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Koochakzadeh L, Hosseinverdi S, Hedayat M, Farahani F, Tofighi A, Eghbali M, Bidoki AZ, Izadyar M, Rahiminejad MS, Ramyar A, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N. Study of SH2D1A gene mutation in paediatric patients with B-cell lymphoma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43:568-70. [PMID: 25982576 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an often fatal inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterised by fulminant infectious mononucleosis, acquired haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, dysgammaglobulinaemia and malignant lymphoma. Given the paucity of data on the genetic stratification of XLP gene mutations in paediatric patients diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma, we sought to determine the existence of such association in the present study. METHODS We studied 20 male subjects diagnosed with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. RESULTS Eleven patients had laboratory evidence of EBV infection by serology and quantitative PCR. The SH2D1A gene analysis was negative in all patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyse the SH2D1A gene mutations in Iranian paediatric patients diagnosed with lymphoma. Although we could not demonstrate such an association in our cohort of patients, larger, multi-centre studies are required to extend and confirm our early findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koochakzadeh
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hosseinverdi
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hedayat
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Farahani
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Tofighi
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Eghbali
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Z Bidoki
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Izadyar
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M S Rahiminejad
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ramyar
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Aghamohammadi
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Rezaei
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Immunology Research Center, and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Overwater E, Smulders Y, van der Burg M, Lombardi MP, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Kuijpers TW, Houweling AC. The value of DNA storage and pedigree analysis in rare diseases: a 17-year-old boy with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) caused by a de novo SH2D1A mutation. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1695-8. [PMID: 24723092 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We present a case of a fatal Epstein-Barr infection in a 17-year-old male patient suspected to be caused by X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. At the time of hospitalization, DNA diagnostics was not available. The suspected diagnosis was confirmed several years later when a SH2D1A missense mutation was identified in stored patient DNA. Extended pedigree analysis showed that this mutation occurred de novo in his mother. In addition, we provide a summary of the currently listed SH2D1A mutations. CONCLUSION This case report underlines the importance of DNA storage, pedigree analysis, and multidisciplinary care in patients with rare diseases and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Overwater
- Department of clinical genetics, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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3
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Abstract
X linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in the gene encoding the slam associated protein (SAP). One of the defining characteristics of XLP is extreme susceptibility to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the genus Lymphocryptovirus, often resulting in fatal infectious mononucleosis (FIM). However, infection of SAP deficient mice with the related Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a gammaherpesvirus in the genus Rhadinovirus, does not recapitulate XLP. Here we show that MHV68 inefficiently establishes latency in B cells in SAP deficient mice due to insufficient CD4 T cell help during the germinal center response. Although MHV68 infected B cells can be found in SAP-deficient mice, significantly fewer of these cells had a germinal center phenotype compared to SAP-sufficient mice. Furthermore, we show that infected germinal center B cells in SAP-deficient mice fail to proliferate. This failure to proliferate resulted in significantly lower viral loads, and likely accounts for the inability of MHV68 to induce a FIM-like syndrome. Finally, inhibiting differentiation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in SAP-sufficient C57Bl/6 mice resulted in decreased B cell latency, and the magnitude of the TFH response directly correlated with the level of infection in B cells. This requirement for CD4 T cell help during the germinal center reaction by MHV68 is in contrast with EBV, which is thought to be capable of bypassing this requirement by expressing viral proteins that mimic signals provided by TFH cells. In conclusion, the outcome of MHV68 infection in mice in the setting of loss of SAP function is distinct from that observed in SAP-deficient patients infected with EBV, and may identify a fundamental difference between the strategies employed by the rhadinoviruses and lymphocryptoviruses to expand B cell latency during the early phase of infection. During an immune response, B cells respond to invading pathogens by undergoing massive expansion during the germinal center reaction. This proliferation requires signals from CD4 T cells, with some B cells then maturing into antibody secreting plasma cells, while others mature into memory B cells that may persist for the life of the host. Gammaherpesviruses take advantage of this immune response by infecting B cells, resulting in expansion of the pool of infected cells during the germinal center reaction. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is thought to be able to accomplish this without the need for CD4 T cell help by expressing viral proteins that mimic signals from CD4 T cells. Here we show in a mouse model of gammaherpesvirus infection that infected B cells require signals from CD4 T cells for proliferation. Since the mouse gammaherpesvirus and EBV belong to different subgroups of gammaherpesviruses, this suggests that these subgroups utilize fundamentally different strategies to expand the pool of infected B cells during the establishment of latency. These different strategies may explain the different outcome of infection by these different subgroups of gammaherpesviruses in the context of defective germinal center responses that result from defective CD4 T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Collins
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare, often fatal, primary immunodeficiency that has profound and damaging effects on the immune system of affected individuals. It is characterized by a dysregulated immune response, most commonly to Epstein-Barr viral infection. The defective gene in this syndrome has been identified as SAP-SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule)-associated protein. It is an adapter molecule that is required for appropriate function of the SLAM-related receptors. There is now a greater understanding of the molecular associations and cellular pathogenesis of SAP and this review will summarize the most recent findings. Clinically, XLP may be difficult to diagnose as a result of its varied clinical phenotype, and protein and genetic assays are currently used to make a definitive diagnosis. With the advances in gene analysis and genomics technology, it is likely that better and more rapid diagnostic techniques will become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Gilmour
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London.
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5
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Lee WI, Lin JJ, Hsieh MY, Lin SJ, Jaing TH, Chen SH, Hung IJ, Yang CP, Chen CJ, Huang YC, Li SP, Huang JL. Immunologic difference between hypersensitivity to mosquito bite and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76711. [PMID: 24204658 PMCID: PMC3800009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening, virus-triggered immune disease. Hypersensitivity to mosquito bite (HMB), a presentation of Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus infection (CAEBV), may progress to HLH. This study aimed to investigate the immunologic difference between the HMB episodes and the HLH episodes associated with EBV infection. Immunologic changes of immunoglobulins, lymphocyte subsets, cytotoxicity, intracellular perforin and granzyme expressions, EBV virus load and known candidate genes for hereditary HLH were evaluated and compared. In 12 HLH episodes (12 patients) and 14 HMB episodes (4 patients), there were both decreased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ and increased memory CD4+ and activated (CD2+HLADR+) lymphocytes. In contrast to HMB episodes that had higher IgE levels and EBV virus load predominantly in NK cells, those HLH episodes with virus load predominantly in CD3+ lymphocyte had decreased perforin expression and cytotoxicity that were recovered in the convalescence period. However, there was neither significant difference of total virus load in these episodes nor candidate genetic mutations responsible for hereditary HLH. In conclusion, decreased perforin expression in the HLH episodes with predominant-CD3+ EBV virus load is distinct from those HMB episodes with predominant-NK EBV virus load. Whether the presence of non-elevated memory CD4+ cells or activated lymphocytes (CD2+HLADR+) increases the mortality rate in the HLH episodes remains to be further warranted through larger-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Lee
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care And Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Asthma and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (W-IL); (J-LH)
| | - Jainn-Jim Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Clinics, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Clinics, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Syh-Jae Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Asthma and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Her Jaing
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care And Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Iou-Jih Hung
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Yang
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infection, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infection, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Pai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care And Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Asthma and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (W-IL); (J-LH)
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6
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Tang R, Wang YN, Wang Z. [One case of SH2D1A gene mutation lymphoma associated hemophagocytic syndrome]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2013; 34:184. [PMID: 23611241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is a valuable tool for the detection and characterization of proteins expressed by individual cells. Flow cytometry can be used to measure cell expression of 2 intracellular proteins that are involved in the regulation of immune homeostasis, SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). These proteins are defective in patients with the immune deficiency X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), due to mutations in the SH2D1A and XIAP/BIRC4 genes, respectively (Coffey et al. Nat Genet 20:129-135 1998; Nichols et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13765-13770, 1998; Sayos et al. Nature 395:462-469, 1998; Rigaud et al. Nature 444:110-114, 2006). This procedure describes a technique that can be efficiently used to detect SAP and XIAP by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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8
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Proust R, Bertoglio J, Gesbert F. The adaptor protein SAP directly associates with CD3ζ chain and regulates T cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43200. [PMID: 22912825 PMCID: PMC3418226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations altering the gene encoding the SLAM associated protein (SAP) are responsible for the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease or XLP1. Its absence is correlated with a defective NKT cells development, a decrease in B cell functions and a reduced T cells and NK cells cytotoxic activities, thus leading to an immunodeficiency syndrome. SAP is a small 128 amino-acid long protein that is almost exclusively composed of an SH2 domain. It has been shown to interact with the CD150/SLAM family of receptors, and in a non-canonical manner with SH3 containing proteins such as Fyn, βPIX, PKCθ and Nck1. It would thus play the role of a minimal adaptor protein. It has been shown that SAP plays an important function in the activation of T cells through its interaction with the SLAM family of receptors. Therefore SAP defective T cells display a reduced activation of signaling events downstream of the TCR-CD3 complex triggering. In the present work, we evidence that SAP is a direct interactor of the CD3ζ chain. This direct interaction occurs through the first ITAM of CD3ζ, proximal to the membrane. Additionally, we show that, in the context of the TCR-CD3 signaling, an Sh-RNA mediated silencing of SAP is responsible for a decrease of several canonical T cell signaling pathways including Erk, Akt and PLCγ1 and to a reduced induction of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA. Altogether, we show that SAP plays a central function in the T cell activation processes through a direct association with the CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Proust
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1004, Université Paris-Sud, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Bertoglio
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S749, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1004, Université Paris-Sud, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sun C, Fu B, Gao Y, Liao X, Sun R, Tian Z, Wei H. TGF-β1 down-regulation of NKG2D/DAP10 and 2B4/SAP expression on human NK cells contributes to HBV persistence. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002594. [PMID: 22438812 PMCID: PMC3305436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear. We investigated the role of innate immune responses to persistent HBV infection in 154 HBV-infected patients and 95 healthy controls. The expression of NKG2D- and 2B4-activating receptors on NK cells was significantly decreased, and moreover, the expression of DAP10 and SAP, the intracellular adaptor proteins of NKG2D and 2B4 (respectively), were lower, which then impaired NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity and interferon-γ production. Higher concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were found in sera from persistently infected HBV patients. TGF-β1 down-regulated the expression of NKG2D and 2B4 on NK cells in our in vitro study, leading to an impairment of their effector functions. Anti-TGF-β1 antibodies could restore the expression of NKG2D and 2B4 on NK cells in vitro. Furthermore, TGF-β1 induced cell-cycle arrest in NK cells by up-regulating the expression of p15 and p21 in NK cells from immunotolerant (IT) patients. We conclude that TGF-β1 may reduce the expression of NKG2D/DAP10 and 2B4/SAP, and those IT patients who are deficient in these double-activating signals have impaired NK cell function, which is correlated with persistent HBV infection. NK cells have been viewed as the most important effectors of the initial antiviral innate immune response. Their activation depends on the integration of signals from “co-activation” receptors, and the cytotoxic effects of NK cells on target cells are tempered by a need for combined signals from multiple activating receptors, such as NKG2D and 2B4. In this study, we showed that NKG2D and 2B4 expression levels were decreased on NK cells from patients in the IT phase of HBV infection. We further demonstrated that lower levels of intracellular adaptor proteins (DAP10 and SAP) were associated with lower surface expression of NKG2D and 2B4. As a result, the synergistically co-activated signalling pathway initiated by NKG2D and 2B4 did not operate properly in IT-phase patients. We demonstrated that high levels of soluble TGF-β1 were associated with the reduction of NKG2D and 2B4 in patients. In addition, we showed that TGF-β1 causes the cell-cycle arrest of NK cells by up-regulating the levels of p15 and p21 in NK cells from IT patients. Collectively, these findings may contribute to our understanding of the immune tolerance mechanism and aid in the development of novel therapeutic methods to clear HBV infection during the initial phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Liver Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (ZT); (HW)
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (ZT); (HW)
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Palendira U, Low C, Chan A, Hislop AD, Ho E, Phan TG, Deenick E, Cook MC, Riminton DS, Choo S, Loh R, Alvaro F, Booth C, Gaspar HB, Moretta A, Khanna R, Rickinson AB, Tangye SG. Molecular pathogenesis of EBV susceptibility in XLP as revealed by analysis of female carriers with heterozygous expression of SAP. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001187. [PMID: 22069374 PMCID: PMC3206011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in SH2D1A which encodes SAP. SAP functions in signalling pathways elicited by the SLAM family of leukocyte receptors. A defining feature of XLP is exquisite sensitivity to infection with EBV, a B-lymphotropic virus, but not other viruses. Although previous studies have identified defects in lymphocytes from XLP patients, the unique role of SAP in controlling EBV infection remains unresolved. We describe a novel approach to this question using female XLP carriers who, due to random X-inactivation, contain both SAP(+) and SAP(-) cells. This represents the human equivalent of a mixed bone marrow chimera in mice. While memory CD8(+) T cells specific for CMV and influenza were distributed across SAP(+) and SAP(-) populations, EBV-specific cells were exclusively SAP(+). The preferential recruitment of SAP(+) cells by EBV reflected the tropism of EBV for B cells, and the requirement for SAP expression in CD8(+) T cells for them to respond to Ag-presentation by B cells, but not other cell types. The inability of SAP(-) clones to respond to Ag-presenting B cells was overcome by blocking the SLAM receptors NTB-A and 2B4, while ectopic expression of NTB-A on fibroblasts inhibited cytotoxicity of SAP(-) CD8(+) T cells, thereby demonstrating that SLAM receptors acquire inhibitory function in the absence of SAP. The innovative XLP carrier model allowed us to unravel the mechanisms underlying the unique susceptibility of XLP patients to EBV infection in the absence of a relevant animal model. We found that this reflected the nature of the Ag-presenting cell, rather than EBV itself. Our data also identified a pathological signalling pathway that could be targeted to treat patients with severe EBV infection. This system may allow the study of other human diseases where heterozygous gene expression from random X-chromosome inactivation can be exploited.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD48 Antigen
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Genotype
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- X Chromosome Inactivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaimainthan Palendira
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Low
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna Chan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Ho
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elissa Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - D. Sean Riminton
- Department of Immunology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Loh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank Alvaro
- Pediatric Hematology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Booth
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - H. Bobby Gaspar
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Yong T, Sun A, Henry MD, Meyers S, Davis JN. Down regulation of CSL activity inhibits cell proliferation in prostate and breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2340-51. [PMID: 21520243 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Notch receptor pathway provides a paradigm for juxtacrine signaling pathways and controls stem cell function, developmental cell fate decisions, and cellular differentiation. The Notch pathway is constitutively activated in human cancers by chromosomal rearrangements, activating point mutations, or altered expression patterns. Therefore, the Notch pathway is the subject of chemotherapeutic intervention in a variety of human cancers. Notch receptor activation results in the gamma-secretase dependent proteolytic cleavage of the receptor to liberate the Notch intracellular domain that acts to mediate co-activator recruitment to the DNA binding transcription factor, CSL (CBF-1/RBP-Jκ, Su(H), Lag-1). Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway by gamma-secretase inhibitors prevents NICD production and regulates CSL-dependent transcriptional activity. To interrogate the loss of CSL activity in breast and prostate cancer cells, we used lentiviral-based shRNA knockdown of CSL. Knockdown of CSL expression was assessed by decreased DNA binding activity and resulted in decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment of these prostate and breast cancer cell lines resulted in minimal growth effects. PCR profiling of Notch pathway genes identified expression changes in few genes (Delta-like-1, Deltex-1, LMO2, and SH2D1A) after CSL knockdown. Consistent with differential effects of GSI on cell survival, GSI treatment failed to recapitulate the gene expression changes observed after CSL knockdown. Thus, CSL inhibition may provide a more effective mechanism to inhibit Notch-pathway dependent cancer cell proliferation as compared to GSI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yong
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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12
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Sandoval C. Case 10-2011: Fever, confusion, and liver failure. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:185-6; author reply 187. [PMID: 21751931 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Yang X, Wang J, An YF, Kanegane H, Miyawaki T, Zhao XD. [Genetic and proteinic analysis of a Chinese boy with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and his maternal relatives]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2011; 49:416-420. [PMID: 21924052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a genetic disorder characterized by immunodeficiency to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, has been linked to mutations in the SH2D1A gene. XLP patient displays EBV associated fulminant infectious mononucleosis or hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis, hypogammaglobulinemia or malignant lymphoma. Here we report the clinical features, gene mutation and SAP expression on PBMCs of a Chinese patient with XLP and potential carriers. METHOD A 6 years old male patient and his maternal relatives were enrolled in this study. The patient was found to have with a renal Burkitt lymphoma on the right waist at 5 years of age by accident. His elder brother and a maternally related cousin both died of multiple systemic organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) due to fulminant infectious mononucleosis (FIM) at the age of one year. The patient and his maternal relatives were subjected to detection of SAP expression on the PBMCs by flow cytometry and gene mutation analysis of SH2D1A by using PCR based on genomic DNA. RESULT The patient exhibited 536.9 copy/ml level of circulating EBV-DNA during remission. Sequence analysis showed that the patient harbored a nonsense mutation in exon 2 (C462T), resulting in a premature stop codon (Arg55X). His mother and some of the maternal relatives were proved to be carriers of this mutation. SAP expression from the patient was significantly reduced as compared to normal individual and the carriers. CONCLUSION We identified a Chinese XLP case genetically. Assessment of SAP expression on PBMCs by flow cytometry seemed to be an effective rapid diagnostic method for this disease. Absence of EBV infection does not diminish the possibility of XLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Yurchenko M, Shlapatska LM, Romanets OL, Ganshevskiy D, Kashuba E, Zamoshnikova A, Ushenin YV, Snopok BA, Sidorenko SP. CD150-mediated Akt signalling pathway in normal and malignant B cells. Exp Oncol 2011; 33:9-18. [PMID: 21423089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study upstream and downstream events in CD150-mediated Akt signaling pathway in normal human B cells, EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid (LCL) and malignant Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) B cell lines. METHODS To access protein-protein interaction we applied immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. A novel modification of SPR technique using reduced glutathione bound to golden surface was proposed. Immunostaining and isolation of cytoplasmic fractions and nuclear extracts were performed to detect proteins' localization in cells. Western blot analysis was performed to follow up the phosphorylation of proteins on specific sites and proteins' expression level. RESULTS It was shown that CD150 ligation induced Akt activation in normal tonsillar B cells (TBC), SH2D1A positive LCL and HL B cell lines. The p85α subunit of PI3K co-precipitated with CD150 cytoplasmic tail. This direct association depends on tyrosine phosphorylation and is mediated by N terminal SH2 domain of p85α. CD150 initiated phosphorylation of FoxO1 transcription factor in normal B cells as well as in LCL MP-1 and HL cell line L1236. At the same time, CD150 ligation triggered GSK-3β kinase phosphorylation only in immortalized LCL MP-1 and HL cell line L1236. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that CD150 receptor could trigger PI3K-mediated Akt signaling pathway in normal, EBV-transformed and malignant B cells. CD150-mediated phosphorylation of Akt downstream targets GSK-3β and FoxO1 in EBV-transformed and HL cells could be one of the mechanisms to avoid apoptosis and support survival program in these immortalized B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yurchenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
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15
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Detre C, Keszei M, Romero X, Tsokos GC, Terhorst C. SLAM family receptors and the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) modulate T cell functions. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:157-71. [PMID: 20146065 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One or more of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family (SLAMF) of cell surface receptors, which consists of nine transmembrane proteins, i.e., SLAMF1-9, are expressed on most hematopoietic cells. While most SLAMF receptors serve as self-ligands, SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 use each other as counter structures. Six of the receptors carry one or more copies of a unique intracellular tyrosine-based switch motif, which has high affinity for the single SH2-domain signaling molecules SLAM-associated protein and EAT-2. Whereas SLAMF receptors are costimulatory molecules on the surface of CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer (NK) T cells, they also involved in early phases of lineage commitment during hematopoiesis. SLAMF receptors regulate T lymphocyte development and function and modulate lytic activity, cytokine production, and major histocompatibility complex-independent cell inhibition of NK cells. Furthermore, they modulate B cell activation and memory generation, neutrophil, dendritic cell, macrophage and eosinophil function, and platelet aggregation. In this review, we will discuss the role of SLAM receptors and their adapters in T cell function, and we will examine the role of these receptors and their adapters in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their contribution to disease susceptibility in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Detre
- BIDMC Division of Immunology, Harvard Center for Life Sciences, Rm. CLS 938, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Enose-Akahata Y, Matsuura E, Oh U, Jacobson S. High expression of CD244 and SAP regulated CD8 T cell responses of patients with HTLV-I associated neurologic disease. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000682. [PMID: 19997502 PMCID: PMC2779586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-I-specific CD8+ T cells have been characterized with high frequencies in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid and production of proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to central nervous system inflammation in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, little is known about the differences in CD8+ T cell activation status between asymptomatic carrier (ACs) and patients with HAM/TSP. The expression of CD244, a signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, was significantly higher on CD8+ T cells in HTLV-I-infected patients, both ACs and patients with HAM/TSP, than those on healthy normal donors (NDs). Blockade of CD244 inhibited degranulation and IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, suggesting that CD244 is associated with effector functions of CD8+ T cells in patients with HAM/TSP. Moreover, SLAM-associated protein (SAP) was overexpressed in patients with HAM/TSP compared to ACs and NDs. SAP expression in Tax-specific CTLs was correlated in the HTLV-I proviral DNA loads and the frequency of the cells in HTLV-I-infected patients. SAP knockdown by siRNA also inhibited IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP. Thus, the CD244/SAP pathway was involved in the active regulation of CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, and may play roles in promoting inflammatory neurological disease. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that persistently infects 20 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, but 5–10% of infected people develop either adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or a chronic, progressive neurological disease termed HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) inflammation including HTLV-I-specific CD8+ T cells where disease progression and pathogenesis is associated with a dysregulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, although the mechanism of this dysregulation remains to be defined. Here we demonstrate that a signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, CD244, was overexpressed on CD8+ T cells of HTLV-I-infected patients than those of healthy normal donors, and that the upregulation of the adaptor protein, SAP, in CD8+ T cells distinguished HTLV-I infected individuals with and without neurologic disease. Both CD244 and SAP were associated with effector functions (high expression of IFN-γ) of CD8+ T cells in patients with HAM/TSP. This finding has important implication for T cell-mediated pathogenesis in human chronic viral infection associated with imbalance of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Unsong Oh
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bird JA, McClain KL, Rosenblatt HM, Abramson SL, Hanson IC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with x-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30:458-62. [PMID: 19772767 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2009.30.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a primary immunodeficiency affecting approximately 1 to 3 per million live male births. Patients are generally healthy until facing a viral infection such as Epstein-Barr Virus and then may develop fulminant infectious mononucleosis and die. XLP patients are also at increased risk of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which may be triggered by assorted viruses. Here we report a novel case of HLH in a patient with XLP. Significant to his presentation is a paradoxical increase in natural killer (NK) cell activity. We hypothesize that this indicates that Parvovirus B19 activates NK cells via a signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP)-independent mechanism. Our case demonstrates an important etiology to consider in the differential diagnosis of XLP patients with nonfocal findings and febrile illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Bird
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Rumble JM, Oetjen KA, Stein PL, Schwartzberg PL, Moore BB, Duckett CS. Phenotypic differences between mice deficient in XIAP and SAP, two factors targeted in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP). Cell Immunol 2009; 259:82-9. [PMID: 19595300 PMCID: PMC2744477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) have recently been identified in patients with the rare genetic disease, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), which was previously thought to be solely attributable to mutations in a distinct gene, SAP. To further understand the roles of these two factors in the pathogenesis of XLP, we have compared mice deficient in Xiap with known phenotypes of Sap-null mice. We show here that in contrast to Sap-deficient mice, animals lacking Xiap have apparently normal NKT cell development and no apparent defect in humoral responses to T cell-dependent antigens. However, Xiap-deficient cells were more susceptible to death upon infection with the murine herpesvirus MHV-68 and gave rise to more infectious virus. These differences could be rescued by restoration of XIAP. These data provide insight into the differing roles of XIAP and SAP in the pathogenesis of XLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Rumble
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Karolyn A. Oetjen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Paul L. Stein
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Colin S. Duckett
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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19
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Oertelt S, Kenny TP, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Podda M, Gershwin ME. SNP analysis of genes implicated in T cell proliferation in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 12:259-63. [PMID: 16584111 PMCID: PMC2270736 DOI: 10.1080/17402520500317859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) have focused on
the role of T lymphocytes as potential effectors of tissue injury. We hypothesized
that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in lymphocyte
proliferation would be responsible for uncontrolled expansion of T cells and
autoreactivity. To address this, we genotyped DNA from 154 patients with PBC
and 166 ethnically matched healthy controls for SNPs of five candidate genes
(60G/A CTLA-4, 1858 C/T LYP, -IVS9 C/T foxp3, p1323 C/G ICOS and -9606 T/C
CD25) using a TaqMan assay. We report herein a statistically significant decrease in homozygosity rate
for the 60A⋆CTLA-4 allele in patients with PBC compared to controls (p = 0.0411).
Moreover, we found a significant association of the same allele and of the LYP⋆T
allele with anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) serum negativity (p = 0.0304 and
0.0094, respectively). No association between any of the other studied SNPs and
PBC susceptibility, progression, or AMA status was observed. In conclusion, given
the high prevalence of SNPs in CTLA-4 detected in numerous autoimmune
diseases, we encourage a more detailed genetic analysis of this candidate gene.
Further, although obtained from a limited number of AMA-negative subjects, our
data suggest a potential genetic
heterogeneity for this specific subgroup of patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oertelt
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Mehrle S, Schmidt J, Büchler MW, Watzl C, Märten A. Enhancement of anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo by CD150 and SAP. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:796-804. [PMID: 17692919 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, CD150) is a co-stimulatory receptor involved in T cell activation. The activity of CD150 is dependent on the intracellular signaling molecule SAP. Here, we investigated anti-CD3 activated human lymphocytes, transfected either with CD150-plasmid or with CD150- or SAP-siRNA in cytotoxicity assays against human colon cancer cells in vitro and in a xenograft model (CB/Scid/CrL mice) in vivo. Up-regulation or silencing of CD150 was accompanied by increased or decreased cytotoxic activity, respectively. Similar effects could also be shown in an IFN-gamma ELISpot assay. Furthermore, CD150 co-localized after activation with lipid rafts in specific membrane compartments on CD8 T cells. Treatment of xenografted mice with CD150 over-expressing lymphocytes decelerated tumor growth significantly. Lymphocytes were detectable in spleen 18 days after injection and expressed mainly CD8, CD45RO and CD150 above average. In conclusion, over-expression of CD150 in lymphocytes is accompanied with enhanced cytotoxic activity and IFN-gamma secretion in vitro and anti-tumor activity in vivo, whereas silencing of CD150 down-regulates effector functions. Adoptive cell transfer of CD150 over-expressing lymphocytes results in an accumulation of CD8, CD45RO and CD150 cells in tumor and spleen indicating together with the observed CD150 co-localization with lipid rafts that CD150 mediates a Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mehrle
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Lee WI, Huang JL, Kuo ML, Lin SJ, Chen LC, Chen MT, Jaing TH. Analysis of genetic defects in patients with the common variable immunodeficiency phenotype in a single Taiwanese tertiary care hospital. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99:433-42. [PMID: 18051214 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven known genetic defects, including Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), CD4OL, and signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) (all X-linked) and inducible costimulator molecule (ICOS), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cytophilin ligand interactor (TACI), B-cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis family receptor (BAFFR), and CD19 (all autosomal recessive), were found in patients with the phenotype of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). OBJECTIVE To investigate these 7 candidate protein expressions and candidate gene sequences for comprehensive analysis of known genetic defects in patients with CVID. METHODS These 7 candidate protein expressions were evaluated by flow cytometry or Western blot, and candidate genes were evaluated by direct sequencing. RESULTS Of 9 CVID patients from a single Taiwanese tertiary care hospital, we identified 2 cousins with decreased Btk expression who had a mutated (Asp521Val) kinase domain of Btk (1694A>T in exon 15) and 1 patient with decreased CD40L expression who had a mutated (Thr254Met) extracellular domain of CD40L (782T>C in exon 5). CONCLUSION This comprehensive approach revealed that, in Taiwan, in some patients mild forms of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hyper-IgM syndrome caused the CVID phenotype. No mutations of SAP, ICOS, TACI, BAFFR, and CD19 were identified in this study, although selection bias among the small study population and genetic variation may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Lee
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Quiroga MF, Jurado JO, Martínez GJ, Pasquinelli V, Musella RM, Abbate E, Issekutz AC, Bracco MM, Malbran A, Sieling PA, Chuluyan E, García VE. Cross‐Talk between CD31 and the Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule–Associated Protein during Interferon‐γ Production againstMycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1369-78. [PMID: 17922402 DOI: 10.1086/522522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Quiroga
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Roncador G, García Verdes-Montenegro JF, Tedoldi S, Paterson JC, Klapper W, Ballabio E, Maestre L, Pileri S, Hansmann ML, Piris MA, Mason DY, Marafioti T. Expression of two markers of germinal center T cells (SAP and PD-1) in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2007; 92:1059-66. [PMID: 17640856 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the present paper we report that SAP, an intracytoplasmic molecule that is involved in cell signaling, is an immunohistologic marker for germinal center T cells in paraffin-embedded tissue. We document its expression, and also that of PD-1 (another recently described marker of germinal center T cells to which a new antibody has been raised), in normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissue to evaluate the suggestion that helper T cells within the germinal centers of human lymphoid tissue are the cell of origin of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), and to assess the diagnostic value of these two markers. DESIGN AND METHODS Expression of SAP and PD-1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue sections and in cell lines. Western blotting was performed on cell lines, and antibody specificity was confirmed by immunostaining of transfected cells. RESULTS Screening on more than 500 lymphoma biopsies showed that 95% (40/42) of cases of AITL expressed at least one of these markers. SAP was also expressed on many cases (15/21) of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia, in keeping with its presence in cortical thymocytes. However, PD-1 and SAP were also found in a minority of cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma other than AITL, in contrast to a report that the former marker is specific for AITL. This observation raises the possibility that such non-angioimmunoblastic cases may be related to germinal center helper T cells. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS These two markers provide additional evidence that AITL arises from germinal center T cells. They may also prove of value in the diagnosis of this disease since a negative reaction was rarely observed in this disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/analysis
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/analysis
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Hodgkin Disease/metabolism
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/metabolism
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/pathology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/analysis
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/chemistry
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/chemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Palatine Tonsil/pathology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Unit, Biotechnology Program,Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/genetics
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/immunology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
- Fatal Outcome
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Limbic Encephalitis/genetics
- Limbic Encephalitis/immunology
- Limbic Encephalitis/physiopathology
- Limbic System/pathology
- Limbic System/physiopathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/complications
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Male
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Temporal Lobe/pathology
- Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
- Treatment Failure
- Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/genetics
- Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/immunology
- Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Verhelst
- Departments of Child Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
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Clarkson NG, Simmonds SJ, Puklavec MJ, Brown MH. Direct and indirect interactions of the cytoplasmic region of CD244 (2B4) in mice and humans with FYN kinase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25385-94. [PMID: 17599905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the receptor CD244 (2B4) by its ligand CD48 has inhibitory and activating potential, and this differs depending on experimental systems in mouse and human. We show that, in both mouse and human upon engagement of its ligand CD48, CD244 can give a negative signal to natural killer cells, implying conservation of function between the two species. The signaling mechanisms used by CD244 in both human and mouse are conserved as shown by quantitative analyses of the direct molecular interactions of the SH2 domains of the adaptors SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EAT-2 and of FYN kinase with CD244 together with the indirect interactions of the FYN SH2 domain with EAT-2. Functional experiments support the biochemical hierarchy of interactions and show that EAT-2 is not inhibitory per se. The data are consistent with a model in which the mechanism of signal transduction by CD244 is to regulate FYN kinase recruitment and/or activity and the outcome of CD48/CD244 interactions is determined by which other receptors are engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Clarkson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
SAP (SLAM-associated protein) was identified in 1998 as an adaptor molecule involved in the intracellular signaling pathways elicited through the cell surface receptor SLAM and as the protein defective in the human immunodeficiency X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). During the past eight years, it has been established that the SLAM family of cell surface receptors (SLAM, 2B4, NTB-A, Ly9, CD84) and the SAP family of adaptors (SAP, EAT-2, ERT) play critical roles in lymphocyte development, differentiation, and acquisition of effector functions. Studies of these proteins have shown unexpected roles in cytokine production by T cells and myeloid cells, T cell-dependent humoral immune responses, NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and NKT cell development. This review highlights recent findings that have improved our understanding of the roles of the SLAM and SAP families of molecules in immune regulation and discusses how perturbations in the signaling pathways involving these proteins can result in different disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, 2010, New South Wales, Australia.
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28
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Chen G, Tai AK, Lin M, Chang F, Terhorst C, Huber BT. Increased proliferation of CD8+ T cells in SAP-deficient mice is associated with impaired activation-induced cell death. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:663-74. [PMID: 17266174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Defective signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is responsible for the human X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Defects in T helper 2, natural killer, natural killer T and B cells have been demonstrated in SAP-deficient humans and mice, and increased proliferation of CD8+ T cells has been observed. In the current study, we investigated the properties of CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation-induced cell death (AICD), using OT-I T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice on either wild-type (WT) or SAP-/- background. Interestingly, we found that ovalbumin peptide-activated SAP-/- CD8+ T cells have lower AICD compared to their WT counterparts. Furthermore, the induction of p73, a key mediator of TCR-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, was significantly reduced at both the mRNA and protein levels in the activated mutant cells. Meanwhile, a reduced level of activated caspase 9 was observed in the mutant cells. We conclude that reduced AICD in activated SAP-/- CD8+ T cells is associated with impaired p73 induction, indicating that the initiation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway might be impaired. Our data demonstrate an intrinsic defect in SAP-/- CD8+ T cells and shed light on the increased responsiveness of CD8+ T cells in SAP-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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29
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Kim IJ, Burkum CE, Cookenham T, Schwartzberg PL, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Perturbation of B cell activation in SLAM-associated protein-deficient mice is associated with changes in gammaherpesvirus latency reservoirs. J Immunol 2007; 178:1692-701. [PMID: 17237419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP)) interactions with SLAM family proteins play important roles in immune function. SAP-deficient mice have defective B cell function, including impairment of germinal center formation, production of class-switched Ig, and development of memory B cells. B cells are the major reservoir of latency for both EBV and the homologous murine gammaherpesvirus, gammaherpesvirus 68. There is a strong association between the B cell life cycle and viral latency in that the virus preferentially establishes latency in activated germinal center B cells, which provides access to memory B cells, a major reservoir of long-term latency. In the current studies, we have analyzed the establishment and maintenance of gammaHV68 latency in wild-type and SAP-deficient mice. The results show that, despite SAP-associated defects in germinal center and memory B cell formation, latency was established and maintained in memory B cells at comparable frequencies to wild-type mice, although the paucity of memory B cells translated into a 10-fold reduction in latent load. Furthermore, there were defects in normal latency reservoirs within the germinal center cells and IgD(+)"naive" B cells in SAP-deficient mice, showing a profound effect of the SAP mutation on latency reservoirs.
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Abstract
We cloned the SLAM associated protein (SAP) gene in 1995. In 1998, it was discovered that the SAP gene was defective in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Subsequently, details on the key role of life-long immune memory (vaccination) and of life-long autoantibody production in patients suffering from autoimmune disease have been revealed. In this paper, we discuss the dual nature of SAP in humans: its beneficial effect on life-long immune memory (vaccination) and its harmful effect on life-long autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Sawada
- Department of Rheumatology and Hematology, Nihon University Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Abstract
Ab is a crucial component of protective immunity to infection, but Ab responses do not proceed normally when defects occur in a protein called signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP). To explain this Ab defect, we analyzed B cell and plasma cell responses under conditions of SAP deficiency. Our results demonstrate that SAP-deficient (SAP knockout (KO)) mice have a profound CD4 T cell-intrinsic defect in generating Ag-specific plasma cells following challenge with model Ags or influenza virus, resulting in low Ag-specific Ab titers. We also show that SAP is required in CD4 T cells for normal division and expansion of B cells. These B cell and plasma cell defects were observed during the expansion phase of the primary immune response, indicating early defects in Th cell activity. In fact, additional experiments revealed a nearly complete lack of T cell help for B cells in SAP KO mice. Our work suggests that the ability of SAP to promote T-dependent humoral immune responses is important for antiviral immunity because mice lacking SAP are unable to prevent high dose secondary influenza infection, and because passive transfer of IgG in immune serum from wild-type, but not SAP KO mice can protect mice from an otherwise lethal influenza infection. Overall, our results demonstrate that SAP is required in CD4 T cells for their ability to help B cell responses and promote influenza-specific immunity.
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32
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Zhu DX, Du J, Lan HK, Yu L, Feng ZC. [Clinical and gene research of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease in a Chinese family]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87:244-8. [PMID: 17425868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the pathogenesis in Chinese and to investigate the genetic rule of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) therein. METHODS The case history of a proband of XLP, male, aged 1 year and 5 months, who died 40 days after hospitalization, was reviewed. Fourteen his family members were interviewed for the development history, anamnesis, and underwent physical examination. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP-PCR) and sequencing were used to detect the SH2D1A mutation among the elder sister, younger brother, and parents of the poband. RESULTS The proband and his elder brother suffered with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome and both died in 40 days after the disease coming on in the last two years in succession. The second exon of SH2D1A of the younger brother of the proband showed a nonsense mutation in SH2D1A gene: the C-T nucleotide substitution at nucleotide position 462 result in a stop codon and pre-mature termination of protein synthesis. The mother was proved as mutation heterozygote of the C and T nucleotide on the same site. The other members of the family were proved normal. The clinical manifestation of the younger brother of the proband was Langerhans cell histiocytosis. CONCLUSION Langerhans cell histiocytosis may be a new clinical phenotype of XLP. The gene of SH2D1A is responsible for the disease of XLP in Chinese too. The newly developed method of SH2D1A mutation analysis may be suitable in the diagnosis of XLP in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-xin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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33
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Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activating molecule (SLAM) family receptors and SLAM-associated protein (SAP)-related adapters play several important roles in the immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells express at least three members of the SLAM family. They are 2B4, NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A), and CD2-like receptor-activating cytotoxic cells (CRACC), which recognize their respective ligands CD48, NTB-A, and CRACC on target cells and possibly on other NK cells. In mature human NK cells, SLAM family receptors appear to have activating functions. In mature mouse NK cells, however, the only available information is for 2B4, which reportedly has the capacity to either stimulate or inhibit NK cell activation. The ability of SLAM family receptors to regulate NK cell functions seems to be largely dependent on their capacity to associate, by way of their cytoplasmic domain, with members of the SAP family of adapters, including SAP, Ewing's sarcoma-activated transcript-2 (EAT-2), and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). By binding to SAP, SLAM family receptors are coupled to the Src kinase FynT, thereby evoking protein tyrosine phosphorylation signals. In human NK cells, SAP is likely to be crucial for the activating function of 2B4 and NTB-A but not of CRACC and also crucial for the activating function of 2B4 in mouse NK cells. EAT-2. SAP is ERT link SLAM family receptors to distinct, albeit poorly understood, signals. These two SAP-related adapters may be implicated in the inhibitory function of 2B4 observed in mouse NK cells. While much work remains to be carried out to fully understand the roles and mechanisms of action of the SLAM and SAP families in human and mouse NK cells, the published findings clearly establish that these molecules have important functions in NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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34
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Chan AY, Westcott JM, Mooney JM, Wakeland EK, Schatzle JD. The role of SAP and the SLAM family in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:656-64. [PMID: 17011767 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors and their associated signaling adaptors play a pivotal role in the regulation of various stages of cellular immunity. They regulate lymphocyte-lymphocyte interactions involved in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Recent evidence indicates that members of this family of receptors and signaling intermediates are also involved in autoimmunity. These include strictly correlative studies showing increased expression of various family members in immune effectors involved in rheumatoid arthritis and in inflammatory bowel disease, as well as more direct evidence (from various knockout strains of mice) for their role in autoimmune processes such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and lupus. Additional studies defining naturally occurring polymorphic variations in the SLAM family show a direct role in initiating the break in tolerance that is an essential step in the progression towards autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Chan
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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35
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Crotty S, McCausland MM, Aubert RD, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R. Hypogammaglobulinemia and exacerbated CD8 T-cell–mediated immunopathology in SAP-deficient mice with chronic LCMV infection mimics human XLP disease. Blood 2006; 108:3085-93. [PMID: 16788096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-018929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe human genetic disease X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), which is caused by mutations in SH2D1A/SAP that encode SLAM-associated protein (SAP), is characterized by an inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hypogammaglobulinemia. It is unclear which aspects of XLP disease are specific to herpesvirus infection and which reflect general immunologic functions performed by SAP. We examined SAP– mice during a chronic LCMV infection, specifically to address the following question: Which SAP deficiency immunologic problems are general, and which are EBV specific? Illness, weight loss, and prolonged viral replication were much more severe in SAP– mice. Aggressive immunopathology was observed. This inability to control chronic LCMV was associated with both CD8 T-cell and B-cell response defects. Importantly, we demonstrate that SAP– CD8 T cells are the primary cause of the immunopathology and clinical illness, because depletion of CD8 T cells blocked disease. This is the first direct demonstration of SAP– CD8 T-cell–mediated immunopathology, confirming 30 years of XLP clinical observations and indirect experimentation. In addition, germinal center formation was extremely defective in chronically infected SAP– animals, and hypogammaglobulinemia was observed. These findings in a chronic viral infection mouse model recapitulate key features of human XLP and clarify SAP's critical role regulating both cellular and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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36
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Gu C, Tangye SG, Sun X, Luo Y, Lin Z, Wu J. The X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product SAP associates with PAK-interacting exchange factor and participates in T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14447-52. [PMID: 16983070 PMCID: PMC1599982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606624103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule)-associated protein (SAP) is a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adaptor expressed in T cells and natural killer cells. Its essential role in immune responses is underscored by the recent finding that mutations in SAP result in a rare but fatal X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). Although SAP is known to associate with SLAM-family receptors, the exact molecular mechanism by which SAP regulates lymphocyte signaling remains elusive. We here report that in T cells, SAP associates with the PAK-interacting exchange factor (PIX), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) specific for Rac/Cdc42 GTPases. Moreover, SAP, PIX, and an activated form of Cdc42 form a complex in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that the SAP-PIX interaction is specific and is mediated by the C-terminal region of the SAP SH2 domain and the PIX SH3 domain. We further show that SAP is required for the recruitment of PIX to the SLAM-family receptors. Interestingly, overexpression of SAP, but not its homolog EAT-2, leads to a synergistic activation of nuclear factor of activating T cells (NFAT) in combination with a calcium signal in T cells. This SAP-mediated activation appears to be receptor-dependent and can be blocked by a dominant negative form of PIX. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that, in addition to the known SAP-interacting kinase Fyn, PIX may be another key player in SAP-mediated T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Gu
- *Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; and
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- Chinese National Genome Center
- Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; and
| | - Ying Luo
- *Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- Chinese National Genome Center
- Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; and
- GNI Ltd., 4-2-12 Toranomon, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
| | - Zhixin Lin
- *Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jun Wu
- *Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- Chinese National Genome Center
- Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; and
- GNI Ltd., 4-2-12 Toranomon, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Engagement of NTB-A on human NK cells by homophilic interaction with NTB-A-expressing target cells can trigger NK cell cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and proliferation. To better understand how NTB-A can activate NK cells, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms of NTB-A signaling. We show that NTB-A is tyrosine phosphorylated in unstimulated human NK cells and associates with SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EAT-2. This phosphorylation of NTB-A is mediated by Src family kinases and is most likely a result of the homophilic interaction of NTB-A among neighboring NK cells. Stimulation of NK cells by NTB-A-positive targets results in increased NTB-A phosphorylation. The cytoplasmic tail of NTB-A contains three tyrosines, two of which are embedded within an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif. We generated a NTB-A-negative NK cell line, in which we expressed different mutants of NTB-A. Functional studies showed that the second tyrosine is sufficient and essential for NTB-A-mediated cytotoxicity. EAT-2, but not SAP, is recruited to this second tyrosine, indicating that SAP may be dispensable for this NTB-A function. To further investigate this, we silenced SAP expression in NK cell lines. Functional analysis of these cells showed that NTB-A can mediate NK cell cytotoxicity in the absence of SAP, probably via EAT-2. In contrast, NTB-A-mediated IFN-gamma production was greatly reduced in the absence of SAP, demonstrating that cytokine production and cytotoxicity are differentially dependent on SAP and possibly EAT-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eissmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Hare NJ, Ma CS, Alvaro F, Nichols KE, Tangye SG. Missense mutations in SH2D1A identified in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease differentially affect the expression and function of SAP. Int Immunol 2006; 18:1055-65. [PMID: 16720617 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in SH2D1A, which encodes signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). In addition to SLAM, SAP associates with several other cell-surface receptors including 2B4 (CD244), Ly9 (CD229), CD84 and NTB-A. SAP contains a single src-homology-2 domain and acts as an intracellular adaptor protein by recruiting the protein tyrosine kinase FynT to the cytoplasmic domains of some of these receptors, which results in the initiation of specific downstream signal transduction pathways. XLP is likely to result from perturbed signalling through one or more of these SAP-associating receptors. In this study, we identified missense (Y54C, I84T and F87S) and insertion (fs82 --> X103) mutations in four different kindreds affected by XLP. Each mutation dramatically reduced the half-life of SAP, thus diminishing its expression in primary lymphocytes as well as in transfected cell lines. Interestingly, although the Y54C and F87S mutations compromised the ability of SAP to associate with different receptors, the I84T mutation had no effect on the ability of SAP to bind SLAM, CD84 or 2B4. However, signalling downstream of SLAM was reduced in the presence of SAP bearing the I84T mutation. These findings indicate that, irrespective of the type of mutation, signalling through SAP-associating receptors in XLP can be impaired by reducing the expression of SAP, the ability of SAP to bind surface receptors and/or its ability to activate signal transduction downstream of the SLAM-SAP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Hare
- Lymphocyte Differentiation, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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39
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Gao N, Schwartzberg P, Wilder JA, Blazar BR, Yuan D. B cell induction of IL-13 expression in NK cells: role of CD244 and SLAM-associated protein. J Immunol 2006; 176:2758-64. [PMID: 16493031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are an important component of the innate immune system that can also interact with B cells in a mutually productive manner. We have previously shown that activated B cells can induce NK cells to up-regulate their secretion of IFN-gamma. In this study, we show that B cells, and, particularly, marginal zone B cells, can, in addition, induce NK cells via direct cell-cell interactions to express mRNA encoding the Th2 cytokine IL-13. The induction of NK cell IL-13 mRNA expression requires the ligation of the CD244 receptor by the CD48 ligand on B cells via signaling pathways that depend upon expression of the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product, SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP (SLAM-associated protein, or SAP) in NK cells. Thus, the positive signals attributed to the B cell activation of CD244 on murine NK cells appears to be more similar to the activity of CD244 on human cells. The induction of IL-13 mRNA by B cells may account for the effect of NK cells on the generation of Th2-type responses in the presence of some adjuvants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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40
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McLaughlin WA, Hou T, Wang W. Prediction of Binding Sites of Peptide Recognition Domains: An Application on Grb2 and SAP SH2 Domains. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:1322-34. [PMID: 16476443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the binding motif and identification of interaction partners of the modular domains such as SH2 domains can enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of protein-protein interactions. We propose here a new computational method to achieve this goal by integrating the orthogonal information obtained from binding free energy estimation and peptide sequence analysis. We performed a proof-of-concept study on the SH2 domains of SAP and Grb2 proteins. The method involves the following steps: (1) estimating the binding free energy of a set of randomly selected peptides along with a sample of known binders; (2) clustering all these peptides using sequence and energy characteristics; (3) extracting a sequence motif, which is represented by a hidden Markov model (HMM), from the cluster of peptides containing the sample of known binders; and (4) scanning the human proteome to identify binding sites of the domain. The binding motifs of the SAP and Grb2 SH2 domains derived by the method agree well with those determined through experimental studies. Using the derived binding motifs, we have predicted new possible interaction partners for the Grb2 and SAP SH2 domains as well as possible interaction sites for interaction partners already known. We also suggested novel roles for the proteins by reviewing their top interaction candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0359, USA
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41
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Abstract
The signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors is expressed by a wide range of immune cells. Through their cytoplasmic domain, SLAM family receptors associate with SLAM-associated protein (SAP)-related molecules, a group of cytoplasmic adaptors composed almost exclusively of an SRC homology 2 domain. SAP, the prototype of the SAP family, is mutated in a human immunodeficiency named X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. Recent observations indicate that SLAM family receptors, in association with SAP family adaptors, have crucial roles during normal immune reactions in innate and adaptive immune cells. The latest progress in this field is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.
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42
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Abstract
The modulation of antigen receptor signals is important for a productive immune response. The main function of the recently identified members of the signaling lymphocyte activating molecule (SLAM)-related receptors (SRR) is the fine-tuning of immune cell activation. Disruption of SRR function is the cause for severe immune disorders such as X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), where XLP patients carry a mutation in SLAM-associated protein (SAP) (SH2D1A), an important adaptor molecule for the signal transduction of SRR. Recent data also suggest that SRR may play a role in autoimmune diseases and the function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Here, we review the current understanding of SRR function in different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Bhat
- Institute for Immunology, University Heidelberg, INF 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Neurotrophin signaling plays important roles in regulating the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of neurons in the nervous system. Binding of neurotrophins to their cognate receptors Trks induces transactivation and phosphorylation of the receptor at several tyrosine residues. These phosphorylated tyrosine residues then serve as crucial docking sites for adaptor proteins containing a Src homology 2 or phosphotyrosine binding domain, which upon association with the receptor initiates multiple signaling events to mediate the action of neurotrophins. Here we report the identification of a Src homology 2 domain-containing molecule, SLAM-associated protein (SAP), as an interacting protein of TrkB in a yeast two-hybrid screen. SAP was initially identified as an adaptor molecule in SLAM family receptor signaling for regulating interferon-gamma secretion. In the current study, we found that SAP interacted with TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors in vitro and in vivo. Binding of SAP required Trk receptor activation and phosphorylation at the tyrosine 674 residue, which is located in the activation loop of the kinase domain. Overexpression of SAP with Trk attenuated tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors and reduced the binding of SH2B and Shc to TrkB. Moreover, overexpression of SAP in PC12 cells suppressed the nerve growth factor-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and phospholipase Cgamma, in addition to inhibiting neurite outgrowth. In summary, our findings demonstrated that SAP may serve as a negative regulator of Trk receptor activation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Yip Lo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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44
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Lankester AC, Visser LFA, Hartwig NG, Bredius RGM, Gaspar HB, van der Burg M, van Tol MJD, Gross TG, Egeler RM. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: two cases in one family and review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36:99-105. [PMID: 15908972 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a rare immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the signaling lymphocyte activating molecule-associated protein/SH2D1A gene and characterized by a dysregulated immune response to Epstein-Barr virus and other pathogens. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and includes fulminant infectious mononucleosis, lymphoma, hypogammaglobulinemia and aplastic anemia. XLP is associated with a high morbidity and overall outcome is poor. At present, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the only curative treatment. XLP patients may be recognized in various stages of disease and even when symptoms are not yet evident. We here present two related XLP patients in different stages of disease that were both treated successfully with alloSCT using a matched unrelated donor. In addition, we have reviewed all reported cases of alloSCTs in XLP patients. Based on these results and in order to improve the final outcome, we conclude that alloSCT should be recommended in both symptomatic and asymptomatic XLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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Al-Alem U, Li C, Forey N, Relouzat F, Fondanèche MC, Tavtigian SV, Wang ZQ, Latour S, Yin L. Impaired Ig class switch in mice deficient for the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene Sap. Blood 2005; 106:2069-75. [PMID: 15941917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is characterized by abnormal immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus attributed to inactivating mutations of the SAP gene. Previous studies showed immunoglobulin E (IgE) deficiency and low serum IgG levels in Sap-deficient mice before and after viral infections, which are associated with impaired CD4+ T-helper function. In the present work, we find that signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is expressed in B cells and this expression is down-regulated after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). We demonstrate that B cells from Sap-deficient mice exhibit reduced IgG and IgA production in vitro. This impairment correlates with decreased circular transcript levels of Iα, Iγ2a, Iγ2b, and Iγ3 after stimulation, which indicate a defective Ig switch recombination in Sap-deficient B cells. While XLP is believed to cause defects in T, natural killer T (NKT), and natural killer (NK) cells, our results indicate that B cells are also affected. (Blood. 2005;106:2069-2075)
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaima Al-Alem
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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46
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Roncagalli R, Taylor JER, Zhang S, Shi X, Chen R, Cruz-Munoz ME, Yin L, Latour S, Veillette A. Negative regulation of natural killer cell function by EAT-2, a SAP-related adaptor. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:1002-10. [PMID: 16127454 DOI: 10.1038/ni1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
EAT-2 is an adaptor expressed in innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. It is closely related to the adaptor SAP, which regulates signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-related receptors by recruiting the kinase FynT to the receptors. Here we have studied the function of EAT-2 in NK cells by creating mice lacking or overexpressing EAT-2. Like SAP, EAT-2 was associated with the SLAM-related receptor 2B4 in NK cells. However, unlike SAP, EAT-2 was an inhibitor of NK cell function. EAT-2 repressed natural cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion by a mechanism involving tyrosine phosphorylation of its C terminus. We have demonstrated a similar function for the adaptor ERT, a newly identified SAP family member expressed in mouse NK cells. These data identify a previously unknown mechanism of NK cell inhibition. Moreover, they indicate that EAT-2 and SAP have distinct and at times opposing functions in natural immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tyrosine
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Roncagalli
- Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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47
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Chen G, Tai AK, Lin M, Chang F, Terhorst C, Huber BT. Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule-Associated Protein Is a Negative Regulator of the CD8 T Cell Response in Mice. J Immunol 2005; 175:2212-8. [PMID: 16081788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary manifestation of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, caused by a dysfunctional adapter protein, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP), is an excessive T cell response upon EBV infection. Using the SAP-/- mouse as a model system for the human disease, we compared the response of CD8+ T cells from wild-type (wt) and mutant mice to various stimuli. First, we observed that CD8+ T cells from SAP-/- mice proliferate more vigorously than those from wt mice upon CD3/CD28 cross-linking in vitro. Second, we analyzed the consequence of SAP deficiency on CTL effector function and homeostasis. For this purpose, SAP-/- and wt mice were infected with the murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68). At 2 wk postinfection, the level of viral-specific CTL was much higher in mutant than in wt mice, measured both ex vivo and in vivo. In addition, we established that throughout 45 days of MHV-68 infection the frequency of virus-specific CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma was significantly higher in SAP-/- mice. Consequently, the level of latent infection by MHV-68 was considerably lower in SAP-/- mice, which indicates that SAP-/- CTL control this infection more efficiently than wt CTL. Finally, we found that the Vbeta4-specific CD8+ T cell expansion triggered by MHV-68 infection is also enhanced and prolonged in SAP-/- mice. Taken together, our data indicate that SAP functions as a negative regulator of CD8+ T cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- BALB 3T3 Cells
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gammaherpesvirinae/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/virology
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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48
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Chuang HC, Lay JD, Hsieh WC, Wang HC, Chang Y, Chuang SE, Su IJ. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 inhibits the expression of SAP gene and upregulates Th1 cytokines in the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome. Blood 2005; 106:3090-6. [PMID: 16002423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may result in fatal infectious mononucleosis or hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in 2 diseases; that is, X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder (XLP) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). XLP is linked to mutations of the SAP/SH2D1A gene with dysregulated T-cell activation in response to EBV infection. Patients with sporadic HLH, however, usually have no mutation of the SAP/SH2D1A gene, and EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) can up-regulate Th1 cytokines in EBV-infected T cells. Since both diseases share common manifestations of HPS, it is important to clarify whether a cross-talk exists between signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) and LMP1-mediated pathways to explain the common pathogenesis of HPS. In this study, no mutation of the SAP/SH2D1A gene at exon 2/3 was detected in 7 HLH cases. Interestingly, EBV LMP1 could transcriptionally inhibit the expression of SAP/SH2D1A and activate downstream molecules ERK and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). LMP1-mediated SAP/ERK/IFN-gamma signals appear to act via the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2,5/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway, since dominant-negative TRAF2/5 and NF-kappaB inhibitor could rescue SAP expression and downregulate IFN-gamma. Although HLH is genetically distinct from XLP, our data suggest that both diseases share a common signal pathway, through either the mutation or LMP1-mediated suppression of the SAP gene, leading to overt T-cell activation and enhanced Th1 cytokine secretion in response to EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 12C, 138, Sheng-Li Rd, Tainan, Taiwan
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49
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Abstract
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is a small protein that is mutant in humans with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. Patients with XLP disease are affected by fatal EBV infection and malignant B-cell lymphomas. The increased risk for B-cell lymphomas is suggested to result from impaired immunosurveillance of B-cell proliferation by T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of SLAM and SAP in activation of effector cells with cytotoxic activity, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, which are generated by non-specific stimulation of the TCR and addition of exogenous IL-2. Agonistic TCR activation 1 day after preparation (day +1) resulted in cell activation, with a peak of SLAM on day +6 visible at both the protein and mRNA level as well as membrane detectable SLAM. This increase in SLAM expression correlated significantly with SAP expression at the mRNA level as well as at the protein level. Cytotoxic activity peaked 1 day after the observed SAP and SLAM peaks. At that point in time, IL-10 secretion, which was high during the early days of culture, decreased. In conclusion, activation of peripheral blood cells with agonistic anti-CD3 antibody and exogenous IL-2, as used for generation of CIK cells, results in significant SLAM and SAP activation 5 days after TCR stimulation. This peak correlates with cytotoxic activity against tumour cells. Expression of SLAM and SAP seems to be important in the activation of cytotoxic effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mehrle
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Sandberg JK, Ljunggren HG. Development and function of CD1d-restricted NKT cells: influence of sphingolipids, SAP and sex. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:347-9. [PMID: 15925541 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with immunoregulatory properties. They express an invariant and conserved T-cell receptor that recognizes glycolipids presented by CD1d. Manipulation, activation or loss of NKT cells has profound effects on diverse immune functions and can influence desirable responses to infectious organisms and tumors, as well as undesirable responses to autoantigens. Here, we discuss recent progress in the identification of natural endogenous and exogenous CD1d-presented antigens, the understanding of factors that regulate development of NKT cells in the thymus and of factors that influence their function in the periphery. Clinical implications of these findings are briefly touched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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