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Zi-Yi Z, Qin Q, Fei Z, Cun-Yu C, Lin T. Nesprin proteins: bridging nuclear envelope dynamics to muscular dysfunction. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:208. [PMID: 38566066 PMCID: PMC10986154 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal role played by the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, with a particular focus on Nesprin proteins, in cellular mechanics and the pathogenesis of muscular diseases. Distinguishing itself from prior works, the analysis delves deeply into the intricate interplay of the LINC complex, emphasizing its indispensable contribution to maintaining cellular structural integrity, especially in mechanically sensitive tissues such as cardiac and striated muscles. Additionally, the significant association between mutations in Nesprin proteins and the onset of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is highlighted, underscoring their pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. Through a comprehensive examination of DCM and EDMD cases, the review elucidates the disruptions in the LINC complex, nuclear morphology alterations, and muscular developmental disorders, thus emphasizing the essential function of an intact LINC complex in preserving muscle physiological functions. Moreover, the review provides novel insights into the implications of Nesprin mutations for cellular dynamics in the pathogenesis of muscular diseases, particularly in maintaining cardiac structural and functional integrity. Furthermore, advanced therapeutic strategies, including rectifying Nesprin gene mutations, controlling Nesprin protein expression, enhancing LINC complex functionality, and augmenting cardiac muscle cell function are proposed. By shedding light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions, the review lays the groundwork for future research and therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing genetic muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zi-Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Cun-Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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Jovasevic V, Wood EM, Cicvaric A, Zhang H, Petrovic Z, Carboncino A, Parker KK, Bassett TE, Moltesen M, Yamawaki N, Login H, Kalucka J, Sananbenesi F, Zhang X, Fischer A, Radulovic J. Formation of memory assemblies through the DNA-sensing TLR9 pathway. Nature 2024; 628:145-153. [PMID: 38538785 PMCID: PMC10990941 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
As hippocampal neurons respond to diverse types of information1, a subset assembles into microcircuits representing a memory2. Those neurons typically undergo energy-intensive molecular adaptations, occasionally resulting in transient DNA damage3-5. Here we found discrete clusters of excitatory hippocampal CA1 neurons with persistent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks, nuclear envelope ruptures and perinuclear release of histone and dsDNA fragments hours after learning. Following these early events, some neurons acquired an inflammatory phenotype involving activation of TLR9 signalling and accumulation of centrosomal DNA damage repair complexes6. Neuron-specific knockdown of Tlr9 impaired memory while blunting contextual fear conditioning-induced changes of gene expression in specific clusters of excitatory CA1 neurons. Notably, TLR9 had an essential role in centrosome function, including DNA damage repair, ciliogenesis and build-up of perineuronal nets. We demonstrate a novel cascade of learning-induced molecular events in discrete neuronal clusters undergoing dsDNA damage and TLR9-mediated repair, resulting in their recruitment to memory circuits. With compromised TLR9 function, this fundamental memory mechanism becomes a gateway to genomic instability and cognitive impairments implicated in accelerated senescence, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Maintaining the integrity of TLR9 inflammatory signalling thus emerges as a promising preventive strategy for neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Wood
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zorica Petrovic
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna Carboncino
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kendra K Parker
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Bassett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Moltesen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Naoki Yamawaki
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hande Login
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farahnaz Sananbenesi
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence MBExC, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Computational Genomics Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence MBExC, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatry Research Institute Montefiore Einstein (PRIME), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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3
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de Freitas Nader GP, García-Arcos JM. Cell migration in dense microenvironments. C R Biol 2023; 346:89-93. [PMID: 37779383 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus has been viewed as a passenger during cell migration that functions merely to protect the genome. However, increasing evidence shows that the nucleus is an active organelle, constantly sensing the surrounding environment and translating extracellular mechanical inputs into intracellular signaling. The nuclear envelope has a large membrane reservoir which serves as a buffer for mechanical inputs as it unfolds without increasing its tension. In contrast, when cells cope with mechanical strain, such as migration through solid tumors or dense interstitial spaces, the nuclear envelope folds stretch, increasing nuclear envelope tension and sometimes causing rupture. Different degrees of nuclear envelope tension regulate cellular behaviors and functions, especially in cells that move and grow within dense matrices. The crosstalk between extracellular mechanical inputs and the cell nucleus is a critical component in the modulation of cell function of cells that navigate within packed microenvironments. Moreover, there is a link between regimes of nuclear envelope unfolding and different cellular behaviors, from orchestrated signaling cascades to cellular perturbations and damage.
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Zeng Y, Zhuang Y, Vinod B, Guo X, Mitra A, Chen P, Saggio I, Shivashankar GV, Gao W, Zhao W. Guiding Irregular Nuclear Morphology on Nanopillar Arrays for Malignancy Differentiation in Tumor Cells. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7724-7733. [PMID: 35969027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, abnormal nuclei in tumor cells, presenting subnuclear invaginations and folds on the nuclear envelope, have been known to be associated with high malignancy and poor prognosis. However, current nuclear morphology analysis focuses on the features of the entire nucleus, overlooking the malignancy-related subnuclear features in nanometer scale. The main technical challenge is to probe such tiny and randomly distributed features inside cells. We here employ nanopillar arrays to guide subnuclear features into ordered patterns, enabling their quantification as a strong indicator of cell malignancy. Both breast and liver cancer cells were validated as well as the quantification of nuclear abnormality heterogeneity. The alterations of subnuclear patterns were also explored as effective readouts for drug treatment. We envision that this nanopillar-enabled quantification of subnuclear abnormal features in tumor cells opens a new angle in characterizing malignant cells and studying the unique nuclear biology in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yinyin Zhuang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Vinod
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xiangfu Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Aninda Mitra
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
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Pérez-Hernández M, van Opbergen CJM, Bagwan N, Vissing CR, Marrón-Liñares GM, Zhang M, Torres Vega E, Sorrentino A, Drici L, Sulek K, Zhai R, Hansen FB, Christensen AH, Boesgaard S, Gustafsson F, Rossing K, Small EM, Davies MJ, Rothenberg E, Sato PY, Cerrone M, Jensen THL, Qvortrup K, Bundgaard H, Delmar M, Lundby A. Loss of Nuclear Envelope Integrity and Increased Oxidant Production Cause DNA Damage in Adult Hearts Deficient in PKP2: A Molecular Substrate of ARVC. Circulation 2022; 146:851-867. [PMID: 35959657 PMCID: PMC9474627 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by high propensity to life-threatening arrhythmias and progressive loss of heart muscle. More than 40% of reported genetic variants linked to ARVC reside in the PKP2 gene, which encodes the PKP2 protein (plakophilin-2). METHODS We describe a comprehensive characterization of the ARVC molecular landscape as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry, RNA sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy of right ventricular biopsy samples obtained from patients with ARVC with PKP2 mutations and left ventricular ejection fraction >45%. Samples from healthy relatives served as controls. The observations led to experimental work using multiple imaging and biochemical techniques in mice with a cardiac-specific deletion of Pkp2 studied at a time of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived PKP2-deficient myocytes. RESULTS Samples from patients with ARVC present a loss of nuclear envelope integrity, molecular signatures indicative of increased DNA damage, and a deficit in transcripts coding for proteins in the electron transport chain. Mice with a cardiac-specific deletion of Pkp2 also present a loss of nuclear envelope integrity, which leads to DNA damage and subsequent excess oxidant production (O2.- and H2O2), the latter increased further under mechanical stress (isoproterenol or exercise). Increased oxidant production and DNA damage is recapitulated in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived PKP2-deficient myocytes. Furthermore, PKP2-deficient cells release H2O2 into the extracellular environment, causing DNA damage and increased oxidant production in neighboring myocytes in a paracrine manner. Treatment with honokiol increases SIRT3 (mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3) activity, reduces oxidant levels and DNA damage in vitro and in vivo, reduces collagen abundance in the right ventricular free wall, and has a protective effect on right ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS Loss of nuclear envelope integrity and subsequent DNA damage is a key substrate in the molecular pathology of ARVC. We show transcriptional downregulation of proteins of the electron transcript chain as an early event in the molecular pathophysiology of the disease (before loss of left ventricular ejection fraction <45%), which associates with increased oxidant production (O2.- and H2O2). We propose therapies that limit oxidant formation as a possible intervention to restrict DNA damage in ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Hernández
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Chantal J M van Opbergen
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Navratan Bagwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Rasmus Vissing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
| | - Grecia M Marrón-Liñares
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Estefania Torres Vega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lylia Drici
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (L.D., K.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karolina Sulek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (L.D., K.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruxu Zhai
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (R.Z., P.Y.S.)
| | - Finn B Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex H Christensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Denmark (A.H.C.)
| | - Søren Boesgaard
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (R.Z., P.Y.S.)
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
| | - Kasper Rossing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (E.M.S.)
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Division of Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York (E.R.)
| | - Priscila Y Sato
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (R.Z., P.Y.S.)
| | - Marina Cerrone
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Thomas Hartvig Lindkær Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Medicine (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.R.V., A.H.C., S.B., F.G., K.R., T.H.L.J., H.B.)
| | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU-Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.P.-H., C.J.M.v.O., G.M.M.-L., M.Z., M.C., M.D.)
| | - Alicia Lundby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (N.B., E.T.V., A.S., F.B.H., M.J.D., K.Q., A.L.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Seo J, Kim H, Min KI, Kim C, Kwon Y, Zheng Z, Kim Y, Park HS, Ju YS, Roh MR, Chung KY, Kim J. Weight-bearing activity impairs nuclear membrane and genome integrity via YAP activation in plantar melanoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2214. [PMID: 35468978 PMCID: PMC9038926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acral melanoma commonly occurs in areas that are not exposed to much sunlight, such as the sole of the foot. Little is known about risk factors and mutational processes of plantar acral melanoma. Nuclear envelope rupture during interphase contributes to genome instability in cancer. Here, we show that the nuclear and micronuclear membranes of melanoma cells are frequently ruptured by macroscopic mechanical stress on the plantar surface due to weight-bearing activities. The marginal region of plantar melanoma nodules exhibits increased nuclear morphological abnormalities and collagen accumulations, and is more susceptible to mechanical stress than the tumor center. An increase in DNA damage coincides with nuclear membrane rupture in the tumor margin. Nuclear envelope integrity is compromised by the mechanosensitive transcriptional cofactor YAP activated in the tumor margin. Our results suggest a mutagenesis mechanism in melanoma and explain why plantar acral melanoma is frequent at higher mechanical stress points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimyung Seo
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - HyunSeok Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Il Min
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Changgon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kwon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhenlong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yusung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
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7
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Hinz BE, Walker SG, Xiong A, Gogal RA, Schnieders MJ, Wallrath LL. In Silico and In Vivo Analysis of Amino Acid Substitutions That Cause Laminopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011226. [PMID: 34681887 PMCID: PMC8536974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LMNA gene cause diseases called laminopathies. LMNA encodes lamins A and C, intermediate filaments with multiple roles at the nuclear envelope. LMNA mutations are frequently single base changes that cause diverse disease phenotypes affecting muscles, nerves, and fat. Disease-associated amino acid substitutions were mapped in silico onto three-dimensional structures of lamin A/C, revealing no apparent genotype–phenotype connections. In silico analyses revealed that seven of nine predicted partner protein binding pockets in the Ig-like fold domain correspond to sites of disease-associated amino acid substitutions. Different amino acid substitutions at the same position within lamin A/C cause distinct diseases, raising the question of whether the nature of the amino acid replacement or genetic background differences contribute to disease phenotypes. Substitutions at R249 in the rod domain cause muscular dystrophies with varying severity. To address this variability, we modeled R249Q and R249W in Drosophila Lamin C, an orthologue of LMNA. Larval body wall muscles expressing mutant Lamin C caused abnormal nuclear morphology and premature death. When expressed in indirect flight muscles, R249W caused a greater number of adults with wing posturing defects than R249Q, consistent with observations that R249W and R249Q cause distinct muscular dystrophies, with R249W more severe. In this case, the nature of the amino acid replacement appears to dictate muscle disease severity. Together, our findings illustrate the utility of Drosophila for predicting muscle disease severity and pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Hinz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (B.E.H.); (S.G.W.); (A.X.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Sydney G. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (B.E.H.); (S.G.W.); (A.X.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Austin Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (B.E.H.); (S.G.W.); (A.X.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Rose A. Gogal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Michael J. Schnieders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (B.E.H.); (S.G.W.); (A.X.); (M.J.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Lori L. Wallrath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (B.E.H.); (S.G.W.); (A.X.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-7920
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8
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Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) disruptions induce DNA damage which increases tumor cell invasion.
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9
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Muradov JH, Finnen RL, Gulak MA, Hay TJM, Banfield BW. pUL21 regulation of pUs3 kinase activity influences the nature of nuclear envelope deformation by the HSV-2 nuclear egress complex. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009679. [PMID: 34424922 PMCID: PMC8412291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the herpesvirus nuclear egress complex (NEC) has an intrinsic ability to deform membranes. During viral infection, the membrane-deformation activity of the NEC must be precisely regulated to ensure efficient nuclear egress of capsids. One viral protein known to regulate herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) NEC activity is the tegument protein pUL21. Cells infected with an HSV-2 mutant lacking pUL21 (ΔUL21) produced a slower migrating species of the viral serine/threonine kinase pUs3 that was shown to be a hyperphosphorylated form of the enzyme. Investigation of the pUs3 substrate profile in ΔUL21-infected cells revealed a prominent band with a molecular weight consistent with that of the NEC components pUL31 and pUL34. Phosphatase sensitivity and retarded mobility in phos-tag SDS-PAGE confirmed that both pUL31 and pUL34 were hyperphosphorylated by pUs3 in the absence of pUL21. To gain insight into the consequences of increased phosphorylation of NEC components, the architecture of the nuclear envelope in cells producing the HSV-2 NEC in the presence or absence of pUs3 was examined. In cells with robust NEC production, invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane were observed that contained budded vesicles of uniform size. By contrast, nuclear envelope deformations protruding outwards from the nucleus, were observed when pUs3 was included in transfections with the HSV-2 NEC. Finally, when pUL21 was included in transfections with the HSV-2 NEC and pUs3, decreased phosphorylation of NEC components was observed in comparison to transfections lacking pUL21. These results demonstrate that pUL21 influences the phosphorylation status of pUs3 and the HSV-2 NEC and that this has consequences for the architecture of the nuclear envelope. During all herpesvirus infections, the nuclear envelope undergoes deformation in order to enable viral capsids assembled within the nucleus of the infected cell to gain access to the cytoplasm for further maturation and spread to neighbouring cells. These nuclear envelope deformations are orchestrated by the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC), which, in HSV, is composed of two viral proteins, pUL31 and pUL34. How the membrane-deformation activity of the NEC is controlled during infection is incompletely understood. The studies in this communication reveal that the phosphorylation status of pUL31 and pUL34 can determine the nature of nuclear envelope deformations and that the viral protein pUL21 can modulate the phosphorylation status of both NEC components. These findings provide an explanation for why HSV-2 strains lacking pUL21 are defective in nuclear egress. A thorough understanding of how NEC activity is controlled during infection may yield strategies to disrupt this fundamental step in the herpesvirus lifecycle, providing the basis for novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil H. Muradov
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Renée L. Finnen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Michael A. Gulak
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Thomas J. M. Hay
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Bruce W. Banfield
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kim PH, Chen NY, Heizer PJ, Tu Y, Weston TA, Fong JLC, Gill NK, Rowat AC, Young SG, Fong LG. Nuclear membrane ruptures underlie the vascular pathology in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. JCI Insight 2021; 6:151515. [PMID: 34423791 PMCID: PMC8409987 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutant nuclear lamin protein (progerin) produced in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) results in loss of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but the mechanism has been unclear. We found that progerin induces repetitive nuclear membrane (NM) ruptures, DNA damage, and cell death in cultured SMCs. Reducing lamin B1 expression and exposing cells to mechanical stress - to mirror conditions in the aorta - triggered more frequent NM ruptures. Increasing lamin B1 protein levels had the opposite effect, reducing NM ruptures and improving cell survival. Remarkably, raising lamin B1 levels increased nuclear compliance in cells and was able to offset the increased nuclear stiffness caused by progerin. In mice, lamin B1 expression in aortic SMCs is normally very low, and in mice with a targeted HGPS mutation (LmnaG609G), levels of lamin B1 decrease further with age while progerin levels increase. Those observations suggest that NM ruptures might occur in aortic SMCs in vivo. Indeed, studies in LmnaG609G mice identified NM ruptures in aortic SMCs, along with ultrastructural abnormalities in the cell nucleus that preceded SMC loss. Our studies identify NM ruptures in SMCs as likely causes of vascular pathology in HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Kim
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Bioengineering
| | - Natalie Y. Chen
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Bioengineering
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Ovejero S, Soulet C, Moriel-Carretero M. The Alkylating Agent Methyl Methanesulfonate Triggers Lipid Alterations at the Inner Nuclear Membrane That Are Independent from Its DNA-Damaging Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7461. [PMID: 34299079 PMCID: PMC8305661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to tackle the study of DNA repair pathways, the physical and chemical agents creating DNA damage, the genotoxins, are frequently employed. Despite their utility, their effects are rarely restricted to DNA, and therefore simultaneously harm other cell biomolecules. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is an alkylating agent that acts on DNA by preferentially methylating guanine and adenine bases. It is broadly used both in basic genome stability research and as a model for mechanistic studies to understand how alkylating agents work, such as those used in chemotherapy. Nevertheless, MMS exerts additional actions, such as oxidation and acetylation of proteins. In this work, we introduce the important notion that MMS also triggers a lipid stress that stems from and affects the inner nuclear membrane. The inner nuclear membrane plays an essential role in virtually all genome stability maintenance pathways. Thus, we want to raise awareness that the relative contribution of lipid and genotoxic stresses when using MMS may be difficult to dissect and will matter in the conclusions drawn from those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ovejero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université de Montpellier-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34396 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France;
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12
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Shah P, Hobson CM, Cheng S, Colville MJ, Paszek MJ, Superfine R, Lammerding J. Nuclear Deformation Causes DNA Damage by Increasing Replication Stress. Curr Biol 2021; 31:753-765.e6. [PMID: 33326770 PMCID: PMC7904640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, i.e., the spreading of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant organs, is responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths. In the process, cancer cells migrate through narrow interstitial spaces substantially smaller in cross-section than the cell. During such confined migration, cancer cells experience extensive nuclear deformation, nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the confined migration-induced DNA damage remain incompletely understood. Although in some cell lines, DNA damage is closely associated with nuclear envelope rupture, we show that, in others, mechanical deformation of the nucleus is sufficient to cause DNA damage, even in the absence of nuclear envelope rupture. This deformation-induced DNA damage, unlike nuclear-envelope-rupture-induced DNA damage, occurs primarily in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle and is associated with replication forks. Nuclear deformation, resulting from either confined migration or external cell compression, increases replication stress, possibly by increasing replication fork stalling, providing a molecular mechanism for the deformation-induced DNA damage. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for mechanically induced DNA damage, linking mechanical deformation of the nucleus to DNA replication stress. This mechanically induced DNA damage could not only increase genomic instability in metastasizing cancer cells but could also cause DNA damage in non-migrating cells and tissues that experience mechanical compression during development, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and DNA damage response activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chad M Hobson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Svea Cheng
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marshall J Colville
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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Burla R, La Torre M, Maccaroni K, Verni F, Giunta S, Saggio I. Interplay of the nuclear envelope with chromatin in physiology and pathology. Nucleus 2020; 11:205-218. [PMID: 32835589 PMCID: PMC7529417 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1806661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope compartmentalizes chromatin in eukaryotic cells. The main nuclear envelope components are lamins that associate with a panoply of factors, including the LEM domain proteins. The nuclear envelope of mammalian cells opens up during cell division. It is reassembled and associated with chromatin at the end of mitosis when telomeres tether to the nuclear periphery. Lamins, LEM domain proteins, and DNA binding factors, as BAF, contribute to the reorganization of chromatin. In this context, an emerging role is that of the ESCRT complex, a machinery operating in multiple membrane assembly pathways, including nuclear envelope reformation. Research in this area is unraveling how, mechanistically, ESCRTs link to nuclear envelope associated factors as LEM domain proteins. Importantly, ESCRTs work also during interphase for repairing nuclear envelope ruptures. Altogether the advances in this field are giving new clues for the interpretation of diseases implicating nuclear envelope fragility, as laminopathies and cancer. ABBREVIATIONS na, not analyzed; ko, knockout; kd, knockdown; NE, nuclear envelope; LEM, LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM)-domain containing proteins; LINC, linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complexes; Cyt, cytoplasm; Chr, chromatin; MB, midbody; End, endosomes; Tel, telomeres; INM, inner nuclear membrane; NP, nucleoplasm; NPC, Nuclear Pore Complex; ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum; SPB, spindle pole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italy
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Klizia Maccaroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Verni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italy
- Institute of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope is often depicted as a static barrier that regulates access between the nucleus and the cytosol. However, recent research has identified many conditions in cultured cells and in vivo in which nuclear membrane ruptures cause the loss of nuclear compartmentalization. These conditions include some that are commonly associated with human disease, such as migration of cancer cells through small spaces and expression of nuclear lamin disease mutations in both cultured cells and tissues undergoing nuclear migration. Nuclear membrane ruptures are rapidly repaired in the nucleus but persist in nuclear compartments that form around missegregated chromosomes called micronuclei. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms of nuclear membrane rupture and repair in both the main nucleus and micronuclei, and highlights recent work connecting the loss of nuclear integrity to genome instability and innate immune signaling. These connections link nuclear membrane rupture to complex chromosome alterations, tumorigenesis, and laminopathy etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Emily M Hatch
- Division of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than a century, diagnostic pathologists have used morphologic abnormalities of the nucleus as essential diagnostic features to distinguish benign from malignant cells. These features include nuclear enlargement and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear membrane irregularities, hyperchromasia, and abnormal chromatin distribution. As our knowledge about the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of cancer cells has increased in recent decades, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie these morphologic abnormalities remain incompletely understood. SUMMARY This review attempts to summarize biologic abnormalities in malignant cells related to these morphologic changes. The molecular anatomy of the nuclear envelope in normal and malignant cells is discussed as well as regulation of nuclear size and shape, regulation of signal transduction pathways by molecules of the nuclear envelope, chromatin distribution, and the effects of HPV infection on dysplastic cells in the uterine cervix. Key Message: Causes of morphologic nuclear abnormalities in malignant cells are likely multifactorial. They probably include mutations, dysregulation of signal transduction pathways, abnormal gene expression patterns, alterations of nuclear envelope proteins and chromatin, and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar G Fischer
- Division of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,
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16
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Earle AJ, Kirby TJ, Fedorchak GR, Isermann P, Patel J, Iruvanti S, Moore SA, Bonne G, Wallrath LL, Lammerding J. Mutant lamins cause nuclear envelope rupture and DNA damage in skeletal muscle cells. Nat Mater 2020; 19:464-473. [PMID: 31844279 PMCID: PMC7102937 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear envelope (NE) proteins lamins A/C, cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy and other diseases collectively known as laminopathies. The mechanisms responsible for these diseases remain incompletely understood. Using three mouse models of muscle laminopathies and muscle biopsies from individuals with LMNA-related muscular dystrophy, we found that Lmna mutations reduced nuclear stability and caused transient rupture of the NE in skeletal muscle cells, resulting in DNA damage, DNA damage response activation and reduced cell viability. NE and DNA damage resulted from nuclear migration during skeletal muscle maturation and correlated with disease severity in the mouse models. Reduction of cytoskeletal forces on the myonuclei prevented NE damage and rescued myofibre function and viability in Lmna mutant myofibres, indicating that myofibre dysfunction is the result of mechanically induced NE damage. Taken together, these findings implicate mechanically induced DNA damage as a pathogenic contributor to LMNA skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Earle
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tyler J Kirby
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gregory R Fedorchak
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Philipp Isermann
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jineet Patel
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sushruta Iruvanti
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Moore
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Center of Research in Myology, Association Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Lori L Wallrath
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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17
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Shin JY, Hernandez-Ono A, Fedotova T, Östlund C, Lee MJ, Gibeley SB, Liang CC, Dauer WT, Ginsberg HN, Worman HJ. Nuclear envelope-localized torsinA-LAP1 complex regulates hepatic VLDL secretion and steatosis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4885-4900. [PMID: 31408437 PMCID: PMC6819140 DOI: 10.1172/jci129769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering novel pathways regulating liver lipid content has profound implications for understanding the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Recent evidence suggests that the nuclear envelope is a site of regulation of lipid metabolism but there is limited appreciation of the responsible mechanisms and molecular components within this organelle. We showed that conditional hepatocyte deletion of the inner nuclear membrane protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) caused defective VLDL secretion and steatosis, including intranuclear lipid accumulation. LAP1 binds to and activates torsinA, an AAA+ ATPase that resides in the perinuclear space and continuous main ER. Deletion of torsinA from mouse hepatocytes caused even greater reductions in VLDL secretion and profound steatosis. Both of these mutant mouse lines developed hepatic steatosis and subsequent steatohepatitis on a regular chow diet in the absence of whole-body insulin resistance or obesity. Our results establish an essential role for the nuclear envelope-localized torsinA-LAP1 complex in hepatic VLDL secretion and suggest that the torsinA pathway participates in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - William T. Dauer
- Department of Neurology, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Huguet F, Flynn S, Vagnarelli P. The Role of Phosphatases in Nuclear Envelope Disassembly and Reassembly and Their Relevance to Pathologies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070687. [PMID: 31284660 PMCID: PMC6678589 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of kinases in the regulation of cell cycle transitions is very well established, however, over the past decade, studies have identified the ever-growing importance of phosphatases in these processes. It is well-known that an intact or otherwise non-deformed nuclear envelope (NE) is essential for maintaining healthy cells and any deviation from this can result in pathological conditions. This review aims at assessing the current understanding of how phosphatases contribute to the remodelling of the nuclear envelope during its disassembling and reformation after cell division and how errors in this process may lead to the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Huguet
- College of Health and Life Science, Research Institute for Environment Health and Society, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Shane Flynn
- College of Health and Life Science, Research Institute for Environment Health and Society, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Paola Vagnarelli
- College of Health and Life Science, Research Institute for Environment Health and Society, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Double-membrane-bound nucleus is the major organelle of every metazoan cell, which controls various nuclear processes like chromatin maintenance, DNA replication, transcription and nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton coupling. Nuclear homeostasis depends on the integrity of nuclear membrane and associated proteins. Lamins, underlying the inner nuclear membrane (INM), play a crucial role in maintaining nuclear homeostasis. In this review, we have focussed on the disruption of nuclear homeostasis due to lamin A/C mutation which produces a plethora of diseases, termed as laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Dutta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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20
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Nassour J, Radford R, Correia A, Fusté JM, Schoell B, Jauch A, Shaw RJ, Karlseder J. Autophagic cell death restricts chromosomal instability during replicative crisis. Nature 2019; 565:659-663. [PMID: 30675059 PMCID: PMC6557118 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Replicative crisis is a senescence-independent process that acts as a final barrier against oncogenic transformation by eliminating pre-cancerous cells with disrupted cell cycle checkpoints1. It functions as a potent tumour suppressor and culminates in extensive cell death. Cells rarely evade elimination and evolve towards malignancy, but the mechanisms that underlie cell death in crisis are not well understood. Here we show that macroautophagy has a dominant role in the death of fibroblasts and epithelial cells during crisis. Activation of autophagy is critical for cell death, as its suppression promoted bypass of crisis, continued proliferation and accumulation of genome instability. Telomere dysfunction specifically triggers autophagy, implicating a telomere-driven autophagy pathway that is not induced by intrachromosomal breaks. Telomeric DNA damage generates cytosolic DNA species with fragile nuclear envelopes that undergo spontaneous disruption. The cytosolic chromatin fragments activate the cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway and engage the autophagy machinery. Our data suggest that autophagy is an integral component of the tumour suppressive crisis mechanism and that loss of autophagy function is required for the initiation of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Nassour
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Radford
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Correia
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Schoell
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jan Karlseder
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Maass KK, Rosing F, Ronchi P, Willmund KV, Devens F, Hergt M, Herrmann H, Lichter P, Ernst A. Altered nuclear envelope structure and proteasome function of micronuclei. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:353-363. [PMID: 30149001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei are extra-nuclear bodies containing whole chromosomes that were not incorporated into the nucleus after cell division or damaged chromosome fragments. Even though the link between micronuclei and DNA damage is described for a long time, little is known about the functional organization of micronuclei and their contribution to tumorigenesis. We showed fusions between micronuclear membranes and lysosomes by electron microscopy and linked lysosome function to DNA damage levels in micronuclei. In addition, micronuclei drastically differ from primary nuclei in nuclear envelope composition, with a significant increase in the relative amount of nuclear envelope proteins LBR and emerin and a decrease in nuclear pore proteins. Strikingly, micronuclei lack active proteasomes, as the processing subunits and other factors of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Moreover, micronuclear chromatin shows a higher degree of compaction as compared to primary nuclei. The specific aberrations identified in micronuclei and the potential functional consequences of these defects may contribute to the role of micronuclei in catastrophic genomic rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Maass
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Fabian Rosing
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karolin V Willmund
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Devens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hergt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélie Ernst
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Petrini S, Borghi R, D'Oria V, Restaldi F, Moreno S, Novelli A, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Aged induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) as a new cellular model for studying premature aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:1453-1469. [PMID: 28562315 PMCID: PMC5472744 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear integrity and mechanical stability of the nuclear envelope (NE) are conferred by the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of intermediate filaments composed of A- and B-type lamins, supporting the inner nuclear membrane and playing a pivotal role in chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation. During cell senescence, nuclear alterations also involving NE architecture are widely described. In the present study, we utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon prolonged in vitro culture as a model to study aging and investigated the organization and expression pattern of NE major constituents. Confocal and four-dimensional imaging combined with molecular analyses, showed that aged iPSCs are characterized by nuclear dysmorphisms, nucleoskeletal components (lamin A/C-prelamin isoforms, lamin B1, emerin, and nesprin-2) imbalance, leading to impaired nucleo-cytoplasmic MKL1 shuttling, actin polymerization defects, mitochondrial dysfunctions, SIRT7 downregulation and NF-kBp65 hyperactivation. The observed age-related NE features of iPSCs closely resemble those reported for premature aging syndromes (e.g., Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) and for somatic cell senescence. These findings validate the use of aged iPSCs as a suitable cellular model to study senescence and for investigating therapeutic strategies aimed to treat premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
- Department of Science-LIME, University “Roma Tre”, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Restaldi
- Medical Genetic Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science-LIME, University “Roma Tre”, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetic Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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Tang JR, Mat Isa NA, Ch’ng ES. Evaluating Nuclear Membrane Irregularity for the Classification of Cervical Squamous Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164389. [PMID: 27741266 PMCID: PMC5065206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pap test involves searching of morphological changes in cervical squamous epithelial cells by pathologists or cytotechnologists to identify potential cancerous cells in the cervix. Nuclear membrane irregularity is one of the morphological changes of malignancy. This paper proposes two novel techniques for the evaluation of nuclear membrane irregularity. The first technique, namely, penalty-driven smoothing analysis, introduces different penalty values for nuclear membrane contour with different degrees of irregularity. The second technique, which can be subdivided into mean- or median-type residual-based analysis, computes the number of points of nuclear membrane contour that deviates from the mean or median of the nuclear membrane contour. Performance of the proposed techniques was compared to three state-of-the-art techniques, namely, radial asymmetric, shape factor, and rim difference. Friedman and post hoc tests using Holm, Shaffer, and Bergmann procedures returned significant differences for all the three classes, i.e., negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) versus low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), NILM versus high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and LSIL versus HSIL when the span value equaled 3 was employed with linear penalty function. When span values equaled 5, 7, and 9, NILM versus LSIL and HSIL showed significant differences regardless of the penalty functions. In addition, the results of penalty-driven smoothing analysis were comparable with those of other state-of-the-art techniques. Residual-based analysis returned significant differences for the comparison among the three diagnostic classes. Findings of this study proved the significance of nuclear membrane irregularity as one of the features to differentiate the different diagnostic classes of cervical squamous epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Rui Tang
- Imaging and Intelligent Systems Research Team, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Ashidi Mat Isa
- Imaging and Intelligent Systems Research Team, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ewe Seng Ch’ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Jiang P, Gan M, Yen SH, Moussaud S, McLean PJ, Dickson DW. Proaggregant nuclear factor(s) trigger rapid formation of α-synuclein aggregates in apoptotic neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:77-91. [PMID: 26839082 PMCID: PMC4911378 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein (αS) aggregates has been proposed to be responsible for progressive αS pathology in Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders, including dementia with Lewy bodies. In support of this concept, a growing body of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence shows that exogenously introduced αS aggregates can spread into surrounding cells and trigger PD-like pathology. It remains to be determined what factor(s) lead to initiation of αS aggregation that is capable of seeding subsequent propagation. In this study we demonstrate that filamentous αS aggregates form in neurons in response to apoptosis induced by staurosporine or other toxins-6-hydroxy-dopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Interaction between αS and proaggregant nuclear factor(s) is associated with disruption of nuclear envelope integrity. Knocking down a key nuclear envelop constituent protein, lamin B1, enhances αS aggregation. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experimental models demonstrate that aggregates released upon cell breakdown can be taken up by surrounding cells. Accordingly, we suggest that at least some αS aggregation might be related to neuronal apoptosis or loss of nuclear membrane integrity, exposing cytosolic α-synuclein to proaggregant nuclear factors. These findings provide new clues to the pathogenesis of PD and related disorders that can lead to novel treatments of these disorders. Specifically, finding ways to limit the effects of apoptosis on αS aggregation, deposition, local uptake and subsequent propagation might significantly impact progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ming Gan
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Yen
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Simon Moussaud
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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25
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Bell ES, Lammerding J. Causes and consequences of nuclear envelope alterations in tumour progression. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:449-464. [PMID: 27397692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes in the size and shape of the nucleus are highly prevalent in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the functional relevance remain poorly understood. Nuclear envelope proteins, which can modulate nuclear shape and organization, have emerged as key components in a variety of signalling pathways long implicated in tumourigenesis and metastasis. The expression of nuclear envelope proteins is altered in many cancers, and changes in levels of nuclear envelope proteins lamins A and C are associated with poor prognosis in multiple human cancers. In this review we highlight the role of the nuclear envelope in different processes important for tumour initiation and cancer progression, with a focus on lamins A and C. Lamin A/C controls many cellular processes with key roles in cancer, including cell invasion, stemness, genomic stability, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and resistance to mechanical stress. In addition, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating the changes in lamin levels observed in many cancers. A better understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between lamin expression and tumour progression could reveal important mechanisms for coordinated regulation of oncogenic processes, and indicate therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be exploited for improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bell
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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26
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Fahrenkrog B, Martinelli V, Nilles N, Fruhmann G, Chatel G, Juge S, Sauder U, Di Giacomo D, Mecucci C, Schwaller J. Expression of Leukemia-Associated Nup98 Fusion Proteins Generates an Aberrant Nuclear Envelope Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152321. [PMID: 27031510 PMCID: PMC4816316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the nucleoporin NUP98 have been described in several hematopoietic malignancies, in particular acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the resulting chimeric proteins, Nup98's N-terminal region is fused to the C-terminal region of about 30 different partners, including homeodomain (HD) transcription factors. While transcriptional targets of distinct Nup98 chimeras related to immortalization are relatively well described, little is known about other potential cellular effects of these fusion proteins. By comparing the sub-nuclear localization of a large number of Nup98 fusions with HD and non-HD partners throughout the cell cycle we found that while all Nup98 chimeras were nuclear during interphase, only Nup98-HD fusion proteins exhibited a characteristic speckled appearance. During mitosis, only Nup98-HD fusions were concentrated on chromosomes. Despite the difference in localization, all tested Nup98 chimera provoked morphological alterations in the nuclear envelope (NE), in particular affecting the nuclear lamina and the lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α). Importantly, such aberrations were not only observed in transiently transfected HeLa cells but also in mouse bone marrow cells immortalized by Nup98 fusions and in cells derived from leukemia patients harboring Nup98 fusions. Our findings unravel Nup98 fusion-associated NE alterations that may contribute to leukemogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Homeodomain Proteins/analysis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitosis
- Nuclear Envelope/genetics
- Nuclear Envelope/metabolism
- Nuclear Envelope/pathology
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/analysis
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- * E-mail: (BF); (JS)
| | - Valérie Martinelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nadine Nilles
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Gernot Fruhmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Chatel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Sabine Juge
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Sauder
- Biozentrum, Microscopy Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danika Di Giacomo
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BF); (JS)
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27
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Meinke P, Mattioli E, Haque F, Antoku S, Columbaro M, Straatman KR, Worman HJ, Gundersen GG, Lattanzi G, Wehnert M, Shackleton S. Muscular dystrophy-associated SUN1 and SUN2 variants disrupt nuclear-cytoskeletal connections and myonuclear organization. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004605. [PMID: 25210889 PMCID: PMC4161305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the nuclear envelope (NE) are associated with a range of inherited disorders, most commonly involving muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy, as exemplified by Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). EDMD is both genetically and phenotypically variable, and some evidence of modifier genes has been reported. Six genes have so far been linked to EDMD, four encoding proteins associated with the LINC complex that connects the nucleus to the cytoskeleton. However, 50% of patients have no identifiable mutations in these genes. Using a candidate approach, we have identified putative disease-causing variants in the SUN1 and SUN2 genes, also encoding LINC complex components, in patients with EDMD and related myopathies. Our data also suggest that SUN1 and SUN2 can act as disease modifier genes in individuals with co-segregating mutations in other EDMD genes. Five SUN1/SUN2 variants examined impaired rearward nuclear repositioning in fibroblasts, confirming defective LINC complex function in nuclear-cytoskeletal coupling. Furthermore, myotubes from a patient carrying compound heterozygous SUN1 mutations displayed gross defects in myonuclear organization. This was accompanied by loss of recruitment of centrosomal marker, pericentrin, to the NE and impaired microtubule nucleation at the NE, events that are required for correct myonuclear arrangement. These defects were recapitulated in C2C12 myotubes expressing exogenous SUN1 variants, demonstrating a direct link between SUN1 mutation and impairment of nuclear-microtubule coupling and myonuclear positioning. Our findings strongly support an important role for SUN1 and SUN2 in muscle disease pathogenesis and support the hypothesis that defects in the LINC complex contribute to disease pathology through disruption of nuclear-microtubule association, resulting in defective myonuclear positioning. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited disorder involving muscle wasting and weakness, accompanied by cardiac defects. The disease is variable in its severity and also in its genetic cause. So far, 6 genes have been linked to EDMD, most encoding proteins that form a structural network that supports the nucleus of the cell and connects it to structural elements of the cytoplasm. This network is particularly important in muscle cells, providing resistance to mechanical strain. Weakening of this network is thought to contribute to development of muscle disease in these patients. Despite rigorous screening, at least 50% of patients with EDMD have no detectable mutation in the 6 known genes. We therefore undertook screening and identified mutations in two additional genes that encode other components of the nuclear structural network, SUN1 and SUN2. Our findings add to the genetic complexity of this disease since some individuals carry mutations in more than one gene. We also show that the mutations disrupt connections between the nucleus and the structural elements of cytoplasm, leading to mis-positioning and clustering of nuclei in muscle cells. This nuclear mis-positioning is likely to be another factor contributing to pathogenesis of EDMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meinke
- Institute of Human Genetics and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Mattioli
- National Research Council of Italy - CNR - Institute for Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna IOR, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Farhana Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Susumu Antoku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kees R. Straatman
- Centre for Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- National Research Council of Italy - CNR - Institute for Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna IOR, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfred Wehnert
- Institute of Human Genetics and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sue Shackleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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Pârvu AE, Ţălu Ş, Crăciun C, Alb SF. Evaluation of scaling and root planing effect in generalized chronic periodontitis by fractal and multifractal analysis. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:186-96. [PMID: 23668776 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fractal and multifractal analysis are useful additional non-invasive methods for quantitative description of complex morphological features. However, the quantitative and qualitative assessment of morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues are still unexplored. The aim of this work is to assess the structural gingival changes in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP), before and after scaling and root planing (SRP) by using fractal and multifractal analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve adults with untreated chronic periodontitis were treated only by SRP. At baseline and after SRP, gingivomucosal biopsies were collected for histopathological examination. Fractal and multifractal analysis of digital images of the granular, spinous and basal and conjunctive layers structure, using the standard box-counting method was performed. The fractal dimension was determined for cell membrane, nuclear membrane of cell and nucleolus membrane of cell. RESULTS In GCP a higher fractal dimension corresponds to a higher geometric complexity of cells contour, as its values increase when the contour irregularities increase. The generalized fractal dimensions were determined for the conjunctive layer structure of patients with GCP and patients with GCP and SRP. The fractal and multifractal analysis of gingival biopsies confirmed earlier findings that SRP reduces gingival injury in patients with GCP. CONCLUSION It has been shown that fractal and multifractal analysis of tissue images as a non-invasive technique could be used to measure contrasting morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues and can provide detailed information for investigation of healthy and diseased gingival mucosa from patients with GCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pârvu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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29
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Porwal M, Cohen S, Snoussi K, Popa-Wagner R, Anderson F, Dugot-Senant N, Wodrich H, Dinsart C, Kleinschmidt JA, Panté N, Kann M. Parvoviruses cause nuclear envelope breakdown by activating key enzymes of mitosis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003671. [PMID: 24204256 PMCID: PMC3814971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disassembly of the nuclear lamina is essential in mitosis and apoptosis requiring multiple coordinated enzymatic activities in nucleus and cytoplasm. Activation and coordination of the different activities is poorly understood and moreover complicated as some factors translocate between cytoplasm and nucleus in preparatory phases. Here we used the ability of parvoviruses to induce nuclear membrane breakdown to understand the triggers of key mitotic enzymes. Nuclear envelope disintegration was shown upon infection, microinjection but also upon their application to permeabilized cells. The latter technique also showed that nuclear envelope disintegration was independent upon soluble cytoplasmic factors. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed that nuclear disassembly exhibited mitosis-like kinetics and occurred suddenly, implying a catastrophic event irrespective of cell- or type of parvovirus used. Analyzing the order of the processes allowed us to propose a model starting with direct binding of parvoviruses to distinct proteins of the nuclear pore causing structural rearrangement of the parvoviruses. The resulting exposure of domains comprising amphipathic helices was required for nuclear envelope disintegration, which comprised disruption of inner and outer nuclear membrane as shown by electron microscopy. Consistent with Ca++ efflux from the lumen between inner and outer nuclear membrane we found that Ca++ was essential for nuclear disassembly by activating PKC. PKC activation then triggered activation of cdk-2, which became further activated by caspase-3. Collectively our study shows a unique interaction of a virus with the nuclear envelope, provides evidence that a nuclear pool of executing enzymes is sufficient for nuclear disassembly in quiescent cells, and demonstrates that nuclear disassembly can be uncoupled from initial phases of mitosis. Parvoviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses successfully used in gene therapy. Their nuclear replication requires transit of the nuclear envelope. Analyzing the interaction between parvoviruses and the nucleus, we showed that despite their small size, they did not traverse the nuclear pore, but attached directly to proteins of the nuclear pore complex. We observed that this binding induced structural changes of the parvoviruses and that the structural rearrangement was essential for triggering a signal cascade resulting in disintegration of the nuclear envelope. Physiologically such nuclear envelope breakdown occurs late during prophase of mitosis. Our finding that the parvovirus-mediated nuclear envelope breakdown also occurred in the absence of soluble cytosolic factors allowed us to decipher the intra nuclear pathways involved in nuclear envelope destabilization. Consistently with the physiological disintegration we found that key enzymes of mitosis were essential and we further identified Ca++ as the initial trigger. Thus our data not only show a unique pathway of how a DNA virus interacts with the nucleus but also describes a virus-based system allowing the first time to analyze selectively the intranuclear pathways leading to nuclear envelope disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Porwal
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenza Snoussi
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fenja Anderson
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Nelly Panté
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Kann
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
The nuclear envelopathies, more frequently known as laminopathies are a rapidly expanding group of human hereditary diseases caused by mutations of genes that encode proteins of the nuclear envelope. The most frequent and best known form is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), a skeletal myopathy characterized by progressive muscular weakness, joint contractures, and cardiac disease. EMD gene, encoding emerin, causes the X-linked form of EDMD, while LMNA gene encoding lamins A and C, is responsible for autosomal forms, usually with a dominant transmission. In the last years, the spectrum of conditions has been extraordinarily enlarged, from a congenital muscular dystrophy with severe paralytic or rapidly progressive picture due to de novo mutations in LMNA (L-CMD) to a limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with adult onset and much milder weakness (LGMD1B). LMNA has also been involved in a form of isolated cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac conduction disease and in an axonal form of hereditary neuropathy. Identification of this gene has been reported also in a number of non-neuromuscular disorders including lipodystrophy syndromes and a wide spectrum of premature aging syndromes ranging from mandibuloacral dysplasia to restrictive dermopathy. Mutations in other genes implicated in the processing or maturation of nuclear lamins have also been found. The extraordinary complexity of the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases is still not well known and the occurrence of modifying factors or genes is highly suspected. Identification of new genes and investigation of new therapeutic approaches are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisèle Bonne
- Inserm, U974; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UM 76; CNRS, UMR 7215; Institut de Myologie, and AP-HP - U.F. Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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31
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Elis E, Ehrlich M, Prizan-Ravid A, Laham-Karam N, Bacharach E. p12 tethers the murine leukemia virus pre-integration complex to mitotic chromosomes. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003103. [PMID: 23300449 PMCID: PMC3531515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The p12 protein of the murine leukemia virus (MLV) is a constituent of the pre-integration complex (PIC) but its function in this complex remains unknown. We developed an imaging system to monitor MLV PIC trafficking in live cells. This allowed the visualization of PIC docking to mitotic chromosomes and its release upon exit from mitosis. Docking occurred concomitantly with nuclear envelope breakdown and was impaired for PICs of viruses with lethal p12 mutations. Insertion of a heterologous chromatin binding module into p12 of one of these mutants restored PICs attachment to the chromosomes and partially rescued virus replication. Capsid dissociated from wild type PICs in mitotic cells but remained associated with PICs harboring tethering-negative p12 mutants. Altogether, these results explain, in part, MLV restriction to dividing cells and reveal a role for p12 as a factor that tethers MLV PIC to mitotic chromosomes. Retroviruses, including the murine leukemia virus (MLV), reverse transcribe their RNA genome to a DNA copy, which travels from the cytoplasm to the nucleus as part of a ‘pre-integration complex’ (PIC), to integrate into cellular chromosomes. The viral p12 protein is a constituent of the MLV PIC, but its function in this complex has remained unknown. We developed a real-time imaging system to detect p12 and MLV PICs in live cells. This revealed that p12 tethers the MLV PIC to mitotic chromosomes. Accordingly, PICs derived from viruses with specific lethal mutations in p12 failed to attach to the chromosomes, and insertion of a heterologous chromatin binding module into p12 restored PICs attachment to the chromosomes and rescued virus replication. In addition, docking of wild type PICs to chromosomes coincided with nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis, and detachment occurred upon exit from mitosis. Capsid - another viral component of the PIC - dissociated from wild type PICs in mitotic cells but remained associated with PICs harboring tethering-negative p12 mutants, suggesting interplay between these two proteins in regulating targeting of mitotic chromosomes by the PIC. These results highlight steps contributing to the high tropism of MLV to dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Elis
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Prizan-Ravid
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Terradas M, Martín M, Hernández L, Tusell L, Genescà A. Is DNA damage response ready for action anywhere? Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11569-11583. [PMID: 23109871 PMCID: PMC3472763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are continuously exposed to DNA damaging agents, consequently, cells have developed an intricate system known as the DNA damage response (DDR) in order to detect and repair DNA lesions. This response has to be rapid and accurate in order to keep genome integrity. It has been observed that the condensation state of chromatin hinders a proper DDR. However, the condensation state of chromatin is not the only barrier to DDR. In this review, we have collected data regarding the presence of DDR factors on micronuclear DNA lesions that indicate that micronuclei are almost incapable of generating an effective DDR because of defects in their nuclear envelope. Finally, considering the recent observations about the reincorporation of micronuclei to the main bulk of chromosomes, we suggest that, under certain circumstances, micronuclei carrying DNA damage might be a source of chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Terradas
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-935-811-498; Fax: +34-935-812-295
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Tan Y, Yang H, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wu M, Zou H. [An analysis on biomedical effects of bipolar electric pulses at different central frequency]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2012; 29:438-442. [PMID: 22826935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adopting the cell model of multilayer spherical symmetry and the circuit analysis, the present paper gives the calculated results of the voltages on each of several parts of malignant Tonsillar B-cells and Jurkat T lymphocytes when the first-order Gaussian pulses at different central frequency apposed on them. The relationship between the central frequency and the transmembrane voltages of plasma membrane is also given. The optimum frequency causing electroporation in nuclear envelope is given as well. The paper discusses the reasons of electroporation in membrane and DNA degradation in nuclear. The work provides a reference for usage of transient bipolar electric pulses in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Tan
- Physical Electronics College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Abstract
Laminopathies are a group of diseases that share wrong codification of lamins, building proteins of the nuclear lamina. Different tissues are affected in those disorders: striated muscle, adipose tissue, central or peripheral nervous system and aging process. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and Hutchinson-Gildford Progery Syndrome are two examples of laminopathies. Other diseases, due to mutations in different genes, impair lamins function by a direct or an indirect way and they are frequently considered together. The last decade has seen an increasing interest and scientific advances on laminopathies that will allow us to answer key questions regarding metabolism, insulin resistance, sudden death and aging. Laminopathies are reviewed in this article from a molecular, pathogenic and clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Méndez-López
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Yokoi F, Dang MT, Yang G, Li J, Doroodchi A, Zhou T, Li Y. Abnormal nuclear envelope in the cerebellar Purkinje cells and impaired motor learning in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia mouse models. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:12-20. [PMID: 22040906 PMCID: PMC3242862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia (M-D) is a movement disorder characterized by myoclonic jerks with dystonia. DYT11 M-D is caused by mutations in SGCE which codes for ɛ-sarcoglycan. SGCE is maternally imprinted and paternally expressed. Abnormal nuclear envelope has been reported in mouse models of DYT1 generalized torsion dystonia. However, it is not known whether similar alterations occur in DYT11 M-D. We developed a mouse model of DYT11 M-D using paternally inherited Sgce heterozygous knockout (Sgce KO) mice and reported that they had myoclonus and motor coordination and learning deficits in the beam-walking test. However, the specific brain regions that contribute to these phenotypes have not been identified. Since ɛ-sarcoglycan is highly expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, here we examined the nuclear envelope in these cells using a transmission electron microscope and found that they are abnormal in Sgce KO mice. Our results put DYT11 M-D in a growing family of nuclear envelopathies. To analyze the effect of loss of ɛ-sarcoglycan function in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, we produced paternally inherited cerebellar Purkinje cell-specific Sgce conditional knockout (Sgce pKO) mice. Sgce pKO mice showed motor learning deficits, while they did not show abnormal nuclear envelope in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, robust motor deficits, or myoclonus. The results suggest that ɛ-sarcoglycan in the cerebellar Purkinje cells contributes to the motor learning, while loss of ɛ-sarcoglycan in other brain regions may contribute to nuclear envelope abnormality, myoclonus and motor coordination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mai T. Dang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - JinDong Li
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Atbin Doroodchi
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a vital structure that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Because the NE is such a critical cellular barrier, many viral pathogens have evolved to modulate its permeability. They do this either by breaching the NE or by disrupting the integrity and functionality of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Viruses modulate NE permeability for different reasons. Some viruses disrupt NE to deliver the viral genome into the nucleus for replication, while others cause NE disruption during nuclear egress of newly assembled capsids. Yet, other viruses modulate NE permeability and affect the compartmentalization of host proteins or block the nuclear transport of host proteins involved in the host antiviral response. Recent scientific advances demonstrated that other viruses use proteins of the NPC for viral assembly or disassembly. Here we review the ways in which various viruses affect NE and NPC during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Wu M, Yang H, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zeng G, Tan Y, Sun Y, Zou H. [Electric pulse duration and windows effect of nuclear envelope]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2011; 28:602-606. [PMID: 21774232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear envelope voltages of T cells were analyzed with a lumped circuitry for cells in combination with frequency domain power density of Gaussian pulses and monocycle pulses. According to the differences in geometric and electric parameters between normal and malignant T cells, circuitry analysis was performed. Theoretical evaluations indicated that apoptosis of malignant T cells was of feasibility, which could be applied in cancer therapy. The evaluations were in accord with the published experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Wu
- Physical Electronics College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Liu GH, Barkho BZ, Ruiz S, Diep D, Qu J, Yang SL, Panopoulos AD, Suzuki K, Kurian L, Walsh C, Thompson J, Boue S, Fung HL, Sancho-Martinez I, Zhang K, Yates J, Belmonte JCI. Recapitulation of premature ageing with iPSCs from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature 2011; 472:221-5. [PMID: 21346760 PMCID: PMC3088088 DOI: 10.1038/nature09879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare and fatal human premature ageing disease, characterized by premature arteriosclerosis and degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HGPS is caused by a single point mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene, resulting in the generation of progerin, a truncated splicing mutant of lamin A. Accumulation of progerin leads to various ageing-associated nuclear defects including disorganization of nuclear lamina and loss of heterochromatin. Here we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts obtained from patients with HGPS. HGPS-iPSCs show absence of progerin, and more importantly, lack the nuclear envelope and epigenetic alterations normally associated with premature ageing. Upon differentiation of HGPS-iPSCs, progerin and its ageing-associated phenotypic consequences are restored. Specifically, directed differentiation of HGPS-iPSCs to SMCs leads to the appearance of premature senescence phenotypes associated with vascular ageing. Additionally, our studies identify DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs, also known as PRKDC) as a downstream target of progerin. The absence of nuclear DNAPK holoenzyme correlates with premature as well as physiological ageing. Because progerin also accumulates during physiological ageing, our results provide an in vitro iPSC-based model to study the pathogenesis of human premature and physiological vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Basam Z. Barkho
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dinh Diep
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sheng-Lian Yang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Athanasia D. Panopoulos
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Leo Kurian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ho Lim Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - John Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Lin ST, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy: linking nuclear envelope to myelin. J Neurosci 2011; 31:1163-6. [PMID: 21273400 PMCID: PMC3078713 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5994-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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40
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Ganesh RN, Prayaga AK, Chandrasekhar B, Karunakumar K, Radhika K. Diagnostic utility in open or closed nuclear membrane. Acta Cytol 2010; 54:1063-1065. [PMID: 21053604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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41
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Caruso RA, Rigoli L, Fedele F, Pizzi G, Quattrocchi E, Finocchiaro G, Labate A, Paparo D, Lucianò R, Parisi A, Venuti A. Modifications of nuclear envelope in tumour cells of human gastric carcinomas: an ultrastructural study. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:699-702. [PMID: 20332493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various nuclear envelope derivatives, such as the annulate lamellae, the intranuclear tubules as well as the nuclear projections and pockets may be observed electron microscopically in tumour cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a series of eight gastric adenocarcinomas, ultrastructural features of nuclear envelope changes were analyzed and correlated to the biology of the tumours. RESULTS Histologically, three tumours were intestinal-type adenocarcinomas and showed annulate lamellae in the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. Five tumors were mixed-type adenocarcinomas, with a solid growth pattern; two of these tumours were characterized by the presence of intranuclear tubules, whereas the remaining three tumours exhibited nuclear pockets and projections. Seven out of eight patients died due to metastatic disease during the follow-up period (median 31 months). CONCLUSION Ultrastructural evaluation of pleomorphism of the nuclear envelope may be an ancillary method for the pathologist in the study of nuclear grading of gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Caruso
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital, I-98125 Messina, Italy
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42
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Recupero D, Annaratone L, Maletta F, Bussolati G. Nuclear shape in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a role for lamin B receptor? Rom J Morphol Embryol 2010; 51:615-20. [PMID: 21103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Irregularity in the nuclear shape, with extensive folds and invaginations of the nuclear membrane (NM), remain the basic diagnostic feature of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The biological reasons for these irregularities are obscure, but evidence has been presented that they might be linked to RET÷PTC gene translocation. In the present study, we have investigated the hypothesis that the NM irregularities in PTC might be linked to alterations in the expression of lamin B receptor (LBR), a component of the inner NM responsible for the distribution of Lamin B and associated chromatin. Fisher AH et al. already reported on the lack of LBR in PTC, a finding in contrast with the observation that a reduced expression of LBR because of gene mutation is responsible for the lack of nuclear segmentation of granulocytes in Pelger-Huët anomaly. In the present study, we confirmed the lack of immunohistochemical staining for LBR in PTC nuclei, in contrast to a positive staining in intestinal epithelium and stromal cells. However, Western blot and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a strongly positive reaction in PTC extracts, thus proving an expression of LBR higher in PTC cases and cells than in follicular carcinoma cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that LBR is heavily expressed in PTC cells, but an abnormal folding of the protein might explain its lack of immunohistochemical reactivity and be associated with the anomalous folding of the NM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Recupero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
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43
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Dey P. Nuclear margin irregularity and cancer: a review. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31:345-352. [PMID: 20701103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear margin irregularity is an important diagnostic feature of malignant cells. The exact cause of nuclear margin irregularity is not fully understood. The distortion of the nuclear envelope is probably the major factor in nuclear margin irregularity. Multiple proteins on the nuclear envelope, particularly nuclear lamin, are responsible for the distortion of the nuclear envelope. The extracellular matrix may also indirectly affect the nuclear position and shape by the closely connected network of actin-nespirin-SUN-lamin links. The alteration of nuclear matrix protein and RET-oncogene expression may play a role in nuclear envelope distortion and in margin irregularity. In this review, the probable causes and impact of nuclear margin irregularities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Dey
- Department of Cytology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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44
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Whalen MJ, Dalkara T, You Z, Qiu J, Bermpohl D, Mehta N, Suter B, Bhide PG, Lo EH, Ericsson M, Moskowitz MA. Acute plasmalemma permeability and protracted clearance of injured cells after controlled cortical impact in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:490-505. [PMID: 17713463 PMCID: PMC2711980 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) evolves over days to weeks. Despite advances in understanding biochemical mechanisms that contribute to posttraumatic brain cell death, the time course of cell injury, death, and removal remains incompletely characterized in experimental TBI models. In a mouse controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, plasmalemma permeability to propidium iodide (PI) was an early and persistent feature of posttraumatic cellular injury in cortex and hippocampus. In cortical and hippocampal brain regions known to be vulnerable to traumatic cell death, the number of PI+ cells peaked early after CCI, and increased with increasing injury severity in hippocampus but not cortex (P<0.05). Propidium iodide labeling correlated strongly with hematoxylin and eosin staining in injured cells (r=0.99, P<0.001), suggesting that plasmalemma damage portends fatal cellular injury. Using PI pulse labeling to identify and follow the fate of a cohort of injured cells, we found that many PI+ cells recovered plasmalemma integrity by 24 h and were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling negative, but nonetheless disappeared from injured brain by 7 days. Propidium iodide-positive cells in dentate gyrus showed significant ultrastructural damage, including plasmalemma and nuclear membrane damage or overt membrane loss, in all cells when examined by laser capture microdissection and transmission electron microscopy 1 to 24 h after CCI. The data suggest that plasmalemma damage is a fundamental marker of cellular injury after CCI; some injured cells might have an extended window for potential rescue by neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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45
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Chu NN, Xia W, Yu P, Hu L, Zhang R, Cui CL. Chronic morphine-induced neuronal morphological changes in the ventral tegmental area in rats are reversed by electroacupuncture treatment. Addict Biol 2008; 13:47-51. [PMID: 18269380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic morphine-induced neuronal morphological changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rats at electron-microscopic level. Fourteen days of administering escalating doses of morphine induced pathological morphological changes of neurons in the VTA: the rough endoplasmic reticulum swelled, membrane configuration of the nucleus and mitochondria blurred, and structure of myelin sheath changed. Both 2 and 100 Hz EA treatment reversed the morphological alterations induced by chronic morphine administration. The findings provide new evidence that EA may serve as a potential therapy in treating opiate addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-ning Chu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, China
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46
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize their genetic material within the nucleus. The boundary separating the genetic material from the cytoplasm is the nuclear envelope (NE) and lamina. Historically, the NE was perceived as functioning primarily as a barrier regulating the entry and exit of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm via the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) that traverse the nuclear membranes. However, recent findings have caused a fundamental reassessment with regard to NE and lamina functions. Evidence now points to the NE and lamina functioning as a "hub" in regulating and perhaps integrating critical cellular functions that include chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, mechanical integrity of the cell, signaling pathways, as well as acting as a key component of the cytoskeleton. Such an integral role for the nuclear boundary has emerged from increased interest into the functions of the NE/lamina, which has been largely stimulated by the discovery that some 24 different diseases and anomalies are caused by defects in proteins of the NE and lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Cohen
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, N.W. Washington, DC 20010, USA
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47
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Nakano S, Shinde A, Fujita K, Ito H, Kusaka H. Histone H1 is released from myonuclei and present in rimmed vacuoles with DNA in inclusion body myositis. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:27-33. [PMID: 17888663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate myonuclear alterations in sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM), we immuno-localized histones in muscles in 11 patients. The examination showed that vacuolar rims were frequently positive for histone H1. In triple-color fluorescence study, the H1-positive products were found on the inner side of an emerin-positive circle with DNA. Moreover, H1-positive materials appeared to be released into the cytoplasm in some vacuoles and myonuclei. The localization of H1 was different from phosphorylated Elk-1, which is a nuclear protein, but abnormally accumulated in the cytoplasm in s-IBM. The results strongly support the hypothesis that rimmed vacuoles are derived from the nucleus. The cytoplasmic H1-release suggests dysfunction of nuclear membranes in an early phase of the nuclear disintegration. We hypothesize that, in s-IBM muscles, compromised nuclear envelope may permit release of some nuclear components such as histone H1 and cannot facilitate the incorporation of others to the nucleus as in pElk-1.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/pathology
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/metabolism
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/pathology
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/physiopathology
- Nuclear Envelope/metabolism
- Nuclear Envelope/pathology
- Vacuoles/metabolism
- Vacuoles/pathology
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-1/genetics
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi 570-8507, Japan.
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48
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Bussolati G. Proper detection of the nuclear shape: ways and significance. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2008; 49:435-439. [PMID: 19050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Shape and size of the nucleus, coupled with changes in chromatin amount and distribution, still remain the basic microscopic criteria for cytological diagnoses. Diagnostic recognition of the nuclear shape in pathological histology and cytology has been always based on the assumption that it is the content in nucleic acids, which determines the nuclear shape. The present review challenges this opinion, focuses on the structure, and functions of the nuclear envelope and on how these features can be exploited in diagnostic pathology. In particular, we will present the contribution of thee-dimensional modeling to the understanding of nuclear irregularities in breast cancer and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Specifically, it will be shown how tagging the nuclear membrane with anti-Emerin antibodies can represent an additional and valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Finally, the prognostic importance of detecting irregularities of the nuclear shape in breast carcinomas by immunofluorescence staining for nuclear proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bussolati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Torino, Italy.
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49
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Kandert S, Lüke Y, Kleinhenz T, Neumann S, Lu W, Jaeger VM, Munck M, Wehnert M, Müller CR, Zhou Z, Noegel AA, Dabauvalle MC, Karakesisoglou I. Nesprin-2 giant safeguards nuclear envelope architecture in LMNA S143F progeria cells. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2944-59. [PMID: 17881656 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The S143F lamin A/C point mutation causes a phenotype combining features of myopathy and progeria. We demonstrate here that patient dermal fibroblast cells have dysmorphic nuclei containing numerous blebs and lobulations, which progressively accumulate as cells age in culture. The lamin A/C organization is altered, showing intranuclear and nuclear envelope (NE) aggregates and presenting often a honeycomb appearance. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that nesprin-2 C-terminal isoforms and LAP2alpha were recovered in the cytoplasm, whereas LAP2beta and emerin were unevenly localized along the NE. In addition, the intranuclear organization of acetylated histones, histone H1 and the active form of RNA polymerase II were markedly different in patient cells. A subpopulation of mutant cells, however, expressing the 800 kDa nesprin-2 giant isoform, did not show an overt nuclear phenotype. Ectopic expression of p.S143F lamin A in fibroblasts recapitulates the patient cell phenotype, whereas no effects were observed in p.S143F LMNA keratinocytes, which highly express nesprin-2 giant. Overexpression of the mutant lamin A protein had a more severe impact on the NE of nesprin-2 giant deficient fibroblasts when compared with wild-type. In summary, our results suggest that the p.S143F lamin A mutation affects NE architecture and composition, chromatin organization, gene expression and transcription. Furthermore, our findings implicate a direct involvement of the nesprins in laminopathies and propose nesprin-2 giant as a structural reinforcer at the NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kandert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, D97074, Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Di Sano F, Fazi B, Tufi R, Nardacci R, Piacentini M. Reticulon-1C acts as a molecular switch between endoplasmic reticulum stress and genotoxic cell death pathway in human neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2007; 102:345-53. [PMID: 17596210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Damage or stress in many organelles may trigger apoptosis by several not yet fully elucidated mechanisms. A cell death pathway is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress elicited by the unfolded protein response and/or by aberrant Ca(2+) signalling. Reticulon-1C (RTN-1C) belongs to the reticulon family, neuroendocrine-specific proteins localized primarily on the ER membrane. In the present study, we demonstrate that RTN-1C is able to modulate, in a mutually exclusive way, the cellular sensitivity to different apoptosis pathways in human neuroblastoma cells. In fact, the increase of RTN-1C protein levels per se results in ER stress-induced cell death, mediated by an increase of cytosolic Ca(2+), and significantly sensitizes cells to different ER stress inducers. In line with these findings, the reduction of RTN-1C, by antisense DNA expression, reduced the sensitivity to ER-stressors. In the presence of high RTN-1C levels, genotoxic drugs become ineffective as a consequence of the cytoplasm translocation of p53 protein, while the silencing of endogenous RTN-1C results in the potentiation of the genotoxic drugs action. These data indicate that RTN-1C is able to modulate the cellular sensitivity to different apoptotic pathways representing a promising molecular target for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Sano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
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