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Bunke LE, Larsen CIS, Pita-Aquino JN, Jones IK, Majumder K. The DNA Damage Sensor MRE11 Regulates Efficient Replication of the Autonomous Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0046123. [PMID: 37098896 PMCID: PMC10231137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00461-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that utilize host proteins to vigorously replicate in the nuclei of host cells, leading to cell cycle arrest. The autonomous parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVM), forms viral replication centers in the nucleus which are adjacent to cellular DNA damage response (DDR) sites, many of which are fragile genomic regions prone to undergoing DDR during the S phase. Since the cellular DDR machinery has evolved to transcriptionally suppress the host epigenome to maintain genomic fidelity, the successful expression and replication of MVM genomes at these cellular sites suggest that MVM interacts with DDR machinery distinctly. Here, we show that efficient replication of MVM requires binding of the host DNA repair protein MRE11 in a manner that is independent of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex. MRE11 binds to the replicating MVM genome at the P4 promoter, remaining distinct from RAD50 and NBS1, which associate with cellular DNA break sites to generate DDR signals in the host genome. Ectopic expression of wild-type MRE11 in CRISPR knockout cells rescues virus replication, revealing a dependence on MRE11 for efficient MVM replication. Our findings suggest a new model utilized by autonomous parvoviruses to usurp local DDR proteins that are crucial for viral pathogenesis and distinct from those of dependoparvoviruses, like adeno-associated virus (AAV), which require a coinfected helper virus to inactivate the local host DDR. IMPORTANCE The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) machinery protects the host genome from the deleterious consequences of DNA breaks and recognizes invading viral pathogens. DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus have evolved distinct strategies to evade or usurp these DDR proteins. We have discovered that the autonomous parvovirus, MVM, which is used to target cancer cells as an oncolytic agent, depends on the initial DDR sensor protein MRE11 to express and replicate efficiently in host cells. Our studies reveal that the host DDR interacts with replicating MVM molecules in ways that are distinct from viral genomes being recognized as simple broken DNA molecules. These findings suggest that autonomous parvoviruses have evolved distinct mechanisms to usurp DDR proteins, which can be used to design potent DDR-dependent oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clairine I. S. Larsen
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica N. Pita-Aquino
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Kim SC, Jeong CG, Nazki S, Lee SI, Baek YC, Jung YJ, Kim WI. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR method for the detection of porcine parvovirus types 1 through 7 using various field samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245699. [PMID: 33508002 PMCID: PMC7842984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that are widespread in the global pig population. PPV type 1 (PPV1) is a major causative agent of reproductive failure and has been recognized since the 1960s. In recent decades, novel PPVs have been identified and designated as PPVs 2 through 7 (PPV2~PPV7). Although the epidemiological impacts of these newly recognized parvoviruses on pigs are largely unknown, continuous surveillance of these PPVs is needed. The aim of this study was to develop an improved and efficient detection tool for these PPVs and to assess the developed method with field samples. Using 7 sets of newly designed primers, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) protocol was developed for the simultaneous detection of the seven genotypes of PPV (PPV1~PPV7). The sensitivity of the mPCR assay was analyzed, and the detection limit was determined to be 3×103 viral copies. The assay was highly specific in detecting one or more of the viruses in various combinations in specimens. The mPCR method was evaluated with 80 serum samples, 40 lung or lymph node samples and 40 intestine or fecal samples. When applied to these samples, the mPCR method could detect the 7 viruses simultaneously, providing rapid results regarding infection and coinfection status. In conclusion, the developed mPCR assay can be utilized as an effective and accurate diagnostic tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiological surveillance of various PPVs in numerous types of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Ye-Chan Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Majumder K, Boftsi M, Whittle FB, Wang J, Fuller MS, Joshi T, Pintel DJ. The NS1 protein of the parvovirus MVM Aids in the localization of the viral genome to cellular sites of DNA damage. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009002. [PMID: 33064772 PMCID: PMC7592911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomous parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) localizes to cellular DNA damage sites to establish and sustain viral replication centers, which can be visualized by focal deposition of the essential MVM non-structural phosphoprotein NS1. How such foci are established remains unknown. Here, we show that NS1 localized to cellular sites of DNA damage independently of its ability to covalently bind the 5’ end of the viral genome, or its consensus DNA binding sequence. Many of these sites were identical to those occupied by virus during infection. However, localization of the MVM genome to DNA damage sites occurred only when wild-type NS1, but not its DNA-binding mutant was expressed. Additionally, wild-type NS1, but not its DNA binding mutant, could localize a heterologous DNA molecule containing the NS1 binding sequence to DNA damage sites. These findings suggest that NS1 may function as a bridging molecule, helping the MVM genome localize to cellular DNA damage sites to facilitate ongoing virus replication. Parvoviruses are among the simplest of viruses, depending almost exclusively on host cell factors to successfully replicate. We have previously shown that the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) establishes replication centers at sites that are associated with cellular regions of DNA damage. These sites are primed to contain factors necessary to efficiently initiate vigorous virus lytic infection. The process by which viral proteins and viral DNA specifically localize to these sites has previously remained unknown. In this study we show that the essential viral protein NS1 possesses the intrinsic ability to localize to cellular sites of DNA damage. Additionally, wild-type NS1, but not its DNA binding mutant, could localize to sites of DNA damage both the MVM genome, or a heterologous DNA molecule engineered to contain NS1 binding sites. This work provides the first evidence that NS1 may function as a bridging molecule to localize the MVM genome to cellular sites of DNA damage to facilitate ongoing replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Majumder
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (DJP)
| | - Maria Boftsi
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fawn B. Whittle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Juexin Wang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Fuller
- Ultragenyx Gene Therapy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David J. Pintel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (DJP)
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Callaway HM, Subramanian S, Urbina CA, Barnard KN, Dick RA, Bator CM, Hafenstein SL, Gifford RJ, Parrish CR. Examination and Reconstruction of Three Ancient Endogenous Parvovirus Capsid Protein Gene Remnants Found in Rodent Genomes. J Virol 2019; 93:e01542-18. [PMID: 30626673 PMCID: PMC6401472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01542-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus-derived endogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been found in the genomes of many different animal species, resulting from integration events that may have occurred from more than 50 million years ago to much more recently. Here, we further investigate the properties of autonomous parvovirus EVEs and describe their relationships to contemporary viruses. While we did not find any intact capsid protein open reading frames in the integrated viral sequences, we examined three EVEs that were repaired to form full-length sequences with relatively few changes. These sequences were found in the genomes of Rattus norvegicus (brown rat), Mus spretus (Algerian mouse), and Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mouse). The R. norvegicus sequence was not present in the genomes of the closely related species R. rattus, R. tanezumi, R. exulans, and R. everetti, indicating that it was less than 2 million years old, and the M. spretus and A. sylvaticus sequences were not found in the published genomes of other mouse species, also indicating relatively recent insertions. The M. spretus VP2 sequence assembled into capsids, which had high thermal stability, bound the sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid, and entered murine L cells. The 3.89-Å structure of the M. spretus virus-like particles (VLPs), determined using cryo-electron microscopy, showed similarities to rodent and porcine parvovirus capsids. The repaired VP2 sequences from R. norvegicus and A. sylvaticus did not assemble as first prepared, but chimeras combining capsid surface loops from R. norvegicus with canine parvovirus assembled, allowing some of that capsid's structures and functions to be examined.IMPORTANCE Parvovirus endogenous viral elements (EVEs) that have been incorporated into the genomes of different animals represent remnants of the DNA sequences of ancient viruses that infected the ancestors of those animals millions of years ago, but we know little about their properties or how they differ from currently circulating parvoviruses. By expressing the capsid proteins of different parvovirus EVEs that were found integrated into the genomes of three different rodents, we can examine their structures and functions. A VP2 (major capsid protein) EVE sequence from a mouse genome assembled into capsids that had a similar structure and biophysical properties to extant parvoviruses and also bound sialic acids and entered rodent cells. Chimeras formed from combinations of canine parvovirus and portions of the parvovirus sequences from the brown rat genome allowed us to examine the structures and functions of the surface loops of that EVE capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Callaway
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Suriyasri Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian A Urbina
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Dick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Carol M Bator
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Sierra-Delgado JA, Bautista-Nino PK, Vargas-Castellanos CI, Serrano Diaz NC, Rincon MY. [Immune response and gene therapy with adenoassociated viral vectors]. Medicina (B Aires) 2019; 79:493-501. [PMID: 31829952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has been positioned as a real and safe option in the development of therapeutic alternatives for the cure and prevention of different diseases. It consists in the insertion of genetic material in a defective tissue or cell, through the use of a vector. There are several considerations for selecting the most appropriate vector, including the potential for binding and entry to the target cell, the ability of the genetic material to transfer to the nucleus, the ability to express the insert, and the absence of toxicity. In the current scenario, the most commonly used viral vectors are those derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV). Characteristics such as biosafety, low toxicity and selective tropism have enabled its evaluation as a therapeutic option in many monogenic or complex diseases. Despite their advantages, AAV vectors have drawbacks, the most important being the patient's immune response to the vector, especially the response mediated by neutralizing antibodies (NAb). NAbs decrease the transduction of the vector and prevent the expression of the gene it transports, limiting its clinical application. Therefore, identifying and quantifying the presence and activity of NAbs is the first step in any gene therapy protocol with AAV vectors. The presence of NAbs depends mainly on exposure to the virus in nature and varies drastically according to age, geographic location and health status of the person evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieth A Sierra-Delgado
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Paula K Bautista-Nino
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | | | - Norma C Serrano Diaz
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia
| | - Melvin Y Rincon
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. E-mail:
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Jain A, Kant R. Genotypes of erythrovirus B19, their geographical distribution & circulation in cases with various clinical manifestations. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:239-247. [PMID: 29923512 PMCID: PMC6022381 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1816_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrovirus B19 (B19V) is one of the erythroviruses known to be pathogenic in humans. B19V is classified into three distinct genotypes; 1, 2 and 3, differing from each other by 2-13 per cent. Genotype 1 consists of the prototype B19V isolates, genotype 2 comprises the A6, LaLi and their related isolates while genotype 3 includes the V9- and V9-related isolates. The classification of genotype 1 into two subtypes (1A and 1B) and genotype 3 into two subtypes (3a and 3b) with an estimated nucleotide difference of about 5 per cent has been done. Predominance of genotype 1 across all the continents is seen followed by genotypes 2 and 3. There are no disease-specific genotypes. All the three genotypes have been found in symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and have been reported from several countries across the world. The prevalence of genotype 2 in older populations and its absence from current circulation in Northern Europe has also been reported. The present review focuses on geographic distribution and association of genotypes of B19V with different clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Former Vice-Chancellor, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Stutika C, Mietzsch M, Gogol-Döring A, Weger S, Sohn M, Chen W, Heilbronn R. Comprehensive Small RNA-Seq of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-Infected Human Cells Detects Patterns of Novel, Non-Coding AAV RNAs in the Absence of Cellular miRNA Regulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161454. [PMID: 27611072 PMCID: PMC5017669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most DNA viruses express small regulatory RNAs, which interfere with viral or cellular gene expression. For adeno-associated virus (AAV), a small ssDNA virus with a complex biphasic life cycle miRNAs or other small regulatory RNAs have not yet been described. This is the first comprehensive Illumina-based RNA-Seq analysis of small RNAs expressed by AAV alone or upon co-infection with helper adenovirus or HSV. Several hotspots of AAV-specific small RNAs were detected mostly close to or within the AAV-ITR and apparently transcribed from the newly identified anti-p5 promoter. An additional small RNA hotspot was located downstream of the p40 promoter, from where transcription of non-coding RNAs associated with the inhibition of adenovirus replication were recently described. Parallel detection of known Ad and HSV miRNAs indirectly validated the newly identified small AAV RNA species. The predominant small RNAs were analyzed on Northern blots and by human argonaute protein-mediated co-immunoprecipitation. None of the small AAV RNAs showed characteristics of bona fide miRNAs, but characteristics of alternative RNA processing indicative of differentially regulated AAV promoter-associated small RNAs. Furthermore, the AAV-induced regulation of cellular miRNA levels was analyzed at different time points post infection. In contrast to other virus groups AAV infection had virtually no effect on the expression of cellular miRNA, which underscores the long-established concept that wild-type AAV infection is apathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Stutika
- Charité Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Charité Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Weger
- Charité Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madlen Sohn
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Heilbronn
- Charité Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen H, Dou Y, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Niu X, Yang J, Yu X, Diao Y. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of a Duck-Origin GPV-Related Parvovirus from Cherry Valley Ducklings in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140284. [PMID: 26465143 PMCID: PMC4605506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly emerged duck parvovirus, which causes beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome (BADS) in Cherry Valley ducks, has appeared in Northern China since March 2015. To explore the genetic diversity among waterfowl parvovirus isolates, the complete genome of an identified isolate designated SDLC01 was sequenced and analyzed in the present study. Genomic sequence analysis showed that SDLC01 shared 90.8%–94.6% of nucleotide identity with goose parvovirus (GPV) isolates and 78.6%–81.6% of nucleotide identity with classical Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of 443 nucleotides (nt) of the fragment A showed that SDLC01 was highly similar to a mule duck isolate (strain D146/02) and close to European GPV isolates but separate from Asian GPV isolates. Analysis of the left inverted terminal repeat regions revealed that SDLC01 had two major segments deleted between positions 160–176 and 306–322 nt compared with field GPV and MDPV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of Rep and VP1 encoded by two major open reading frames of parvoviruses revealed that SDLC01 was distinct from all GPV and MDPV isolates. The viral pathogenicity and genome characterization of SDLC01 suggest that the novel GPV (N-GPV) is the causative agent of BADS and belongs to a distinct GPV-related subgroup. Furthermore, N-GPV sequences were detected in diseased ducks by polymerase chain reaction and viral proliferation was demonstrated in duck embryos and duck embryo fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yanguo Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xianglong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
- * E-mail:
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Geng Y, Guo D, Li C, Wang E, Wei S, Wang Z, Yao S, Zhao X, Su M, Wang X, Wang J, Wu R, Feng L, Sun D. Co-Circulation of the Rare CPV-2c with Unique Gln370Arg Substitution, New CPV-2b with Unique Thr440Ala Substitution, and New CPV-2a with High Prevalence and Variation in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137288. [PMID: 26348721 PMCID: PMC4562665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To trace evolution of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), a total of 201 stool samples were collected from dogs with diarrhea in Heilongjiang province of northeast China from May 2014 to April 2015. The presence of CPV-2 in the samples was determined by PCR amplification of the VP2 gene (568 bp) of CPV-2. The results revealed that 95 samples (47.26%) were positive for CPV-2, and they showed 98.8%–100% nucleotide identity and 97.6%–100% amino acid identity. Of 95 CPV-2-positive samples, types new2a (Ser297Ala), new2b (Ser297Ala), and 2c accounted for 64.21%, 21.05%, and 14.74%, respectively. The positive rate of CPV-2 and the distribution of the new2a, new2b and 2c types exhibited differences among regions, seasons, and ages. Immunized dogs accounted for 48.42% of 95 CPV-2-positive samples. Coinfections with canine coronavirus, canine kobuvirus, and canine bocavirus were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified new2a, new2b, and CPV-2c strains in our study exhibited a close relationship with most of the CPV-2 strains from China; type new2a strains exhibited high variability, forming three subgroups; type new2b and CPV-2c strains formed one group with reference strains from China. Of 95 CPV-2 strains, Tyr324Ile and Thr440Ala substitutions accounted for 100% and 64.21%, respectively; all type new2b strains exhibited the Thr440Ala substitution, while the unique Gln370Arg substitution was found in all type 2c strains. Recombination analysis using entire VP2 gene indicated possible recombination events between the identified CPV-2 strains and reference strains from China. Our data revealed the co-circulation of new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and rare CPV-2c, as well as potential recombination events among Chinese CPV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Enyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Calvo C, García-García ML, Sanchez-Dehesa R, Román C, Tabares A, Pozo F, Casas I. Eight Year Prospective Study of Adenoviruses Infections in Hospitalized Children. Comparison with Other Respiratory Viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132162. [PMID: 26147465 PMCID: PMC4509737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections. However, there are few large prospective studies focused on HAdVs acute infections requiring hospitalization. From 2005 to 2013 a prospective study was conducted on children admitted with acute respiratory infections. Specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate were taken for virological study by PCR and clinical data was recorded. HAdV specimens were genotyped. Frequency and clinical course of HAdV infections were compared with RSV, rhinovirus (RV), human bocavirus (HBoV) and influenza in the same population. HAdV was detected in 403 cases of 2371 confirmed viral infections (17.2%) , of which 154 were single virus infections (38%). We genotyped 154 HAdVs. The most frequent genotypes were HAdV-3 (24%), HAdV-6 (21%), and HAdV-5 (20%). A total of 262 children had fever (64.9%); 194 suffered hypoxia (48%), and 147 presented infiltrate in chest x-rays (36.4%). The most frequent diagnoses were recurrent wheezing or asthma (51.7%), bronchiolitis (18.3 %), and pneumonia (11.9%), and 46 (11.4%) episodes required prolonged hospitalization (>7 days) due to the severity. Adenovirus single infections were compared with single infections of 598 RSV, 494 RV, 83 influenza and 78 HBoV. Significant clinical differences were found between HAdV, RSV and RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calvo
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Madrid,
Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Cristina Román
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Ana Tabares
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Francisco Pozo
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center
(ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center
(ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Parvoviruses halt cell cycle progression following initiation of their replication during S-phase and continue to replicate their genomes for extended periods of time in arrested cells. The parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) induces a DNA damage response that is required for viral replication and induction of the S/G2 cell cycle block. However, p21 and Chk1, major effectors typically associated with S-phase and G2-phase cell cycle arrest in response to diverse DNA damage stimuli, are either down-regulated, or inactivated, respectively, during MVM infection. This suggested that parvoviruses can modulate cell cycle progression by another mechanism. In this work we show that the MVM-induced, p21- and Chk1-independent, cell cycle block proceeds via a two-step process unlike that seen in response to other DNA-damaging agents or virus infections. MVM infection induced Chk2 activation early in infection which led to a transient S-phase block associated with proteasome-mediated CDC25A degradation. This step was necessary for efficient viral replication; however, Chk2 activation and CDC25A loss were not sufficient to keep infected cells in the sustained G2-arrested state which characterizes this infection. Rather, although the phosphorylation of CDK1 that normally inhibits entry into mitosis was lost, the MVM induced DDR resulted first in a targeted mis-localization and then significant depletion of cyclin B1, thus directly inhibiting cyclin B1-CDK1 complex function and preventing mitotic entry. MVM infection thus uses a novel strategy to ensure a pseudo S-phase, pre-mitotic, nuclear environment for sustained viral replication. DNA viruses induce cellular DNA damage responses that can present a block to infection that must be overcome, or alternatively, can be utilized to viral advantage. Parvoviruses, the only known viruses of vertebrates that contain single-stranded linear DNA genomes, induce a robust DNA damage response (DDR) that features a cell cycle arrest that facilitates their replication. We show that the autonomous parvovirus MVM-induced cell cycle arrest is caused by a novel two-step mechanism that ensures a pseudo S phase, pre-mitotic, nuclear environment for sustained viral replication. A feature of this arrest is virally-induced depletion of the critical cell cycle regulator cyclin B1. Parvoviruses are important infectious agents that infect many vertebrate species including humans, and our study makes an important contribution to how these viruses achieve productive infection in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O. Adeyemi
- University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David J. Pintel
- University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Porwal M, Cohen S, Snoussi K, Popa-Wagner R, Anderson F, Dugot-Senant N, Wodrich H, Dinsart C, Kleinschmidt JA, Panté N, Kann M. Parvoviruses cause nuclear envelope breakdown by activating key enzymes of mitosis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003671. [PMID: 24204256 PMCID: PMC3814971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disassembly of the nuclear lamina is essential in mitosis and apoptosis requiring multiple coordinated enzymatic activities in nucleus and cytoplasm. Activation and coordination of the different activities is poorly understood and moreover complicated as some factors translocate between cytoplasm and nucleus in preparatory phases. Here we used the ability of parvoviruses to induce nuclear membrane breakdown to understand the triggers of key mitotic enzymes. Nuclear envelope disintegration was shown upon infection, microinjection but also upon their application to permeabilized cells. The latter technique also showed that nuclear envelope disintegration was independent upon soluble cytoplasmic factors. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed that nuclear disassembly exhibited mitosis-like kinetics and occurred suddenly, implying a catastrophic event irrespective of cell- or type of parvovirus used. Analyzing the order of the processes allowed us to propose a model starting with direct binding of parvoviruses to distinct proteins of the nuclear pore causing structural rearrangement of the parvoviruses. The resulting exposure of domains comprising amphipathic helices was required for nuclear envelope disintegration, which comprised disruption of inner and outer nuclear membrane as shown by electron microscopy. Consistent with Ca++ efflux from the lumen between inner and outer nuclear membrane we found that Ca++ was essential for nuclear disassembly by activating PKC. PKC activation then triggered activation of cdk-2, which became further activated by caspase-3. Collectively our study shows a unique interaction of a virus with the nuclear envelope, provides evidence that a nuclear pool of executing enzymes is sufficient for nuclear disassembly in quiescent cells, and demonstrates that nuclear disassembly can be uncoupled from initial phases of mitosis. Parvoviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses successfully used in gene therapy. Their nuclear replication requires transit of the nuclear envelope. Analyzing the interaction between parvoviruses and the nucleus, we showed that despite their small size, they did not traverse the nuclear pore, but attached directly to proteins of the nuclear pore complex. We observed that this binding induced structural changes of the parvoviruses and that the structural rearrangement was essential for triggering a signal cascade resulting in disintegration of the nuclear envelope. Physiologically such nuclear envelope breakdown occurs late during prophase of mitosis. Our finding that the parvovirus-mediated nuclear envelope breakdown also occurred in the absence of soluble cytosolic factors allowed us to decipher the intra nuclear pathways involved in nuclear envelope destabilization. Consistently with the physiological disintegration we found that key enzymes of mitosis were essential and we further identified Ca++ as the initial trigger. Thus our data not only show a unique pathway of how a DNA virus interacts with the nucleus but also describes a virus-based system allowing the first time to analyze selectively the intranuclear pathways leading to nuclear envelope disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Porwal
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenza Snoussi
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fenja Anderson
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Nelly Panté
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Kann
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sun B, Li Y, Dong Y, Liu K, Yang Y, Li Y. [Modulation of cellular transcriptional factors by human bocavirus 1 nonstructural protein NP1]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2013; 53:737-745. [PMID: 24195381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the regulating effect of human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) nonstructural protein NP1 on the activity of cellular transcription factors and the expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and IL-6. METHODS The modulation of NP1 was measured by the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System and the expression of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 was detected by ELISA and Real-time PCR. The luciferase based mammalian two-hybrid system was used to analyze whether the function of NP1 protein aroused from oligomerization. RESULTS The transcription factors AP-1, STAT3 and STAT1 but not NF-kappaB were up-regulated by NP1, which was evidenced by approximately 2-3-fold increase of the luciferase activity compared to the control vector. Moreover, NP1 increased the TNF-alpha mRNA expression, but not contributed to cytokine IL-6 secretion. We also found that the self-interaction did not exist when NPI was solely expressed in 293T cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that NP1 may play important roles in activation of transcription factors and up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines expression, suggesting that NP1 be involved in HBoV1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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14
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Chen H, Zhong F, Li X, Wang L, Sun Y, Neng C, Zhang K, Li W, Wen J. [Effects of canine IL-2 and IL-7 genes on enhancing immunogenicity of canine parvovirus VP2 gene vaccine in mice]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2012; 52:1392-1399. [PMID: 23383511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of canine interleukin-2 (cIL-2) and cIL-7 genes on enhancing the immunogenicity of canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 DNA vaccine. METHODS The bicistronic vectors of cIL-2 and cIL-7 genes were constructed using the eukaryotic expression vector containing internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The cIL-2/ cIL-7 dicistronic vector plus previously constructed vectors, including CPV VP2 DNA vaccine vector, cIL-2 vector and cIL-7 vector, were used to co-immunize mice with different combinations, consisting of VP2 alone, VP2 + cIL-2, VP2 + cIL-7 and VP2 + cIL-2/cIL-7. The VP2-specific antibody levels in immunized mice were measured by ELISA at different time post-immunization. The proliferation indices and interferon-gamma expression were measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The cIL-2/cIL-7 bicistronic vector was correct and could mediate cIL-2 and cIL-7 gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Immunization results revealed that the antibody titers and the neutralizing antibody levels of the mice co-immunized with VP2 + cIL-7/cIL-2 vectors were significantly higher than that with either VP2 + cIL-2 vectors or VP2 + cIL-7 vectors (P < 0.05). The lymphocyte proliferation indices of VP2 + cIL-7/cIL-2 vector-immunized mice were also higher than that of other two groups although not statistically significant. However, the IFN-gamma expression levels of VP2 + cIL-7/cIL-2 vector-immunized mice were significantly higher than other immunized mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The cIL-2 and cIL-7 genes showed the significant synergic effects on enhancing the immunogenecity of CPV VP2 DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Baoding 071001, China.
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15
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Zhang K, Jin H, Zhong F, Li X, Neng C, Chen H, Li W, Wen J. [Adenovirus-mediated canine interferon-gamma expression and its antiviral activity against canine parvovirus]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2012; 52:1400-1407. [PMID: 23383512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct recombinant adenovirus containing canine interferon-gamma (cIFN-gamma) gene and to investigate its antiviral activity against canine parvovirus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK). [Methods] The cIFN-gamma gene was inserted into adenovirus shuttle plasmid to construct pShuttle3-cIFN-gamma expression vector, from which the cIFN-gamma expression cassette was transferred into the adenovirus genomic plasmid pAdeno-X by specific restriction sites to generate recombinant adenovirus genomic plasmid pAd-cIFN-gamma. The pAd-cIFN-gamma plasmid was linearized by digestion and transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells to generate the replication-defective cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus (Ad-cIFN-gamma). To analyze its anti-canine parvovirus activity, the MDCK cells were pre-infected by Ad-cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus, and then infected by canine parvovirus. The antiviral activity of the Ad-cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus against parvovirus was analyzed. RESULTS The recombinant adenovirus containing cIFN-gamma gene was constructed by the ligation method. The recombinant adenovirus could mediates recombinant cIFN-gamma secretory expression in MDCK cells. The Ad-cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus could significantly inhibit canine parvovirus replication in MDCK cells pre-infected with the recombinant adenovirus. These results indicate that the Ad-cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus has the potent antiviral activity against canine parvovirus. CONCLUSION The Ad-cIFN-gamma recombinant adenovirus was successfully constructed by the ligation method and possessed a powerful antiviral activity against canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding 071001, China.
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16
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Nawaz S, Allen DJ, Aladin F, Gallimore C, Iturriza-Gómara M. Human bocaviruses are not significantly associated with gastroenteritis: results of retesting archive DNA from a case control study in the UK. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41346. [PMID: 22848470 PMCID: PMC3404102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is a common illness causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in detection methods, a significant diagnostic gap still remains. Human bocavirus (HBoV)s, which are associated with respiratory infections, have also frequently been detected in stool samples in cases of gastroenteritis, and a tentative association between HBoVs, and in particular type-2 HBoVs, and gastroenteritis has previously been made. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HBoVs in gastroenteritis, using archived DNA samples from the case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (IID). DNA extracted from stool samples from 2,256 cases and 2,124 controls were tested for the presence of HBoV DNA. All samples were screened in a real time PCR pan-HBoV assay, and positive samples were then tested in genotype 1 to 3-specific assays. HBoV was detected in 7.4% but no significantly different prevalence was observed between cases and controls. In the genotype-specific assays 106 of the 324 HBoV-positive samples were genotyped, with HBoV-1 predominantly found in controls whilst HBoV-2 was more frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis (p<0.01). A significant proportion of HBoV positives could not be typed using the type specific assays, 67% of the total positives, and this was most likely due to low viral loads being present in the samples. However, the distribution of the untyped HBoV strains was no different between cases and controls. In conclusion, HBoVs, including HBoV-2 do not appear to be a significant cause of gastroenteritis in the UK population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Nawaz
- Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Allen
- Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Aladin
- Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Pilz IH, Di Pasquale G, Rzadzinska A, Leppla SH, Chiorini JA. Mutation in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha inhibits adeno-associated virus type 5 transduction. Virology 2012; 428:58-63. [PMID: 22520943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to its non-pathogenic lifecycle, little is known about the cellular determinants of infection by adeno-associated virus (AAV). To identify these critical cellular factors, we took advantage of the gene transfer abilities of AAV in combination with a forward genetic selection to identify proteins critical for transduction by this virus. AAV serotype 5 (AAV5) vectors encoding the furin gene were used to transduce furin-deficient cells followed by selection with furin-dependent toxins. A population of cells specifically resistant to AAV5 transduction was identified and sequence analysis suggested all had a single amino acid mutation in the leader sequence of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) gene. Characterization of this mutation suggested it inhibited PDGFRα trafficking resulting in limited expression on the plasma membrane. Mutagenesis and transfection experiments confirmed the effect of this mutation on PDGFRα trafficking, and the AAV5 resistant phenotype could be rescued by transfection with wild type PDGFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo H Pilz
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Liu X, Chen L, Song Q, Yang F, Li Y, Zuo Y, Jiao J, Wang X. [Coinfection effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in vivo on phagocytosis and interferon mRNA expression of porcine alveolar macrophages]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2011; 51:105-114. [PMID: 21465796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study is to analyse the coinfection effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in vivo on phagocytosis and interferon mRNA expression level of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). METHODS Forty-eight 5-week-old healthy piglets were divided randomly into 4 groups of 12 (PCV2, PPV, PCV2/PPV and the control groups). The piglets in PCV2 group were inoculated oronasally with 3 mL of porcine circovirus type2 (PCV2, 10(5.61) TCID50/0.1 mL), PPV group with 3 mL of porcine parvovirus (PPV, 10(6.69) TCID50/0.1 mL), PCV2/PPV group with 3 mL of PCV2 and 3 mL of PPV and the control group with 3 mL of cell culture medium, respectively. Three piglets from each group were sacrificed randomly on 3, 7, 14 and 35 day post infection (dpi) and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) were collected to detect viability, phagocytotic capabilities and alpha1- and gamma-interferon (IFN-alpha1 and IFN-gamma) mRNA levels of PAM. RESULTS The viabilities of PAM from PCV2 group and PCV2/PPV group became weaker than that of control group during the period of 3 - 14 dpi but they were similar to that of control group on 35 dpi; there was no significant difference between the viability of PCV2/PPV group and that of PCV2 group (P > 0.05). The phagocytotic capabilities of PAM from three virus infection groups were lower than that of control group (P < 0.01), among which that of PCV2/PPV group descended more drastically. IFN-alpha1 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in PAM from PCV2/PPV group were significantly lower than those of PCV2, PPV and control groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION PCV2/PPV co-infection did not cause further decline of PAM viability but strongly weakened phagocytosis and constantly lowered IFN (IFN-alpha1 and IFN-gamma) mRNA expression levels of PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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19
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Chen Z, Chen AY, Cheng F, Qiu J. Chipmunk parvovirus is distinct from members in the genus Erythrovirus of the family Parvoviridae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15113. [PMID: 21151930 PMCID: PMC2997070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription profile of chipmunk parvovirus (ChpPV), a tentative member of the genus Erythrovirus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae, was characterized by transfecting a nearly full-length genome. We found that it is unique from the profiles of human parvovirus B19 and simian parvovirus, the members in the genus Erythrovirus so far characterized, in that the small RNA transcripts were not processed for encoding small non-structural proteins. However, like the large non-structural protein NS1 of the human parvovirus B19, the ChpPV NS1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Further phylogenetic analysis of ChpPV with other parvoviruses in the subfamily Parvovirinae indicates that ChpPV is distinct from the members in genus Erythrovirus. Thus, we conclude that ChpPV may represent a new genus in the family Parvoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Adeyemi RO, Landry S, Davis ME, Weitzman MD, Pintel DJ. Parvovirus minute virus of mice induces a DNA damage response that facilitates viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001141. [PMID: 20949077 PMCID: PMC2951379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by DNA viruses can elicit DNA damage responses (DDRs) in host cells. In some cases the DDR presents a block to viral replication that must be overcome, and in other cases the infecting agent exploits the DDR to facilitate replication. We find that low multiplicity infection with the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) results in the activation of a DDR, characterized by the phosphorylation of H2AX, Nbs1, RPA32, Chk2 and p53. These proteins are recruited to MVM replication centers, where they co-localize with the main viral replication protein, NS1. The response is seen in both human and murine cell lines following infection with either the MVMp or MVMi strains. Replication of the virus is required for DNA damage signaling. Damage response proteins, including the ATM kinase, accumulate in viral-induced replication centers. Using mutant cell lines and specific kinase inhibitors, we show that ATM is the main transducer of the signaling events in the normal murine host. ATM inhibitors restrict MVM replication and ameliorate virus-induced cell cycle arrest, suggesting that DNA damage signaling facilitates virus replication, perhaps in part by promoting cell cycle arrest. Thus it appears that MVM exploits the cellular DNA damage response machinery early in infection to enhance its replication in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O. Adeyemi
- University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Meredith E. Davis
- University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - David J. Pintel
- University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Bird JA, McClain KL, Rosenblatt HM, Abramson SL, Hanson IC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with x-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30:458-62. [PMID: 19772767 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2009.30.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a primary immunodeficiency affecting approximately 1 to 3 per million live male births. Patients are generally healthy until facing a viral infection such as Epstein-Barr Virus and then may develop fulminant infectious mononucleosis and die. XLP patients are also at increased risk of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which may be triggered by assorted viruses. Here we report a novel case of HLH in a patient with XLP. Significant to his presentation is a paradoxical increase in natural killer (NK) cell activity. We hypothesize that this indicates that Parvovirus B19 activates NK cells via a signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP)-independent mechanism. Our case demonstrates an important etiology to consider in the differential diagnosis of XLP patients with nonfocal findings and febrile illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Bird
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kang BY, You H, Bandyopadhyay S, Agrawal N, Melchert RB, Basnakian AG, Liu Y, Hermonat PL. Cervical cancer isolate PT3, super-permissive for adeno-associated virus replication, over-expresses DNA polymerase delta, PCNA, RFC and RPA. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:79. [PMID: 19389243 PMCID: PMC2685399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 is an important virus due to its use as a safe and effective human gene therapy vector and its negative association with certain malignancies. AAV, a dependo-parvovirus, autonomously replicates in stratified squamous epithelium. Such tissue occurs in the nasopharynx and anogenitals, from which AAV has been clinically isolated. Related autonomous parvoviruses also demonstrate cell tropism and preferentially replicate in oncogenically transformed cells. Combining these two attributes of parvovirus tropism, squamous and malignant, we assayed if AAV might replicate in squamous cervical carcinoma cell isolates. RESULTS Three primary isolates (PT1-3) and two established cervical cancer cell lines were compared to normal keratinocytes (NK) for their ability to replicate AAV. One isolate, PT3, allowed for high levels of AAV DNA replication and virion production compared to others. In research by others, four cellular components are known required for in vitro AAV DNA replication: replication protein A (RPA), replication factor C (RFC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and DNA polymerase delta (POLD1). Thus, we examined PT3 cells for expression of these components by DNA microarray and real-time quantitative PCR. All four components were over-expressed in PT3 over two representative low-permissive cell isolates (NK and PT1). However, this super-permissiveness did not result in PT3 cell death by AAV infection. CONCLUSION These data, for the first time, provide evidence that these four cellular components are likely important for AAV in vivo DNA replication as well as in vitro. These data also suggest that PT3 will be a useful reagent for investigating the AAV-permissive transcriptome and AAV anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Yong Kang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, 4300 West 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hong You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sarmistha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nalini Agrawal
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Russell B Melchert
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alexei G Basnakian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, 4300 West 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Paul L Hermonat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, 4300 West 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Vallerini D, Barozzi P, Quadrelli C, Bosco R, Potenza L, Riva G, Gregorini G, Sandrini S, Tironi A, Montagnani G, De Palma M, Torelli G, Delwart E, Luppi M. Parvoviruses in blood donors and transplant patients, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:185-6. [PMID: 18258108 PMCID: PMC2600167 DOI: 10.3201/eid1401.070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vallerini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Chiara Quadrelli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bosco
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Riva
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Tironi
- University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Montagnani
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Marisa De Palma
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Torelli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mario Luppi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
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24
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Casolari C, Pecorari M, Balli F, Fabio G, Gennari W, Sabbatini AMT, Nanni N, Migaldi M, Guaraldi N, Tagliazucchi S, Alù M, Bertoli G, Fabio R, Portolani M. Unusual concurrent detection by polymerase chain reaction of Bartonella henselae and parvovirus b19 in an immunocompetent child with erythema nodosum and hepatic granulomatous disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59:81-4. [PMID: 17532594 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of documented Bartonella henselae genotype I from hepatic tissue in an Italian immunocompetent girl presenting with erythema nodosum and hepatic granulomata. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on biopsied liver sample to confirm the etiologic role of B. henselae and to identify the genetic variant of this organism. A PCR on the same liver biopsy for parvovirus B19 was also positive, but the clinical meaning of this was not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Casolari
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41100, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA screening has been introduced to comply with European regulations for certain plasma products. Current commercial and some in-house B19V DNA assays fail to detect or under-quantify the recently identified genotypes 2 and 3. In this report, we describe 2-year experience with B19V DNA screening using the commercial assay from Roche (detecting only genotype 1) combined with an in-house assay (detecting genotypes 1, 2 and 3). This dual testing approach enables the identification of molecular variants of B19V. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2005 and 2007, approximately 2.6 million plasma donations were screened for B19V DNA loads exceeding 10(6) IU/ml using the Roche and the in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS A total of 232 plasma units were identified with B19V DNA loads above 10(6) IU/ml. Concordant results were observed for the majority of B19V positive samples; however, three of these showed discrepant results between the two assay systems. One was a B19V genotype 2 strain not detected by the Roche assay; another was a B19V genotype 1 strain with a mismatch in the 3'-end of the reverse primer and therefore under-quantified by the Roche assay; and the third one was also a B19V genotype 1 strain that gave an unusual amplification plot in the in-house assay due to a mismatch in the probe-binding site. CONCLUSIONS New, high viral load, B19V genotypes 2 and 3 infections are rare in blood donors tested by Sanquin. One case was found while testing 2.6 million donations. The prevalence of B19V genotype 1 variants not detected by commercial or in-house assays might be in the same range or even higher than the prevalence of B19V genotype 2 viruses, which remain undetected.
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26
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Fryer JF, Delwart E, Hecht FM, Bernardin F, Jones MS, Shah N, Baylis SA. Frequent detection of the parvoviruses, PARV4 and PARV5, in plasma from blood donors and symptomatic individuals. Transfusion 2007; 47:1054-61. [PMID: 17524097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma pools used in the manufacture of blood- and plasma-derived medicinal products are frequently contaminated with parvovirus B19. The presence of the novel human parvovirus PARV4 and a related variant PARV5 in manufacturing plasma pools was recently demonstrated. Another recently identified parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), has been identified in respiratory samples from children with lower respiratory tract disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Recent and archived manufacturing plasma pools, as well as plasma from healthy blood donors (individual donations; pools of 16 donations) and febrile patients, were examined for the presence of PARV4 and PARV5 with conventional and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, highly sensitive assays were used to examine the presence of HBoV DNA in manufacturing pools. RESULTS Of 351 recent manufacturing plasma pool samples, 14 (4%) tested positive for the presence of PARV4 and PARV5. This frequency was elevated in the archived pools. Viral loads ranged from less than 100 up to 4 million copies per mL plasma, with some pools containing a mixture of both viruses. In individual plasma samples from healthy blood donors and febrile patients, the frequencies of detection were 2 and 6 percent, respectively. No HBoV sequences were identified in manufacturing plasma pools (n = 167). CONCLUSION PARV4 and PARV5 are readily detected in manufacturing plasma pools, test pools (constructed from 16 donations), and individual donations derived from healthy blood donors. The prevalence of these viruses was increased in plasma samples from febrile patients. Despite the use of highly sensitive assays for HBoV, it was not possible to identify manufacturing plasma pools containing HBoV sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Fryer
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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27
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Ekman A, Hokynar K, Kakkola L, Kantola K, Hedman L, Bondén H, Gessner M, Aberham C, Norja P, Miettinen S, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. Biological and immunological relations among human parvovirus B19 genotypes 1 to 3. J Virol 2007; 81:6927-35. [PMID: 17409158 PMCID: PMC1933287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02713-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human parvovirus B19 is now divided into three genotypes: type 1 (prototype), type 2 (A6- and LaLi-like), and type 3 (V9-like). In overall DNA sequence, the three virus types differ by approximately 10%. The most striking DNA dissimilarity, of >20%, is observed within the p6 promoter region. Because of the scarcity of data on the biological activities and pathogenetic potentials of virus types 2 and 3, we examined the functional characteristics of these virus types. We found the activities of the three p6 promoters to be of equal strength and to be most active in B19-permissive cells. Virus type 2 capsid protein VP2, alone or together with VP1, was expressed with the baculovirus system and was shown to assemble into icosahedral parvovirus-like particles, which were reactive in the hemagglutination assay. Furthermore, sera containing DNA of any of the three B19 types were shown to hemagglutinate. The infectivities of these sera were examined in two B19-permissive cell lines. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed synthesis of spliced B19 mRNAs, and immunofluorescence verified the production of NS and VP proteins in the infected cells. All three genotypes showed similar functional characteristics in all experiments performed, showing that the three virus types indeed belong to the same species, i.e., human parvovirus B19. Additionally, the antibody activity in sera from B19 type 1- or type 2-infected subjects (long-term immunity) was examined with homo- and heterologous virus-like particles. Cross-reactivity of 100% was observed, indicating that the two B19 genotypes comprise a single serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ekman
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Akache B, Grimm D, Pandey K, Yant SR, Xu H, Kay MA. The 37/67-kilodalton laminin receptor is a receptor for adeno-associated virus serotypes 8, 2, 3, and 9. J Virol 2006; 80:9831-6. [PMID: 16973587 PMCID: PMC1617255 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00878-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) is currently emerging as a powerful gene transfer vector, owing to its capability to efficiently transduce many different tissues in vivo. While this is believed to be in part due to its ability to uncoat more readily than other AAV serotypes such as AAV2, understanding all the processes behind AAV8 transduction is important for its application and optimal use in human gene therapy. Here, we provide the first report of a cellular receptor for AAV8, the 37/67-kDa laminin receptor (LamR). We document binding of LamR to AAV8 capsid proteins and intact virions in vitro and demonstrate its contribution to AAV8 transduction of cultured cells and mouse liver in vivo. We also show that LamR plays a role in transduction by three other closely related serotypes (AAV2, -3, and -9). Sequence and deletion analysis allowed us to map LamR binding to two protein subdomains predicted to be exposed on the AAV capsid exterior. Use of LamR, which is constitutively expressed in many clinically relevant tissues and is overexpressed in numerous cancers, provides a molecular explanation for AAV8's broad tissue tropism. Along with its robust transduction efficiency, our findings support the continued development of AAV8-based vectors for clinical applications in humans, especially for tumor gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Stanford University, Department of Pediatrics, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room G305, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA
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29
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Kasprowicz V, Isa A, Jeffery K, Broliden K, Tolfvenstam T, Klenerman P, Bowness P. A highly restricted T-cell receptor dominates the CD8+ T-cell response to parvovirus B19 infection in HLA-A*2402-positive individuals. J Virol 2006; 80:6697-701. [PMID: 16775358 PMCID: PMC1488968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02388-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six of seven HLA-A*2402-positive individuals with acute parvovirus B19 infections made vigorous CD8-positive cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses to the viral epitope FYTPLADQF. All responders showed highly focused T-cell receptor (TCR) usage, using almost exclusively BV5.1. The BV5.1 TCR dominated the acute response, was maintained over time, and was also used by a remotely infected individual. Nine CTL clones and two oligoclonal lines obtained from three unrelated individuals used BV5.1, BJ2.1, and a conserved TCR CDR3 of nine amino acids. This commonly recognized epitope is likely important in long-term protective immunity and should be included in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kasprowicz
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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30
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Chen YS, Chou PH, Li SN, Tsai WC, Lin KH, Tsai KB, Yen JH, Liu HW. Parvovirus B19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Taiwan. J Rheumatol 2006; 33:887-91. [PMID: 16511938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of human parvovirus B19 infection in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Taiwan. METHODS Seventy-eight patients with RA and 55 unrelated controls (51 trauma and 4 osteoarthritis) were enrolled. Anti-parvovirus B19 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in plasma of patients with RA and controls by the enzyme immunoassay method. These antibodies were also detected in the synovial fluid of 18 RA patients and 52 controls. B19 DNA was measured in the plasma of 72 patients with RA and 45 controls by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was also measured in the synovial fluid of 14 RA patients and 39 controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect viral capsid protein VP1 of B19 in the synovial membrane of 7 RA patients and 32 controls. HLA-DR genotyping was performed by the sequence-specific primer PCR method. The interactions between B19 infection and HLA-DR genotype and susceptibility to RA were also analyzed. RESULTS The prevalence of B19 infection was significantly increased in patients with RA compared with controls. The positive rates of B19 DNA in plasma and synovial fluid were significantly higher in RA patients than in controls. The odds ratio of DR4(+) B19 infection(+) was higher than that in DR4(+) B19 infection(-) or DR4(-) B19 infection(+) in comparison with DR4(-) B19 infection(-). A significant association was found between RA and DR4(+) B19 infection(+) in comparison with DR4(+) B19 infection(-). The odds ratio of DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(+) was also higher than that of DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(-) or DR4(-) plasma B19 DNA(+) in comparison with DR4(-) plasma B19 DNA(-). RA tended to be associated with DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(+) compared with DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(-). CONCLUSION The prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection was significantly higher in patients with RA than in controls. Synergistic effects were present between HLA-DR4 and parvovirus B19 infection or plasma B19 DNA for susceptibility to RA. Parvovirus B19 infection may play a role in susceptibility to RA.
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31
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Chen CL, Jensen RL, Schnepp BC, Connell MJ, Shell R, Sferra TJ, Bartlett JS, Clark KR, Johnson PR. Molecular characterization of adeno-associated viruses infecting children. J Virol 2006; 79:14781-92. [PMID: 16282478 PMCID: PMC1287571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14781-14792.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection is common in humans, the biology of natural infection is poorly understood. Since it is likely that many primary AAV infections occur during childhood, we set out to characterize the frequency and complexity of circulating AAV isolates in fresh and archived frozen human pediatric tissues. Total cellular DNA was isolated from 175 tissue samples including freshly collected tonsils (n = 101) and archived frozen samples representing spleen (n = 21), lung (n = 16), muscle (n = 15), liver (n = 19), and heart (n = 3). Samples were screened for the presence of AAV and adenovirus sequences by PCR using degenerate primers. AAV DNA was detected in 7 of 101 (7%) tonsil samples and two of 74 other tissues (one spleen and one lung). Adenovirus sequences were identified in 19 of 101 tonsils (19%), but not in any other tissues. Complete capsid gene sequences were recovered from all nine AAV-positive tissues. Sequence analyses showed that eight of the capsid sequences were AAV2-like (approximately 98% amino acid identity), while the single spleen isolate was intermediate between serotypes 2 and 3. Comparison to the available AAV2 crystal structure revealed that the majority of the amino acid substitutions mapped to surface-exposed hypervariable domains. To further characterize the AAV capsid structure in these samples, we used a novel linear rolling-circle amplification method to amplify episomal AAV DNA and isolate infectious molecular clones from several human tissues. Serotype 2-like viruses were generated from these DNA clones and interestingly, failed to bind to a heparin sulfate column. Inspection of the capsid sequence from these two clones (and the other six AAV2-like isolates) revealed that they lacked arginine residues at positions 585 and 588 of the capsid protein, which are thought to be essential for interaction with the heparin sulfate proteoglycan coreceptor. These data provide a framework with which to explore wild-type AAV persistence in vivo and provide additional tools to further define the biodistribution and form of AAV in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Center for Gene Therapy, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The autonomous parvovirus H-1 exhibits preferential toxicity for transformed or tumor cells. The precise molecular mechanism of H-1 virus-associated cytotoxicity is not fully understood. The present study aimed at gaining more information about parvovirus-induced cellular disturbances. METHODS The H-1 virus-sensitive human gastric cancer cell line HGC27 was analyzed in the present study. cDNA microarrays were used to determine the global cellular gene expression changes which occur during the process of H-1 virus-induced death of HGC27 cells. A subset of differential expressed genes was further tested by RT-PCR and Northern blot analyzes. RESULTS A total of 920 genes belonging to various functional groups were found to be differentially expressed in H-1 virus- versus mock-infected cells in cDNA microarrays. Among them, 363 genes were upregulated, whilst 557 genes were downregulated. The differential expressions of some of these genes were further confirmed by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. CONCLUSION Some of genes known to be involved in cell signal transduction, apoptosis, DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA binding and transcription were differentially expressed after parvovirus H-1 infection, they might play a role in H-1 virus-induced gastric cancer cell death. These genes represent interesting candidates to be tested at the functional level for their contribution to the disturbances triggered by H-1 virus in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Ren-ji Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Abstract
Since conducting follow-up studies of patients with acute symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection which showed that a significant proportion of patients develop prolonged arthritis and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), we have become interested in the mechanisms of this phenomenon. We showed that these cases have high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in their circulation and that this correlates with the symptoms. However, the underlying mechanisms were not apparent, and we have used various approaches to begin studying this phenomenon. DNA polymorphisms were looked for and several were shown to be more common in these subjects compared with controls; these occur within genes of both the immune response [human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1, HLA-B, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1] and those involved in several other cellular functions (predominantly the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion). Interestingly, one particular single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which is associated with symptomatic B19 infection occurs in the Ku80 gene which has recently been shown to be a B19 co-receptor. B19 persistence is probably the key to this phenomenon, and some new data are presented on short regions of sequence homology (17-26 bp) between human, mouse and rat parvoviruses and their respective hosts which occur in many host genes. This homology may provide a foothold for virus persistence and may also play a role in the genesis of disease through gene disruption. Finally, we used microarrays and TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction in 108 normal persons to study human gene expression in persons who are B19-seropositive versus B19-seronegative (age- and sex-matched) to examine the hypothesis that gene regulation may be altered in subjects harbouring the B19 virus DNA. Six genes were found to be differentially expressed with roles in the cytoskeleton (SKIP, MACF1, SPAG7, FLOT1), integrin signalling (FLOT1, RASSF5), HLA class III (c6orf48), and tumour suppression (RASSF5). These results have implications not only for B19 but also for other persistent viruses as well and confirmation is required. In conclusion, these disparate findings contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of B19 disease. We are using these studies as a starting point to study the phenomenon of chronic immune activation following B19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Kerr JR, Kaushik N, Fear D, Baldwin DA, Nuwaysir EF, Adcock IM. Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Symptomatic Infection and Differential Human Gene Expression in Healthy Seropositive Persons Each Implicate the Cytoskeleton, Integrin Signaling, and Oncosuppression in the Pathogenesis of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:276-86. [PMID: 15962222 DOI: 10.1086/430950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to further examine the role of the host response to parvovirus B19 in the development of symptoms and consequences of viral persistence. Genomic DNA from 42 patients with symptomatic B19 infection was analyzed using the HuSNP assay (Affymetrix), and the results were compared with those from analysis of 53 healthy control individuals. Fifty-seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified that were significantly associated with symptomatic infection. Total RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 57 B19-seropositive and 13 B19-seronegative donors was analyzed by hybridization to a single-color microarray representing 9522 human genes. Ninety-two genes were shown to be differentially expressed. Differential expression was confirmed in 6 of 38 genes (SKIP, MACF1, SPAG7, FLOT1, c6orf48, and RASSF5) tested using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a different group of healthy subjects. Genes identified in both studies play a functional role in the cytoskeleton, integrin signaling, and oncosuppression, themes that have been shown to be important in parvovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Kerr
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Lewin Altschuler E. Molecular method to test if Parvovirus B19 is a new virus to the Old World. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:795-6. [PMID: 15082109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) is a non-trivial cause of morbidity and mortality in young individuals from diseases such as aplastic anemia and hydrops fetalis. Curiously, given this significant disease burden, the one genetic phenotype known to protect against PVB19 infection--the p red-cell phenotype characterized by the lack on any P group antigens on erythrocytes--is extremely rare with a prevalence of only approximately 1/200,000. One explanation is that PVB19 is a new virus to the Old World. It is pointed out in this paper that recently developed powerful genetic methods can be used to test this proposal. Confirmation that PVB19 is a new virus could shed light on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Africa/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/history
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/virology
- Asia/epidemiology
- Australasia
- Comorbidity
- Europe/epidemiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- History, Ancient
- History, Early Modern 1451-1600
- History, Medieval
- History, Modern 1601-
- Molecular Biology/methods
- Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Parvoviridae Infections/genetics
- Parvoviridae Infections/history
- Parvoviridae Infections/virology
- Parvovirus B19, Human/classification
- Parvovirus B19, Human/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewin Altschuler
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, P.O. Box 1240, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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36
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Klein RM, Jiang H, Niederacher D, Adams O, Du M, Horlitz M, Schley P, Marx R, Lankisch MR, Brehm MU, Strauer BE, Gabbert HE, Scheffold T, Gülker H. Frequency and quantity of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with suspected myocarditis or idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 93:300-9. [PMID: 15085375 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-004-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (PB19) has been identified as a possible cause of myocarditis and heart failure in both children and adult patients. This study used real time PCR analysis, to determine the frequency and to quantify PB19 viral genomes in endomyocardial tissue samples from 80 adult patients with clinically suspected myocarditis or idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction and from 36 controls. Histological (Dallas classification) and immunohistological analyses were performed to detect myocardial inflammation in the endomyocardial biopsies.PB19 genomic DNA was found in nine of 80 patients (11.2%), 4 out of 31 (12.9%) patients with inflammatory infiltrates detected via immunohistological methods and 5 out of 49 (10.2%) patients with left ventricular dysfunction without myocardial inflammation. The copy numbers for PB19 DNA ranged between 30 and 3900 per microg of cellular DNA. Four patients with clinically suspected myocarditis had copy numbers for PB19 DNA of 70, 740, 3400 and 3900, respectively, per microg of cellular DNA in the endomyocardial biopsy. Five patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction had copy numbers for PB19 DNA of 30, 38, 52, 58 and 90, respectively, per microg of cellular DNA in the endomyocardial biopsy. The amplicon of one of the nine positive PCR fragment was sequenced and was found to be fully identical in the highly conserved sequence of published Parvovirus B19 VP1/VP2 genes (NCBI gene bank). In all patients, acute myocarditis was excluded according to the Dallas classification. All biopsies of 36 controls with no history of myocarditis or recent viral infection were negative for myocardial inflammation and parvovirus B19 genomes. In summary, Parvovirus B19 DNA is present within the myocardium of patients with suspected myocarditis and idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction and can be detected and quantified in endomyocardial specimens via real time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Klein
- Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal, Arrenbergerstr. 20, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany.
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37
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Sutiaková I, Rimková S, Sutiak V, Porácová J, Krajnicáková M, Harichová D. A possible relationship between viral infection and chromosome damage in breeding boars. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2004; 117:16-8. [PMID: 14964118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
A cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was carried out on breeding boars (n = 5) on a farm where viral infections (porcine parvovirosis) had occurred. Several different types of chromosomal aberrations were observed including chromatid breaks (23.60 +/- 2.88%), exchanges (9.60 +/- 8.99%), and fragments (4.26 +/- 3.31%). In addition, 2.94 +/- 1.74% of cells in metaphase showed pulverization. Cells with multiple aberrations were seen in two of five boars. The chromosomal damage in the boars may have been induced by a genotoxic agent such as a viral infection, and may also be related to the reproductive impairment of the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Sutiaková
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Slovak Republic.
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38
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39
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Zipris D, Hillebrands JL, Welsh RM, Rozing J, Xie JX, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA. Infections that induce autoimmune diabetes in BBDR rats modulate CD4+CD25+ T cell populations. J Immunol 2003; 170:3592-602. [PMID: 12646622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1A diabetes in humans. This pathogenic process can be modeled in the BBDR rat, which develops pancreatic insulitis and type 1A-like diabetes after infection with Kilham's rat virus (RV). The mechanism is unknown, but does not involve infection of the pancreatic islets. We first documented that RV infection of BBDR rats induces diabetes, whereas infection with its close homologue H-1 does not. Both viruses induced similar humoral and cellular immune responses in the host, but only RV also caused a decrease in splenic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in both BBDR rats and normal WF rats. Surprisingly, RV infection increased CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in pancreatic lymph nodes of BBDR but not WF rats. This increase appeared to be due to the accumulation of nonproliferating CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. The results imply that the reduction in splenic CD4(+)CD25(+) cells observed in RV-infected animals is virus specific, whereas the increase in pancreatic lymph node CD4(+)CD25(+) cells is both virus and rat strain specific. The data suggest that RV but not H-1 infection alters T cell regulation in BBDR rats and permits the expression of autoimmune diabetes. More generally, the results suggest a mechanism that could link an underlying genetic predisposition to environmental perturbation and transform a "regulated predisposition" into autoimmune diabetes, namely, failure to maintain regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Concanavalin A/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/virology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytosis/immunology
- Lymphocytosis/virology
- Male
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreas/virology
- Parvoviridae Infections/genetics
- Parvoviridae Infections/immunology
- Parvoviridae Infections/pathology
- Parvoviridae Infections/virology
- Parvovirus/immunology
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BB
- Rats, Inbred WF
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Program in Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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40
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Clément N, Velu T, Brandenburger A. Construction and production of oncotropic vectors, derived from MVM(p), that share reduced sequence homology with helper plasmids. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:762-70. [PMID: 12189526 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The production of currently available vectors derived from autonomous parvoviruses requires the expression of capsid proteins in trans, from helper sequences. Cotransfection of a helper plasmid always generates significant amounts of replication-competent virus (RCV) that can be reduced by the integration of helper sequences into a packaging cell line. Although stocks of minute virus of mice (MVM)-based vectors with no detectable RCV could be produced by transfection into packaging cells; the latter appear after one or two rounds of replication, precluding further amplification of the vector stock. Indeed, once RCVs become detectable, they are efficiently amplified and rapidly take over the culture. Theoretically RCV-free vector stocks could be produced if all homology between vector and helper DNA is eliminated, thus preventing homologous recombination. We constructed new vectors based on the structure of spontaneously occurring defective particles of MVM. Based on published observations related to the size of vectors and the sequence of the viral origin of replication, these vectors were modified by the insertion of foreign DNA sequences downstream of the transgene and by the introduction of a consensus NS-1 nick site near the origin of replication to optimize their production. In one of the vectors the inserted fragment of mouse genomic DNA had a synergistic effect with the modified origin of replication in increasing vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Clément
- IRIBHN-IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 12, Gosselies, Belgium
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41
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Kerr JR, Mattey DL, Thomson W, Poulton KV, Ollier WER. Association of symptomatic acute human parvovirus B19 infection with human leukocyte antigen class I and II alleles. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:447-52. [PMID: 12195370 DOI: 10.1086/341947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2002] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of the major histocompatibility complex on the development of symptoms during acute human parvovirus B19 infection, we compared human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II alleles in 36 patients with symptomatic acute B19 infection with those in >900 control subjects from northwestern England. The frequency of each of HLA-DRB1*01 (P=.016), DRB1*04 (P=.007), and DRB1*07 (P<.0001) alleles was significantly higher in parvovirus B19 patients than in control subjects. In the parvovirus group, 63.9% carried the rheumatoid arthritis-associated shared epitope sequence, compared with 45% of control subjects (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-4.8; P=.04), and carriage was associated with fatigue during the acute phase (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 0.8-23.9; P=.047). All symptomatic parvovirus-associated HLA-DRB1 molecules carry a neutrally charged glutamine at position 10 and a positively charged lysine at position 12 of the first hypervariable region. HLA-B49 was associated with parvovirus infection independently of HLA-DRB1*01, DRB1*04, and DRB1*07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, SW3 6NP London, United Kingdom.
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42
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Duverger V, Sartorius U, Klein-Bauernschmitt P, Krammer PH, Schlehofer JR. Enhancement of cisplatin-induced apoptosis by infection with adeno-associated virus type 2. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:706-12. [PMID: 11807802 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-pathogenic human adeno-associated virus, AAV, has been shown to sensitize human cancer cells and experimental tumors towards the action of chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. Since chemotherapeutic drugs mainly involve the induction of apoptosis, we investigated whether 1 possible mechanism of AAV-mediated sensitization of human tumor cells may result from an enhancement of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In HeLa and A549 cells, infection with AAV type 2 (AAV-2) increased cisplatin-induced DNA fragmentation but had no cytotoxic effect by itself. This enhanced apoptosis appeared to be mediated at least in part by a component of the viral capsid since empty or UV-inactivated AAV-2 particles were also able to boost cisplatin-induced DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, these effects were not observed after infection with AAV type 5 (AAV-5) or the autonomous parvovirus, H-1. AAV-2-mediated enhancement of apoptosis was not associated with a modification of the expression of CD95 ligand, CD95 receptor or other death receptors, as shown by RT-PCR and RNase protection assay. In contrast, using the mitochondrial fluorescent dye, JC-1 in flow cytometry, AAV-2 infection was found to further reduce the mitochondrial transmembrane potential after treatment with cisplatin in a caspase-independent manner, suggesting that increase of apoptosis by AAV-2 occurred at the mitochondrial level. In contrast, in cells of the small cell lung cancer line, P693, an enhancement of cisplatin-induced DNA fragmentation was not observed after infection with AAV-2. In these cells, sensitization to cisplatin-toxicity was associated with cell cycle arrest in G2/M. The data indicate that in the absence of viral gene expression, AAV-2-mediated sensitization to cisplatin involves multiple cellular pathways promoting cell death signals in a cell type-dependent manner. The results further support that AAV-2 particles may be appropriate adjuvants for improving cancer chemotherapy and may also have consequences regarding AAV-2-based vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Duverger
- Applied Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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44
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Qian X, Zheng Y, Zhang G, Jiao X, Li Z. Relationship between human parvovirus B19 infection and aplastic anemia. Chin Med Sci J 2001; 16:172-4. [PMID: 12899333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) infection and aplastic anemia (AA) and to investigate the role of HPV B19 in the occurrence of AA. METHODS The presence of HPV B19 DNA was detected in the peripheral blood samples of 60 patients with AA (children 38 and adults 22) by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and 30 healthy persons were selected as control. RESULTS Sixteen (26.7%) of 60 AA cases were HPV B19 DNA positive, while all the samples in the control group were negative for HPV B19 (P = 0.000914). Among the case group, the positive rates of HPV B19 DNA were 21.4% (6/28), 30.0% (3/10), 20.0% (1/5) and 35.3% (6/17) in children acute AA (AAA), children chronic AA (CAA), adults AAA and adults CAA patients respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, there was no remarkable difference between children AA and adults AA in the 16 HPV B19 DNA positive patients; neither was there between AAA and CAA. CONCLUSION HPV B19 infection is not only correlated with the occurrence of children AAA and CAA, but also with adults AAA and CAA, and might be an important viral cause for AA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032
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45
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Stahl HD, Pfeiffer R, Von Salis-Soglio G, Emmrich F. Parovirus B19-associated mono- and oligoarticular arthritis may evolve into a chronic inflammatory arthropathy fulfilling criteria for rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthropathy. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 19:510-1. [PMID: 11147771 DOI: 10.1007/s100670070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Gene transfer using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors shows great promise for human gene therapy. The broad host range, low level of immune response, and longevity of gene expression observed with these vectors in numerous disease paradigms has enabled the initiation of a number of clinical trials using this gene delivery system. This review presents an overview of the current developments in the field of AAV-mediated gene delivery. Such developments include the establishment of new production methods allowing the generation of high titer preparations, improved purification methods, the use of alternative AAV serotypes, and the generation of trans-splicing rAAV genomes. Together, these developments have improved results interpretation, host range, and the coding capacity of rAAV vectors. Furthermore, the recent identification of regions within the viral capsid that are amenable to modification has begun to address the issue of direct rAAV vector targeting, which could potentially allow targeted gene delivery to specific cell populations. The versatility shown by this vector has enabled new diseases to be realistically considered for therapeutic intervention and considerably broadened the scope of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Smith-Arica
- Children's Research Institute, W531, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205-2696, USA.
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Beghetti M, Gervaix A, Haenggeli CA, Berner M, Rimensberger PC. Myocarditis associated with parvovirus B19 infection in two siblings with merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159:135-6. [PMID: 10653351 DOI: 10.1007/s004310050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Broliden K, Tolfvenstam T, Papadogiannakis N, Westgren M, Matt P, Lundqvist A, Skjöldebrand-Sparre L, Nyman M, Henter JI. [Parvovirus B19 infection--an insidious chameleon]. Lakartidningen 1999; 96:5066-9. [PMID: 10608130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 is a common source of infection with a seroprevalence of 60-70 per cent in the adult population. The most common manifestation is erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease'), with exanthem, fever and upper airway symptoms in children. The infection can give rise to a multifacetted clinical picture and is probably underdiagnosed, particularly in risk groups (individuals with haemolytic anaemia or immunosuppression, and fetuses). Serological diagnosis can now be complemented with the demonstration of viral DNA using the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test in various body fluids, or tissue biopsy. Recent years have witnessed manifest increase in clinical knowledge of parvovirus B19-associated complications, and their diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Broliden
- Kliniskt virologiska laboratoriet, Karolinska institutet
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49
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Dupressoir T, Schlehofer JR. [Natural infection with adeno-associated viruses]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1999; 57:667-75. [PMID: 10572215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are parvoviruses which exhibit oncosuppressive properties as well as unique characteristics of integration. They have never been associated with human diseases. AAV are thus considered promising vectors for the corrective therapy of various gene defects. In this review, the (possible) consequences of AAV infection for human health, cancer development and recombinant AAV vectors are discussed with respect to recent results on the cellular and molecular targets of AAV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dupressoir
- UMR 8526 CNRS, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1, rue Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex
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50
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Heegaard ED, Rosthøj S, Petersen BL, Nielsen S, Karup Pedersen F, Hornsleth A. Role of parvovirus B19 infection in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88:614-7. [PMID: 10419244 DOI: 10.1080/08035259950169251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Although parvovirus B19 exhibits a strong tissue-tropism for erythroid progenitor cells leading to anaemia, several case reports indicate that parvovirus B19 infection may also cause the development of thrombocytopenia. Despite recent studies, the frequency and clinical relevance of this association have remained questionable. Consequently, and in view of the paucity of evidence regarding a viral aetiology for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), we examined the role of parvovirus B19 in 47 children with newly diagnosed ITP. Specific viral DNA indicating a current or recent parvovirus B19 infection was demonstrated in 6 of 47 patients (13%) employing the polymerase chain reaction technique. Our study suggests that children with ITP and associated parvovirus B19 infection are characterized by acute onset of profound thrombocytopenia. Among the parvovirus B19 positive children, duration of disease was brief in three children treated with immunoglobulin but chronic in the remaining three patients given high-dose steroids. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these initial observations. This virus should be considered as a possible aetiologic agent in some children with ITP.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Bone Marrow/physiology
- Child
- Chronic Disease
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Globins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use
- Parvoviridae Infections/complications
- Parvoviridae Infections/genetics
- Parvovirus B19, Human/genetics
- Parvovirus B19, Human/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/diagnosis
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/virology
- Retrospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University State Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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