL and a control group of 100 children with non-hematologic and nontumorous diseases. The genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 were detected with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Distribution of the genotypes in the children was analyzed. RESULTS The frequency of GSTT1 null genotype in children with IM was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). The risk of IM in children carrying GSTT1 null genotype was 2.186 times higher than in those carrying GSTT1 non-null genotype. The children carrying both GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotype had a higher risk of suffering from IM compared to those carrying only one of the null genotypes (OR=4.937). The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype in children with ALL was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). The risk of ALL in children carrying GSTM1 null genotype was 2.242 times higher than in those in carrying GSTT1 non-null genotype. Children carrying both GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotype had a higher risk of suffering from ALL compared with those carrying only one of the null genotypes (OR=8.552). CONCLUSIONS Children carrying GSTT1 or GSTM1 null genotype have a high risk of suffering from IM or ALL. Still more increased susceptibility to IM or ALL may occur in children who carry both GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotype. GSTT1 and GSTM1 might play a potential role in the pathogenesis of both IM and ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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11
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Qi TX, Gao GH, Liu SH. [The expression of periphery blood leucocyte CCR3 and CCR5 in the children with Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2010; 24:355-357. [PMID: 21280323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of periphery blood leucocyte CCR3 and CCR5 and to comprehend T helper cell in the Children with Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis. METHODS We defined the children according to the diagnosis criterion through Paul-Bunnell test inspecting the children's periphery blood unusual lymphocyte and detecting their anti-EBV-CA-IgM, anti-EBV-CA-IgG and anti-EBV-NA-IgG by ELISA and counted the ratio of CCR3 + and CCR5 + cells in lymphocytes with flow cytometry. RESULTS The ratio of unusual lymphocyte in IM was higher than that of the healthy control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of CCR3 + cells in IM group was higher than that of the healthy control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of CCR5 + cells in IM group was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group. CCR3 + had direct interrelation with fever continued time and the ratio of unusual lymphocyte. There was a negative interrelation between CCR5 and fever continued time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children infectious of IM expressed higher level of CCR3 + and lower level of CCR5 + and there was a tendency of Th2 polarization with over production of T helper cell divide imbalance. CCR3 + and CCR5 + may be important targets to judge the degree of seriousness of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-xiong Qi
- Department of Paediatrics of the Central Hospital of Aviation Industry Coporaition, Beijing 100012, China.
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Greenough TC, Campellone SC, Brody R, Jain S, Sanchez-Merino V, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K. Programmed Death-1 expression on Epstein Barr virus specific CD8+ T cells varies by stage of infection, epitope specificity, and T-cell receptor usage. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12926. [PMID: 20886079 PMCID: PMC2944873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory member of the CD28 family of molecules expressed on CD8+ T cells in response to antigenic stimulation. To better understand the role of PD-1 in antiviral immunity we examined the expression of PD-1 on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epitope-specific CD8+ T cells during acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) and convalescence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using flow cytometry, we observed higher frequencies of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells and higher intensity of PD-1 expression on EBV-specific CD8+ T cells during AIM than during convalescence. PD-1 expression during AIM directly correlated with viral load and with the subsequent degree of CD8+ T cell contraction in convalescence. Consistent differences in PD-1 expression were observed between CD8+ T cells with specificity for two different EBV lytic antigen epitopes. Similar differences were observed in the degree to which PD-1 was upregulated on these epitope-specific CD8+ T cells following peptide stimulation in vitro. EBV epitope-specific CD8+ T cell proliferative responses to peptide stimulation were diminished during AIM regardless of PD-1 expression and were unaffected by blocking PD-1 interactions with PD-L1. Significant variability in PD-1 expression was observed on EBV epitope-specific CD8+ T cell subsets defined by V-beta usage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These observations suggest that PD-1 expression is not only dependent on the degree of antigen presentation, but also on undefined characteristics of the responding cell that segregate with epitope specificity and V-beta usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Greenough
- Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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15
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Abstract
Factors involved in determining whether infectious mononucleosis occurs after primary EBV infection may include age, dose of virus received, and various genetic markers. A study by McAulay and colleagues reported in this issue of the JCI shows that the presence of certain HLA class I alleles correlates with the incidence and severity of infectious mononucleosis. These same HLA alleles are also risk factors for EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), supporting recent epidemiology that indicates that a history of infectious mononucleosis predisposes to HL. Recent studies suggest that an EBV vaccine might help to prevent infectious mononucleosis, and further development of this should now be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Farrell
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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McAulay KA, Higgins CD, Macsween KF, Lake A, Jarrett RF, Robertson FL, Williams H, Crawford DH. HLA class I polymorphisms are associated with development of infectious mononucleosis upon primary EBV infection. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3042-8. [PMID: 17909631 PMCID: PMC1994627 DOI: 10.1172/jci32377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an immunopathological disease caused by EBV that occurs in young adults and is a risk factor for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). An association between EBV-positive HL and genetic markers in the HLA class I locus has been identified, indicating that genetic differences in the HLA class I locus may alter disease phenotypes associated with EBV infection. To further determine whether HLA class I alleles may affect development of EBV-associated diseases, we analyzed 2 microsatellite markers and 2 SNPs located near the HLA class I locus in patients with acute IM and in asymptomatic EBV-seropositive and -seronegative individuals. Alleles of both microsatellite markers were significantly associated with development of IM. Specific alleles of the 2 SNPs were also significantly more frequent in patients with IM than in EBV-seronegative individuals. IM patients possessing the associated microsatellite allele had fewer lymphocytes and increased neutrophils relative to IM patients lacking the allele. These patients also displayed higher EBV titers and milder IM symptoms. The results of this study indicate that HLA class I polymorphisms may predispose patients to development of IM upon primary EBV infection, suggesting that genetic variation in T cell responses can influence the nature of primary EBV infection and the level of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A McAulay
- Clinical and Basic Virology Laboratory, School of Biomedical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Wozniak MA, Shipley SJ, Dobson CB, Parker SP, Scott FT, Leedham-Green M, Breuer J, Itzhaki RF. Does apolipoprotein E determine outcome of infection by varicella zoster virus and by Epstein Barr virus? Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:672-8. [PMID: 17356546 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of the population are infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV) but only some develop shingles - caused when the virus reactivates from latency, and only some shingles patients develop post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), defined as pain continuing for more than about 4 months. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) similarly infects over 90% of the population; some of those infected during teenage or young adult years develop infectious mononucleosis (IM). The reason for these disparities between numbers infected and numbers affected by illness is unknown, but presumably reflects host factor(s). Our previous results showed that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype determines susceptibility to, or outcome of, infection in the case of several diseases of known infectious cause. Therefore, we investigated APOE genotypes of shingles, PHN, and IM patients. Our rationale for the previous studies and for investigating VZV was that these micro-organisms use for cell binding and entry the same sites in the cell surface as does the protein apoE, and that consequently, competition with apoE could affect the pathogen's extent of entry and hence extent of the damage caused. The APOE genotypes of shingles and PHN sufferers, and of IM sufferers were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism. In females, epsilon4 homozygosity confers a risk of shingles and also of IM, and the APOE-epsilon4 allele is protective against PHN whereas APOE-epsilon3 allele is a risk. Our results showing that a host genetic factor influences the development of shingles and PHN in females have clinical significance: they could lead to identification of those (female) patients at greater risk of PHN, thus enabling these people to be targeted for treatment with the most effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Wozniak
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Bell AT, Fortune B, Sheeler R. Clinical inquiries. What test is the best for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis? J Fam Pract 2006; 55:799-802. [PMID: 16948964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen or Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen are the most sensitive, are highly specific, and are also the most expensive for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on validating cohort study). Heterophile antibody tests have similar specificity and are cheaper, but are less sensitive in children or in adults during the early days of the illness (SOR: C, based on validating cohort study). The polymerase chain reaction assay for Epstein-Barr virus DNA is more sensitive than the heterophile antibody test in children, is highly specific, but is also expensive (SOR: C, based on validating cohort study). The percentages of atypical lymphocytes and total lymphocytes on a complete blood count provide another specific and moderately sensitive, yet inexpensive, test (SOR: C, based on validating cohort study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Trelease Bell
- University of Wyoming Family Practice Residency Program at Cheyenne, WY, USA
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Vernon SD, Nicholson A, Rajeevan M, Dimulescu I, Cameron B, Whistler T, Lloyd A. Correlation of psycho-neuroendocrine-immune (PNI) gene expression with symptoms of acute infectious mononucleosis. Brain Res 2005; 1068:1-6. [PMID: 16376318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute infection is known to perturb psycho-neuroendocrine-immune (PNI) gene expression. Oligonucleotide microarrays were used to examine PNI gene expression in the peripheral blood of 13 subjects with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Novel peripheral blood gene expression activity was correlated with central-nervous-system-mediated symptoms including fatigue and sleep disturbance. Of note, expression of the MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2 polypeptide C (MEF2C) gene, previously implicated in skeletal muscle myogenesis, correlated with symptoms of musculo-skeletal pain and fatigue. Expression of the hypocretin/orexin receptor HCRTR2, which has been implicated in narcolepsy, correlated with sleep disturbance. And, VACHT, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, was highly correlated with neurocognitive disturbance. The expression of both HCRTR2 and MEF2C in the peripheral blood was validated by reverse transcription PCR. Thus, investigation of the PNI response in peripheral blood may provide novel insights into the complex pathophysiology of centrally mediated disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Vernon
- Viral Exanthems and Herpesvirus Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road MSA15, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Erdõs M, Uzvölgyi E, Nemes Z, Török O, Rákóczi E, Went-Sümegi N, Sümegi J, Maródi L. Characterization of a new disease-causing mutation ofSH2D1Ain a family with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Hum Mutat 2005; 25:506. [PMID: 15841490 DOI: 10.1002/humu.9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Males with an expressed mutation in the SH2D1A gene that encodes an SH2 domain protein named SH2D1A or SAP (NP_002342; signaling lymphocyte activating molecule [SLAM]-associated protein), have an X-linked syndrome characterized by an increased vulnerability to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We evaluated two related male patients with fatal infectious mononucleosis (FIM) and mutation in the SH2D1A gene. Sequence analysis revealed a hemizygous c.47G>A mutation in one of the patients, and heterozygosity for this mutation in the genomic DNA from his mother and maternal grandmother. This mutation resulted in p.G16D amino acid change in the sequence of the SAP protein. To analyze the effect of this missense mutation on protein function cDNA was generated by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in COS cells. We found that half-life of the p.G16D protein was comparable to that of wild type SAP. However, the mutant protein was defective in binding to its physiological ligands SLAM and 2B4. These results suggest that a defect in ligand binding contributes to the loss of function of the SAP protein in patients carrying p.G16D mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Erdõs
- Department of Infectology and Pediatric Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Ikuta K, Saiga K, Deguchi M, Sairenji T. Epstein-Barr virus DNA is detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of EBV-seronegative infants with infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Virus Genes 2003; 26:165-73. [PMID: 12803468 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023487413912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infants with infectious mononucleosis- (IM) like symptoms. Thirteen of the 17 patients did not have EBV antibodies; however, EBV DNA was detected in 8 PBMC from the 13 seronegative patients by PCR. The 4 patients were retested in 6-12 months later. Three patients were still seronegative; however EBV DNA wasnot detected. One patient seroconverted and EBV DNA could still be detected. The transcript of EBNA1 was detected in one patient, but neither EBNA2 nor LMP2A were detected in all PBMC from the 4 tested patients. Type 1 EBV DNA was detected in 5 PBMC of 7 tested patients, and type 2 EBV DNA was detected in type 1 positive PBMC of one patient as well. The IL-1 beta polymorphism that is reported to be one of the immunological factors of EBV seronegativity revealed no difference in IM-like patients. These results indicated that EBV infection occurs in EBV-seronegative IM-like infants; however, the modes of infection are clearly different from IM.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Child, Preschool
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/classification
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Mononucleosis/genetics
- Infectious Mononucleosis/immunology
- Infectious Mononucleosis/virology
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Ikuta
- Department of Biosignaling, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
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Gutiérrez MI, Ibrahim MM, Dale JK, Greiner TC, Straus SE, Bhatia K. Discrete alterations in the BZLF1 promoter in tumor and non-tumor-associated Epstein-Barr virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1757-63. [PMID: 12464647 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.23.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with malignant and nonmalignant diseases, its lytic replication is predominantly associated with nonmalignant diseases such as acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) or chronic active EBV infection. Lytic replication is also associated with type B EBV more than with type A EBV. Sustained lytic replication, however, is not compatible with tumor growth. We investigated whether control of an EBV lytic regulatory gene, BZLF1, differed in these diseases. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct DNA sequence analyses were used to characterize the promoter sequence of BZLF1 (Zp) in 52 tumors (34 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 13 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease samples, and five nasopharyngeal carcinomas), and in peripheral blood lymphocytes from seven patients with chronic active EBV, six with IM, and 40 healthy, EBV-seropositive individuals. All sequences were compared with the prototype EBV strain B95.8 sequence. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Three polymorphic Zp sequences were detected. Among the malignant samples, sequence Zp-P, associated with 84% of type A EBV, was identical to that of EBV strain B95.8, whereas a second sequence (Zp-V3), associated exclusively with type B EBV (P<.001), contained three base substitutions. Among the nonmalignant samples, a distinct polymorphism, Zp-V4, containing the substitutions detected in Zp-V3 and an additional base change, was identified in all samples from chronic active EBV, IM, and healthy individuals, but in none of the malignant samples (P<.001). Zp-V4 was independent of the EBV type. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in the regulatory sequences of BZLF1 are differentially distributed among malignant and nonmalignant cells and may identify EBV subtypes with various lytic activities, including those not associated with malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Gutiérrez
- King Fahad National Centre for Children's Cancer and Research (KFNCCC&R), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211 Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
We describe a retrospective study of 4 cases of sporadic fatal infectious mononucleosis (IM), 1 case of fatal IM, and 1 case of sporadic severe IM. Patients were 26 months to 17 years old; 3 were male. Five died of complications of IM. All 5 of these patients had the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) present in examined tissue specimens; EBV was monoclonal in 3 patients and biclonal in 1. EBV clonality studies were not performed in the remaining patient. All 5 patients also had monoclonal gene rearrangements. The sixth patient survived despite a life-threatening clinical course; EBV was oligoclonal, and gene rearrangements were not detected. EBV clonality and gene rearrangement studies may be usefulfor predicting which patients with clinically aggressive IM are at highest risk for fatal outcome. Patients in whom IM has a fatal outcome are more likely to have monoclonal or biclonal EBV and immunoglobulin heavy chain or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. In contrast, patients with nonfatal IM may lack monoclonal EBV and monoclonal rearrangements of the aforementioned genes. The reasons EBV induces a monoclonal proliferation only in some patients remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra J Wick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Urazova OI, Novitskii VV, Litvinova LS, Pomogaeva AP. Chromosome aberrations, apoptosis, and DNA repair in peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with infectious mononucleosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2002; 133:277-80. [PMID: 12360352 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015851120812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious mononucleosis is associated with suppression of lymphocyte apoptosis and accumulation of cells with chromosome aberrations in the peripheral blood. The type and severity of these aberrations do not depend on the etiological variant of infection and patient age. At the same time in 3-6-year-old children with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus we observed activation of DNA repair system in lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Urazova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Childhood Infectious Diseases, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk.
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Plumbley JA, Fan H, Eagan PA, Ehsan A, Schnitzer B, Gulley ML. Lymphoid tissues from patients with infectious mononucleosis lack monoclonal B and T cells. J Mol Diagn 2002; 4:37-43. [PMID: 11826186 PMCID: PMC1906975 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In typical cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM), lymphoid tissue is rarely submitted for pathological examination. When lymphoid tissues from IM cases are examined, the histological appearance of IM may be difficult to distinguish from malignant lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to address the utility of clinical molecular assays for T and B cell clonality in distinguishing IM from lymphoid malignancy. DNA was recovered from paraffin-embedded archival lymphoid tissues of 18 cases of IM and 13 control cases representing other reactive lymphoid hyperplasias. T cell receptor gamma (TCR-gamma) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements were assayed using our standard clinical polymerase chain reaction procedures targeting each of the four functional variable (V) families and the three joining (J) families of the TCR-gamma gene, and framework III of the IgH gene, respectively. In 17 of 18 cases of IM, no monoclonal T or B cell populations were detectable. One case, the only spleen specimen in the study, had an oligoclonal pattern of TCR-gamma rearrangements. The control cases representing other reactive hyperplasias also lacked monoclonality. The assays used were sensitive to clonal populations as small as 5% of cells. In this case series, no monoclonal lymphoid populations were identified in any case of IM. This finding suggests that molecular studies are useful in distinguishing IM from lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Plumbley
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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27
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Urazova OI, Novitskiĭ VV, Pomogaeva AP, Naslednikova IO, Shevtsova NM. [Nucleic acid content in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis]. Klin Lab Diagn 2002:43-4. [PMID: 11855342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
An increase in RNA content in peripheral blood lymphocytes and increased number of macronuclear weakly basophilic cells (presumably due to increased content of B-lymphocytes which, in contrast to sharply basophilic T-lymphocytes, are characterized by light basophilic cytoplasm) are observed in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Macronuclear forms represented equally by hyper- and hypobasophilic elements predominate the structure of atypical mononuclears. Increased content of DNA in the peripheral blood lymphocytes is due to increased number of cells with high DNA content in the patient's blood and appearance of cells with 52-65 arb. units DNA (blast-transformed atypical mononuclears infected with the virus) which are normally absent.
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28
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Sumazaki R, Kanegane H, Osaki M, Fukushima T, Tsuchida M, Matsukura H, Shinozaki K, Kimura H, Matsui A, Miyawaki T. SH2D1A mutations in Japanese males with severe Epstein-Barr virus--associated illnesses. Blood 2001; 98:1268-70. [PMID: 11493483 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a genetic disorder characterized by immunodeficiency to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, has been linked to mutations in the SH2D1A gene. To search for the occurrence of SH2D1A mutations in Japan, we performed genetic analysis of the SH2D1A gene in 40 males presenting with severe EBV-associated illnesses, including fulminant infectious mononucleosis, EBV-positive lymphoma, and severe chronic active EBV infection. SH2D1A mutations were detected in 10 of these 40 patients. Five of these 10 cases were sporadic. Patients with SH2D1A mutations displayed severe acute infectious mononucleosis with hyperimmunoglobulin M, hypogammaglobulinemia, and B-cell malignant lymphoma. By contrast, chronic active EBV infection was not associated with SH2D1A mutations. XLP survivors exhibited normal levels of circulating EBV-DNA during convalescence, suggesting that SH2D1A protein is not directly responsible for control of EBV replication. Thus, genetic analysis of the SH2D1A gene is particularly useful in the diagnosis of sporadic cases and carriers of XLP. (Blood. 2001;98:1268-1270)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sumazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
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29
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Hardy CL, Lu L, Nguyen P, Woodland DL, Williams RW, Blackman MA. Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling activation of TRBV4 CD8+ T cells during murine gamma-herpesvirus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Immunogenetics 2001; 53:395-400. [PMID: 11486276 DOI: 10.1007/s002510100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2001] [Accepted: 04/24/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The murine gamma-herpesvirus, MHV-68, shares important biological and genetic features with the human gamma-herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus. Following intranasal infection, mice develop an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome accompanied by increased numbers of activated CD8+ T cells in the blood. A consistent feature of the CD8+ T-cell activation is a marked increase in the frequency of cells expressing a TRBV4+ T-cell receptor. Previous studies suggested that the magnitude of TRBV4 expansion varied significantly among mouse strains, and was influenced by both MHC and non-MHC genes. Detailed analysis of strains with high (C57BL/6) or low (DBA/2) TRBV4 CD8+ T-cell expansion showed that differences in the degree of expansion were not a consequence of variation in genetic susceptibility to the viral infection. Rather, the magnitude of the TRBV4 CD8+ T-cell expansion correlated with differences in expression of the unidentified stimulatory ligand on activated, latently infected B cells. In the present study, analysis of TRBV4 expansion in C57BL/6, DBA/2, B6D2 F1 mice, BXD recombinant inbred strains, and the progeny of C57BL/6xDBA/2 F1 hybrids backcrossed to C57BL/6 demonstrated strong cumulative dominance of the low DBA/2 trait and moderately high heritability (h2 approximately 0.5). Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) strongly associated with variance in TRBV4 expansion were identified using simple and composite mapping procedures. The first QTL is located on Chromosome (Chr) 17, near or proximal to H2. The second QTL is located on Chr 6 in a region spanning the Tcrb and Cd8a loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hardy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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30
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Urazova OI, Litvinova LS, Novitskii VV, Pomogaeva AP. Cytogenetic impairments of peripheral blood lymphocytes during infectious mononucleosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001; 131:392-3. [PMID: 11550035 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017976808339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2000] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We performed chromosomal analysis and micronucleus test of peripheral blood lymphocytes during infectious mononucleosis. The content of lymphocytes with structural chromosome aberrations and micronuclei increased in patients with pronounced clinical and hematological signs of infectious mononucleosis (acute stage). There were cells with changed number of chromosomes. These cytogenetic abnormalities persisted both during convalescence and in the delayed period after recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Urazova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk
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31
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Plunkett FJ, Soares MV, Annels N, Hislop A, Ivory K, Lowdell M, Salmon M, Rickinson A, Akbar AN. The flow cytometric analysis of telomere length in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Blood 2001; 97:700-7. [PMID: 11157487 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.3.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is characterized by extensive expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. One potential consequence of this considerable proliferative activity is telomere shortening, which predisposes the EBV-specific cells to replicative senescence. To investigate this, a method was developed that enables the simultaneous identification of EBV specificity of the CD8+ T cells, using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/peptide complexes, together with telomere length, which is determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Despite the considerable expansion, CD8+ EBV-specific T cells in patients with AIM maintain their telomere length relative to CD8+ T cells in normal individuals and relative to CD4+ T cells within the patients themselves and this is associated with the induction of the enzyme telomerase. In 4 patients who were studied up to 12 months after resolution of AIM, telomere lengths of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were unchanged in 3 but shortened in one individual, who was studied only 5 months after initial onset of infection. Substantial telomere shortening in EBV-specific CD8+ T cells was observed in 3 patients who were studied between 15 months and 14 years after recovery from AIM. Thus, although telomerase activation may preserve the replicative potential of EBV-specific cells in AIM and after initial stages of disease resolution, the capacity of these cells to up-regulate this enzyme after restimulation by the persisting virus may dictate the extent of telomere maintenance in the memory CD8+ T-cell pool over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Plunkett
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Department of Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Pelkonen T, Lanning M, Kähkönen M, Gross TG. [X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]. Duodecim 2000; 112:407-11. [PMID: 10592602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Pelkonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu Central University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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33
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Herrera-Goepfert R, Reyes E, Hernández-Avila M, Mohar A, Shinkura R, Fujiyama C, Akiba S, Eizuru Y, Harada Y, Tokunaga M. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Mexico: analysis of 135 consecutive gastrectomies in two hospitals. Mod Pathol 1999; 12:873-8. [PMID: 10496595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the genesis of gastric carcinoma. The presence of clonal episomal viral forms in the nuclei of neoplastic gastric epithelial cells suggests that viral infection occurs before the development of gastric carcinoma. Mexico is a country at high risk for gastric cancer-it is the second cause of death among patients who die of cancer in that country. A series of 135 consecutive non-selected gastrectomies from two hospitals in Mexico City were analyzed to search for EBV in gastric carcinomas. EBV-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization was performed on 5-microm paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Age, gender, anatomical site, histological type, and invasiveness of gastric carcinomas were obtained from the records in the corresponding Departments of Pathology. Eleven (8.15%) of the 135 cases were EBER-1-positive gastric carcinomas. Six occurred in males and five in females. In three women, the neoplasia was localized in the antrum. Five of the 11 cases were lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas and, in two of them, an unusual foreign body-type inflammation was observed. Environmental factors could influence the distinctive pathologic features of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herrera-Goepfert
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico.
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34
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Sono H, Teshigawara K, Sasada T, Takagi Y, Nishiyama A, Ohkubo Y, Maeda Y, Tatsumi E, Kanamaru A, Yodoi J. Redox control of Epstein-Barr virus replication by human thioredoxin/ATL-derived factor: differential regulation of lytic and latent infection. Antioxid Redox Signal 1999; 1:155-65. [PMID: 11228744 DOI: 10.1089/ars.1999.1.2-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin (hTRX)/adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)-derived factor (ADF) was originally reported as an interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-alpha-inducing factor produced by human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1-positive (HTLV-1+) cell lines. Growing evidence indicates that hTRX/ADF plays important roles in cellular responses against oxidative stress and is involved in a variety of cellular functions. A high level of hTRX/ADF expression is also observed in other human virus-infected cell lines including those of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus. In this report, we analyzed the effect of hTRX/ADF on lytic amplification and persistent replication of EBV as a model for lytic versus latent phase of viral replication in host cells. Addition of hTRX/ADF clearly suppressed lytic replication of EBV in Raji cells and B95-8 cells induced to the lytic phase of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and it prevented the death of these cells evoked by the lytic induction. In contrast, hTRX/ADF did not have any effect on persistent replication in the latent phase. These data indicated that hTRX/ADF prevents EBV-transformed cells from proceeding into the lytic phase and regulates cohabitation of EBV and its host cells.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinogens/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/physiology
- DNA Replication/genetics
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Infectious Mononucleosis/genetics
- Infectious Mononucleosis/metabolism
- Infectious Mononucleosis/virology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Suppression, Genetic
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thioredoxins/pharmacology
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sono
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus which establishes life-long latency in the B-lymphocytes of infected individuals. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with Hodgkin's disease, AIDS-associated lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). In PTLD, the onset of malignancy correlates with a rise in EBV load. The relationship between malignancy and EBV load in other EBV-associated malignancies is not known. Epstein-Bar virus latency is associated with the expression of a limited set of viral transcripts. The most numerous of these are the EBERs (Epstein-Barr early RNAs). The high copy number of the EBERs in each latently infected cell led the author to combine serial dilution of lymphocytes with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for EBER-1 as a means to rapidly quantitate EBV load. The highest viral load was seen in a bone marrow transplant patient, where one in 3906 lymphocytes harboured EBV. Elevated viral load was seen in two solid-organ transplant patients. Viral loads in healthy volunteers ranged from less than one in 1x10(6) to one in 6.25x10(4). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for EBER-1 in serial lymphocyte dilutions should allow the relationship of EBV load and malignancy to be examined in a number of disease settings and should also provide a quantitative picture of the impact of anti-viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Orentas
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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36
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Abstract
X linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP; Duncan's disease) is a rare disorder affecting boys and characterised by a defective immune response to Epstein-Barr virus caused by a mutation in a gene located at chromosome Xq25. Three siblings with XLP in a single UK family are reported and the variation in phenotypic expression of the disease in these siblings described. One of the siblings with life threatening fulminant infectious mononucleosis was successfully treated by chemotherapy, followed by bone marrow transplantation using an unaffected brother as the donor. A healthy baby boy recently born into the family was identified as carrying the defective maternal X chromosome using molecular genetic linkage analysis. This family illustrates the extent of present understanding of this often fatal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Arkwright
- St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Department of Child Health, UK
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37
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Abstract
The objective of this article is to bring together knowledge about Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in relation to multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to evaluate its implications in this disease. All MS patients are EBV seropositive, but EBV is not normally detected in the brain. EBV can explain many of the epidemiological dogmas known in MS. In addition, other studies point towards the involvement of EBV in MS. Despite this, other co-actors seem also to be involved. We still need to know whether EBV may be an initiating factor in MS or whether it is a factor in the pathogenesis. Possible ways of EBV involvement are discussed: direct involvement, an autoimmune inducing factor or a transactivating factor. A current treatment study of MS patients with a specific herpes antiviral drug may add further information to the etiology and pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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38
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Abstract
An atypical case of infectious mononucleosis characterized by fever, acute tonsillitis, and bilateral cervical adenopathy is reported in a previously healthy young man. Although serology was positive for the Epstein-Barr virus, the patient did not display peripheral blood lymphocytosis or atypical, reactive lymphocytes. The patient's tonsilar tissue revealed an expanded T-zone of diffuse, monomorphous lymphocytes suggestive of lymphoma. Immunophenotypic analysis of the tonsilar tissue demonstrated more than 90% expression of pan-T markers, while pan-B markers were positive in 5-10% of the interfollicular T-zone cells and in 90% of germinal centre cells. In situ hybridization with a probe specific for EBER1 demonstrated positive staining in approximately 1% of the interfollicular tonsilar lymphocytes. Finally, Southern blot analysis of tonsilar tissue demonstrated a clonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor gene. The patient recovered from his infection and remains in good health years after presenting with his illness. This case illustrates that T-cell clonality must be evaluated with caution in the setting of a viral infection and can occur in association with benign, self-limited infectious mononucleosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Malik
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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39
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Jäger M, Prang N, Mitterer M, Larcher C, Huemer HP, Reischl U, Wolf H, Schwarzmann F. Pathogenesis of chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection: detection of a virus strain with a high rate of lytic replication. Br J Haematol 1996; 95:626-36. [PMID: 8982037 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In rare cases Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to chronic active infection (CAEBV) which is characterized by persistant symptoms of infectious mononucleosis. Previously we described a case of persisting polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (PPBL) that was associated with CAEBV. Using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction we showed that in late passages of a spontaneous cell line, SM, latent EB viral genes such as EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A/3B/ 3C, LMP1 and LMP2A were active. The master gene of the lytic cycle, BZLF1, was silent. This indicated that there was no general defect in immortalization and establishing latency by this CAEBV isolate SM. We obtained virus from the standard immortalizing strain B95-8 and the CAEBV strain SM from latently infected LCL quantified the number of virus particles by competitive PCR and demonstrated that the impaired capacity to immortalize umbilical cord blood lymphocytes was a virus strain-specific property, and was not due to an incapability to infect purified CD19+ B lymphocytes. Transcription of latency- and immortalization-associated genes such as EBNA1, EBNA2 and LMP2A was reduced, in contrast to a strongly enhanced activity of the master gene of the lytic cycle, BZLF1. A scenario for an antagonistic regulation of lytic and latent cycle genes is presented and a role for the pathogenesis of CAEBV is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jäger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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40
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Schuster V, Grimm T, Kress W, Seidenspinner S, Belohradsky BH, Müller P, Kreth HW. [X-chromosome recessive lymphoproliferative disease (XLP): molecular genetic studies]. Klin Padiatr 1995; 207:271-6. [PMID: 7500602 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1046550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a rare worldwide occurring inherited immunodeficiency which is triggered by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Clinical phenotypes in 21 affected males from 5 German families with XLP ranged from severe and fatal infectious mononucleosis (57%) to acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia (28%), malignant lymphoma (28%), aplastic anaemia (19%) and hypergammaglobulinaemia M (19%). Molecular genetic studies with various polymorphic X-chromosomal DNA markers in 14 XLP families mapped the XLP gene locus to Xq25-q26. Haplotype analysis enables detection of XLP-positive and XLP-negative males already before EBV-infection as well as diagnosis of healthy female carriers within XLP families.
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41
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Migliorati R, Castaldo A, Russo S, Porta F, Fiorillo A, Guida S, Poggi V, Guarino A. Treatment of EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorder with epipodophyllotoxin VP16-213. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:1322-5. [PMID: 7734883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A case of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis consistent with X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder is described. Remission was observed after administration of VP-213, a cytotoxic drug generally used to treat histiocytosis. The child is currently in good clinical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Migliorati
- Department of Paediatrics, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
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42
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Seemayer TA, Grierson H, Pirruccello SJ, Gross TG, Weisenburger DD, Davis J, Spiegel K, Brichacek B, Sumegi J. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147:1242-5. [PMID: 8237920 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160350116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T A Seemayer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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43
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Kammermeier-Schmidt U, Weiss M, Belohradsky BH. [X-chromosomal recessively inherited lymphoproliferative syndrome. An analysis of EBV-induced immune deficiency]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1993; 141:201-6. [PMID: 8386321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years an increasing number of reports have described Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphoproliferative disease, or portrayed EBV as a cofactor in lymphoproliferative diseases (e.g. Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), in the presence of congenital or acquired immune defects. Improved molecular biological and immunological techniques now permit detailed investigation of EBV itself and of the immune system's reaction to EBV infection. Our analysis of X-chromosome-transmitted lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), an immune defect that occurs after EBV infection, depicts the whole spectrum of symptoms of EBV-associated diseases, explains various theories regarding pathogenesis, and discusses diagnostic and therapeutic measures.
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44
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Gaillard F, Mechinaud-Lacroix F, Papin S, Moreau A, Mollat C, Fiche M, Peltier S, De Faucal PJ, Rousselet MC, Praloran V. Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection with clonal T-cell lymphoproliferation. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98:324-33. [PMID: 1326893 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/98.3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of fatal Epstein-Barr virus infection in a previously healthy girl who was first found to have severe infectious mononucleosis with spontaneous recovery is reported. Because an abnormal immune response to the virus persisted, the disease relapsed, manifesting in cutaneous and pulmonary lesions associated with hemophagocytic syndrome responsible for death. Pathologic findings were characterized by polymorphous atypical lymphoid infiltrate, prominent necrosis, and histiocytic hyperplasia. Lymphoid cells displayed CD8 phenotype and clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. Viral genome was detected in lesions by Southern blot and located in nuclei of lymphoid cells by in situ hybridization. Pathologic findings suggested fatal infectious mononucleosis; however, phenotype and genotype favored a malignant diagnosis. Clonality was demonstrated to have arisen during primary infection. Virologic examination indicated that Epstein-Barr virus was a causative agent. Such a process belongs to the recently recognized spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-related T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that might overlap fatal infectious mononucleosis in patients who are especially vulnerable to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gaillard
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôtel Dieu, CHU, Nantes, France
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45
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Abstract
Two cases of infectious mononucleosis are reported in which in situ hybridization studies were of use to distinguish this disorder from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One patient was an 80-year-old man with a tonsillar mass that histologically resembled non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, on fixed tissue immunohistochemistry, appeared to contain a population of cells anomalously coexpressing the B-cell marker L26 and the T-cell marker Leu-22, suggesting diffuse large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The second patient was a 43-year-old woman with inguinal lymphadenopathy that, on histologic examination, also mimicked diffuse large-cell lymphoma. In situ hybridization studies for Epstein-Barr virus revealed both cases to possess EBV DNA in a pattern characteristic of infectious mononucleosis. In addition, in situ hybridization studies for immunoglobulin light-chain mRNA demonstrated a polyclonal pattern of kappa and lambda mRNA expression. This report demonstrates the utility of the in situ hybridization technique as an adjunct to routine diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infectious Mononucleosis/diagnosis
- Infectious Mononucleosis/genetics
- Infectious Mononucleosis/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shin
- Division of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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46
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Strickler JG, Movahed LA, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Horwitz CA, Brunning RD, Weiss LM. Oligoclonal T cell receptor gene rearrangements in blood lymphocytes of patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:1358-63. [PMID: 2170451 PMCID: PMC296871 DOI: 10.1172/jci114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene rearrangement studies were performed on blood lymphocytes from eight patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. The diagnosis in each case was based on characteristic clinical, hematologic, and serologic findings. The blood lymphocytes in each patient consisted predominantly of CD8+ T cells. EBV DNA was detected in seven patients by Southern blot analysis (EBV Bam HI W probe, Bam HI). A germline configuration was found for the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes (JH probe, Bam HI and Eco RI; C kappa probe, Bam HI; and C lambda probe, Eco RI). T cell receptor gene rearrangements were detected with J gamma and J beta 1 + 2 probes. Using a J gamma probe with two different restriction enzymes (Bgl II and Eco RI), the blood from each patient showed several bands corresponding to the polyclonal pattern previously described in the blood of normal individuals. Using J beta 1 + 2 probes with two different restriction enzymes (Bgl II and Bam HI), each case showed from 3 to about 12 extragermline bands of varying intensity and in different locations from case to case. In addition, each case showed relative deletion of the J beta 1 germline band. This oligoclonal pattern of T cell receptor gene rearrangements has not been previously reported in benign or malignant T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Strickler
- Department of Pathology, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis 55455
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47
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Peiper SC, Myers JL, Broussard EE, Sixbey JW. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in archival tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114:711-4. [PMID: 2163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We used oligonucleotide primers designed from DNA sequences unique to the long internal direct repeated region of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to enzymatically amplify this segment of the EBV genome in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The products amplified from EBV templates were detected by hybridization with a labeled probe specific for this highly conserved, reiterated region. Epstein-Barr virus-related sequences were detected in the spleen of a patient with infectious mononucleosis, in lung and lymph node specimens from a patient with pulmonary manifestations of infectious mononucleosis, in various tissues from seven immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients with immunoproliferative disorders, and in small biopsy specimens from a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. No viral sequences were detected in 20 histologically normal spleens or 10 lymph nodes. Polymerase chain reaction technology provides an effective means for documenting EBV infection in archival tissues. This approach should facilitate the diagnosis of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and difficult cases of infectious mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35233
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48
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Niedobitek G, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Herbst H, Finn T, Vetner M, Pallesen G, Stein H. Identification of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in tonsils of acute infectious mononucleosis by in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:796-9. [PMID: 2545594 DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(89)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization with 35S-labeled Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) probes was applied to paraffin sections of tonsils from seven patients with clinical, serologic, and morphologic evidence of acute infectious mononucleosis. EBV genomes were demonstrated in activated lymphoid B blasts in the interfollicular and perifollicular zones in all these cases. However, in no case could EBV be identified in epithelial cells. These results are at variance with the current concept which attributes a central role to the tonsillar epithelium in primary EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Niedobitek
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universität Berlin, West Germany
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49
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Weiss LM, Movahed LA. In situ demonstration of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in viral-associated B cell lymphoproliferations. Am J Pathol 1989; 134:651-9. [PMID: 2538060 PMCID: PMC1879531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen cases of benign and malignant Epstein-Barr viral (EBV)-associated B cell lymphoproliferations were examined by in situ hybridization studies performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. EBV nucleic acids were identified in a minority of lymphoid cells in five of six cases of benign infectious mononucleosis studied in tonsil or lymph node specimens. No evidence of EBV was found in two splenectomy specimens from patients with infectious mononucleosis. EBV nucleic acids were identified in one case of fatal, infectious, mononucleosislike immunoblastic proliferation, and were especially concentrated in areas where there were sheets of immunoblasts associated with necrosis. EBV nucleic acids were identified in all four cases of EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferations, including three cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which a majority of the neoplastic cells contained EBV nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305
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50
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Abstract
We have used small random EBV B95-8 DNA fragments to generate a large genomic bank in a plasmid expression vector. This bank was screened with a pool of sera from individuals with IM thus allowing any EBV antigen which evoked an immune response in man to be identified. The characterization of four immunopositive clones obtained in this way is presented in this study. Three of these clones express viral ORF DNA sequences which are parts of larger ORFs in the BamH1 N(het), V and X regions of the B95-8 viral genome. cDNA cloning has been used to confirm that the cloned sequences from BamH1 N and V are expressed in cell culture and to identify the transcription units involved. The fourth clone expresses an ORF sequence located in the viral BamH1 F fragment in a region not previously recognized as having protein coding potential. The experimental design used here must reflect the situation in vivo and consequently these sequences must be expressed and be antigenic during IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Walls
- Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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