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Yarycky L, Castillo LIR, Gagnon MM, Hadjistavropoulos T. Initiatives Targeting Health Care Professionals: A Systematic Review of Knowledge Translation Pain Assessment and Management Studies Focusing on Older Adults. Clin J Pain 2024; 40:230-242. [PMID: 38193260 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pain is often undertreated in older adult populations due to factors, such as insufficient continuing education and health care resources. Initiatives to increase knowledge about pain assessment and management are crucial for the incorporation of research evidence into practice. Knowledge translation (KT) studies on pain management for older adults and relevant knowledge users have been conducted; however, the wide variety of KT program formats and outcomes underscores a need to evaluate and systematically report on the relevant literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a systematic review methodology, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to June 2023. Pain-related KT programs targeted towards older adults, their informal caregivers, and health care professionals were examined. Initiatives focusing on health care professionals are the focus of this review. Initiatives focusing on older adults are reported in a companion article. RESULTS From an initial 21,669 search results, 172 studies met our inclusion criteria. These studies varied widely in focus and delivery format but the majority were associated with significant risk of bias. In this report, we are focusing on 124 studies targeting health care professionals; 48 studies involving initiatives targeting older adults are reported in a companion article. Moreover, most programs were classified as knowledge mobilization studies without an implementation component. Across all studies, knowledge user satisfaction with the initiative and the suitability of the material presented were most commonly assessed. Patient outcomes, however, were underemphasized in the literature. CONCLUSION Patient and clinical outcomes must be a focus of future research to fully conceptualize the success of KT programs for older adult individuals. Without implementation plans, disseminated knowledge does not tend to translate effectively into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laney Yarycky
- Department of Psychology and Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina
| | - Louise I R Castillo
- Department of Psychology and Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina
| | - Michelle M Gagnon
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Tegenborg S, Fransson P, Martinsson L. Physicians' and nurses' experience of using the Abbey Pain Scale (APS) in people with advanced cancer: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:95. [PMID: 37016389 PMCID: PMC10071650 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Abbey Pain Scale (APS), an observational scale used to assess pain in people with end-stage dementia, is also widely used in Sweden to assess pain in patients with advanced cancer. It is unclear whether the APS is appropriate in this context. This study aims to explore physicians' and nurses' experiences of using a Swedish translation of the APS (the APS-SE) in people with advanced cancer. METHODS Conventional qualitative content analysis was used to analyse interviews with physicians (n = 6) and nurses (n = 6) working in oncology and specialised palliative care about their experiences of using the APS-SE. RESULTS Three categories were created: fills a need, not always on target, and does not fully suit the clinical situation. Participants reported that although the APS-SE provides support in a challenging situation, it sometimes misses the mark: it does not distinguish well between pain and other types of suffering and its pain score tends not to reflect professionals' intuitive perceptions of patients' suffering. Some parts of the APS-SE were not considered useful, and others were perceived as ethically questionable. CONCLUSION Health professionals greatly need an observational pain assessment tool for people with advanced cancer. The APS-SE is helpful in this context, but participants did not perceive it as ideal. Its problems seem inherent to the original APS rather than related to its translation from English to Swedish. Further research is needed to provide a more suitable pain assessment tool for patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussi Tegenborg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Fransson
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lisa Martinsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Does Education Improve Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, and Practice in Relation to Pain Management? An Integrative Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2023; 24:273-279. [PMID: 36608996 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is undertreated in both adults and children and a major factor linked to this is nurses' lack of knowledge as evidenced by studies undertaken globally. OBJECTIVE This review sought to explore the effects educational interventions can have on nurses' knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practice regarding pain management. DESIGN An integrative review DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, AMED, EMBASE, and Psych INFO. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS Five major databases were systematically searched from the year 2000-December 2019 with a total of 33 studies included in the final review. RESULTS The literature revealed that many nurses had inadequate knowledge and a poor attitude towards pain at baseline, which may be improved through educational intervention. However, misconceptions remained at post-intervention, particularly regarding pharmacological pain management. CONCLUSIONS Education is a possible means to enhance nurses' knowledge and improve attitudes and practices in pain management. However, there was some evidence that this may decline over time, and continuous professional updates are likely required.
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Meng Y. Effects of comprehensive nursing intervention on maternal and infant outcomes for gestational diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Liu S, Gnjidic D, Nguyen J, Penm J. Effectiveness of interventions on the appropriate use of opioids for noncancer pain among hospital inpatients: A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:210-243. [PMID: 31863503 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To summarise the effectiveness of interventions on appropriate opioid use for noncancer pain among hospital inpatients. METHODS Two reviewers independently searched 6 databases up to March 2018 original research articles reporting on quantitative outcomes of interventions on appropriate opioid use among hospital inpatients. Appropriate opioid use was measured by changes in prescribing, such as the lowest effective opioid dose and duration, or clinical outcomes such as adequate pain control. Quality and intervention complexity assessments were performed by 2 independent reviewers. The full methodological approach was published on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019145947). RESULTS Of 398 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 37 articles were included in the review. Most articles had a moderate or high risk of bias (27 of 37 studies). Thirty-one articles primarily addressed appropriate opioid use and 6 articles targeted opioid safety as a secondary outcome. A multifaceted approach was the most common primary intervention (16 studies) and adequate pain control was the main outcome measured (14 studies). Health provider education, reinforced by hard-copy material and feedback, was associated with a 13.0 to 29.5% increase in the proportion of opioid prescriptions written in concordance with local guidelines and reduced pain scores ranging from 7.0 to 34.5%. Interventions to improve opioid safety in patient-controlled analgesia reduced medication errors by up to 89.1%. CONCLUSION Interventions involving academic detailing and education, especially when reinforced by feedback, show positive effects on appropriate opioid use among hospital inpatients. Future studies investigating the impact of administrative interventions on opioid use and related outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Liu
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Danijela Gnjidic
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Nguyen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Penm
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Schofield P. The Assessment of Pain in Older People: UK National Guidelines. Age Ageing 2018; 47:i1-i22. [PMID: 29579142 PMCID: PMC5888957 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pat Schofield
- Positive Ageing Research Institute Anglia Ruskin University Chelmsford, Cambridge
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Whybrow P, Moffatt S, Kay L, Thompson B, Aspray T, Duncan R. Assessing the need for arthritis training among paid carers in UK residential care homes: A focus group and interview study. Musculoskeletal Care 2017; 16:82-89. [PMID: 28804995 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to perform an educational and training needs assessment for arthritis care in residential homes. METHODS Qualitative data were collected from three purposively selected residential homes: one independent, one in a regional chain and one in a national chain. Three researcher-led focus groups were conducted with paid carers (N = 22) using vignette exercises; interviews were undertaken with 12 residents with joint pain (N = 12), five managerial staff and two general practitioners (GPs). Data were compared and analysed thematically around care practices, communication and training. RESULTS There is a lack of arthritis awareness among paid carers, although they regularly identify and manage arthritic symptoms. Residents rely on paid carers to recognize when pain and mobility problems are treatable. Senior staff and GPs rely on carers to identify arthritic problems. However, paid carers themselves undervalued the health significance of their activities and lacked the confidence to communicate important information to healthcare professionals. Few of the paid carers had received training in arthritis and many expressed a strong desire to learn about it, to improve their ability to provide better care. CONCLUSIONS Education for paid carers regarding arthritis is lacking and lags behind education about conditions such as dementia and diabetes. To meet the expectations of their care roles fully, paid carers require an awareness of what arthritis is and how to recognize symptoms. We suggest that training should be aimed at improving confidence in communicating with colleagues, residents and health professionals, with senior care staff receiving more in-depth training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whybrow
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Suzanne Moffatt
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lesley Kay
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ben Thompson
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Terry Aspray
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Duncan
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Gorawara-Bhat R, Wong A, Dale W, Hogan T. Nurses' perceptions of pain management for older-patients in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2017; 100:231-241. [PMID: 27591825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1) Identify themes arising from nurses' perceptions of assessing older-patients' pain; 2) use themes to guide development of optimal interventions to improve quality of pain assessment in the emergency department (ED). METHODS Nurse interviews (n=20) were conducted until theme saturation. They were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using qualitative methodology. RESULTS Two major themes-nurse 'challenges' and 'strategies' to overcome challenges, and their subthemes - classified as 'patient-related' or 'system-related,' were salient in nurses' perceptions. Strategies nurses reported for managing challenges were based in their own professional lived experiences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A 2×2 framework was developed to conceptualize challenges, strategies, subthemes and their classifications, yielding 4 typologies comprising challenge types matched with appropriate strategy types. While emergent challenges and strategies are corroborated in the literature, the present study is the first to develop a scheme of typologies beneficial for guiding the development of optimal interventions to improve the quality of assessing pain in older-patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The typology framework can guide the development of pain assessment tools and the needed combinations for assessing multidimensional pain in older-patients. Using the present findings, a new clinical intervention was shown to significantly improve pain management for older-patients in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Wong
- Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William Dale
- Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teresita Hogan
- Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chow S, Chow R, Lam M, Rowbottom L, Hollenberg D, Friesen E, Nadalini O, Lam H, DeAngelis C, Herrmann N. Pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities: a systematic review. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:525-538. [PMID: 27855532 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this review is to document pain assessment tools used primarily for older adults in long-term care facilities and compare self-report and observer-rated tools. METHODS A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase, Cochrane and PsycINFO. Keywords included 'dementia', 'pain management' and 'managing pain'. RESULTS Of 1033 references, 23 articles were selected for inclusion. Six tools were self-rated and 18 tools were administered by an observer. 13 studies evaluated the reliability/validity of their scales; four studies compared different scales against each other. CONCLUSION Self-report should be the first-line approach when possible, with observational assessment used as a supplementary tool. Reliable observational tools have been shortened, and shown to maintain high reliability/validity, and positive psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Chow
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ronald Chow
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michael Lam
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Leigha Rowbottom
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Drew Hollenberg
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Erika Friesen
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Olivia Nadalini
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Henry Lam
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Carlo DeAngelis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Standardising analgesic administration for nurses: a prospective intervention study. Int J Clin Pharm 2016; 38:1497-1504. [PMID: 27655311 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled pain reduces quality of life, delays recovery from surgery and can potentially contribute to the development of chronic pain. Strategies to improve pain management are desirable in view of these detrimental outcomes, yet frequently they are predominately medically based despite nurses playing key roles in pain assessment and analgesic administration. Objective To develop an algorithm-based guidance addressing nurses' pain assessment and analgesic administration and investigating its impact on quality of pain management. Setting Two orthopaedic units in a university hospital. Method An interdisciplinary expert panel consisting of physicians, nurses and clinical pharmacists developed an algorithm-based guidance in analgesic administration for nurses. The guidance was based on current guidelines addressing the appropriate use of analgesics. In a prospective intervention study, clinical pharmacists acted as independent monitors who assessed nurses' pain assessment and analgesic administration before (control period: usual care without any further support) and after implementation of the algorithm-based guidance (intervention period). We evaluated patient-nurse contacts for guideline adherence. We predefined guideline adherence (main outcome) as fulfilling all three of the following criteria: (A) nurses' pain intensity assessment, (B) their assessment of the patients' need for analgesics, and (C) analgesic administration depending on patients' individual pain intensity (including choice of prescribed analgesics). Main outcome measure Adherence to pain management guidelines. Results We analysed 706 patient-nurse contacts with 162 patients in the control and 748 contacts with 168 patients in the intervention period. Without support, guidelines were followed in 6 % of the patient contacts. We achieved an increase to 54 % (p < 0.001) after guidance implementation (main outcome). Guideline adherence decreased with rising pain intensity (slope coefficient -0.763, p < 0.001). Conclusion Especially in patients suffering from severe pain, current guidelines were not strictly followed by nurses when administering analgesics. Guideline adherence improved eightfold by implementing an algorithm-based guidance.
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Yost J, Ganann R, Thompson D, Aloweni F, Newman K, Hazzan A, McKibbon A, Dobbins M, Ciliska D. The effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions for promoting evidence-informed decision-making among nurses in tertiary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Implement Sci 2015; 10:98. [PMID: 26169063 PMCID: PMC4499897 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-015-0286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses are increasingly expected to engage in evidence-informed decision-making (EIDM) to improve client and system outcomes. Despite an improved awareness about EIDM, there is a lack of use of research evidence and understanding about the effectiveness of interventions to promote EIDM. This project aimed to discover if knowledge translation (KT) interventions directed to nurses in tertiary care are effective for improving EIDM knowledge, skills, behaviours, and, as a result, client outcomes. It also sought to understand contextual factors that affect the impact of such interventions. METHODS A systematic review funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PROSPERO registration: CRD42013003319) was conducted. Included studies examined the implementation of any KT intervention involving nurses in tertiary care to promote EIDM knowledge, skills, behaviours, and client outcomes or studies that examined contextual factors. Study designs included systematic reviews, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies. The search included electronic databases and manual searching of published and unpublished literature to November 2012; key databases included MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Excerpta Medica (EMBASE). Two reviewers independently performed study selection, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Studies with quantitative data determined to be clinically homogeneous were synthesized using meta-analytic methods. Studies with quantitative data not appropriate for meta-analysis were synthesized narratively by outcome. Studies with qualitative data were synthesized by theme. RESULTS Of the 44,648 citations screened, 30 citations met the inclusion criteria (18 quantitative, 10 qualitative, and 2 mixed methods studies). The quality of studies with quantitative data ranged from very low to high, and quality criteria was generally met for studies with qualitative data. No studies evaluated the impact on knowledge and skills; they primarily investigated the effectiveness of multifaceted KT strategies for promoting EIDM behaviours and improving client outcomes. Almost all studies included an educational component. A meta-analysis of two studies determined that a multifaceted intervention (educational meetings and use of a mentor) did not increase engagement in a range of EIDM behaviours [mean difference 2.7, 95 % CI (-1.7 to 7.1), I (2) = 0 %]. Among the remaining studies, no definitive conclusions could be made about the relative effectiveness of the KT interventions due to variation of interventions and outcomes, as well as study limitations. Findings from studies with qualitative data identified the organizational, individual, and interpersonal factors, as well as characteristics of the innovation, that influence the success of implementation. CONCLUSIONS KT interventions are being implemented and evaluated on nurses' behaviour and client outcomes. This systematic review may inform the selection of KT interventions and outcomes among nurses in tertiary care and decisions about further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yost
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Ganann
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - David Thompson
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
| | - Fazila Aloweni
- Singapore General Hospital, 31 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kristine Newman
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Afeez Hazzan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Peter's Hospital-Hamilton Health Sciences, 88 Maplewood Avenue, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Ann McKibbon
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Maureen Dobbins
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Donna Ciliska
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Harvey C. Is there scope for an observational pain scoring tool in paramedic practice? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.12968/jpar.2014.6.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harvey
- clinical supervisor and research fellow, Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust
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Rodríguez-Mansilla J, Jiménez-Palomares M, González-López-Arza MV. [Scales to evaluate pain in elderly patients suffering from dementia. Help-tools for the physiotherapist, doctor, nurse and occupational therapist]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2014; 49:35-41. [PMID: 24211068 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine which scales are being used to evaluate pain in old people suffering from dementia. A search strategy was developed to retrieve all articles (randomized controlled trials and clinical trials without randomization) published in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Plus, PEDro and Dialnet and BMC Geriatrics from January 2000 to January 2012. Exclusion criteria were articles that did not use scales for evaluating pain in elderly patients suffering from dementia, and other type of articles (case studies, reviews...). Finally, 13 studies were included in this review. From the results obtained it appears that more studies are needed to confirm the pain scales used for the elderly suffering from dementia. Observational scales may be useful to evaluate pain in these patients.
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Akhtar S, Hwang U, Dickman E, Nelson BP, Morrison RS, Todd KH. A Brief Educational Intervention Is Effective in Teaching the Femoral Nerve Block Procedure to First-Year Emergency Medicine Residents. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:726-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gilmore-Bykovskyi AL, Bowers BJ. Understanding nurses' decisions to treat pain in nursing home residents with dementia. Res Gerontol Nurs 2013; 6:127-38. [PMID: 23330944 PMCID: PMC3634876 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20130110-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nursing home (NH) residents with dementia continue to receive inadequate pain treatment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how nurses make decisions to pharmacologically treat pain in NH residents with dementia. Using Grounded Dimensional Analysis, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 nurses from four skilled nursing facilities in Wisconsin. Nurses experienced varying levels of certainty regarding suspected pain in response to particular resident characteristics and whether pain was perceived as visible/obvious or nonvisible/not obvious. Nurses felt highly uncertain about pain in residents with dementia. Suspected pain in residents with dementia was nearly always conceptualized as a change in behavior to which nurses responded by trialing multiple interventions in attempts to return the resident to baseline, which despite current recommendations, did not include pain relief trials. Residents with dementia were described as being at greatest risk for experiencing underassessment, undertreatment, and delayed treatment for pain
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Manias E. Complexities of pain assessment and management in hospitalised older people: a qualitative observation and interview study. Int J Nurs Stud 2012; 49:1243-54. [PMID: 22640777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain continues to be a common problem for older hospitalised patients, but little is known about how the complexities of actual clinical practice affect pain assessment and management in these patients. OBJECTIVE To examine how pain was assessed and managed in older patients who were admitted to geriatric evaluation and management units. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A naturalistic observational research design was used involving observations of interactions between nurses and patients, and follow-up interviews with nurses. Three observation periods were conducted between midnight and midday, which commenced at 03:30, 07:30, and 10:30, and three observation periods were conducted between midday and midnight, which commenced at 15:30, 18:30, and 22:30. Between 12 and 13 observations were conducted for each observation period, each ranging from 2 to 3h. The study was undertaken in two units, each located in an Australian public teaching hospital. Participants included registered nurses employed in the units, and patients in their care. RESULTS Four major themes were identified: communication among nurses and between older patients and nurses; strategies for pain management; environmental and organisational aspects of care; and complexities in the nature of pain. Nurses tended to use simple questioning with patients about the pain experienced. Despite the availability of 'as required' opioid medication for breakthrough or incident pain, nurses often preferred to wait to determine if pain was relieved following administration of fixed-dose paracetamol. Time of day impacted on how pain was managed due to availability of nursing staff. It was unit policy for doctors to reduce medications prescribed, which often extended to analgesics, and nurses were left to deal with patient tensions in addressing analgesic needs. Complexities were associated with the nature of pain experienced, in terms of perceived level of tolerable pain, the simultaneous presence of chronic and acute pain, location of pain, and differentiation of pain from discomfort. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the intricacies associated with how analgesic needs are addressed in older patients, especially those with communication deficits, the complex nature of older patients' painful experiences, and the precarious balance of attempting to treat pain effectively while avoiding adverse effects of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Manias
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Level 2, Walter Boas Building, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Corbett A, Husebo B, Malcangio M, Staniland A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Aarsland D, Ballard C. Assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:264-74. [PMID: 22487749 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many elderly people experience pain and regularly take analgesic medication. Pain is also frequent in people with dementia, particularly those with severe disease. As no robust clinical guidelines are available for the treatment of pain in the context of dementia, the risk of inadequate treatment in individuals with this condition is high. Furthermore, our understanding of the aetiology of pain and the potential role of dementia-associated neuropathology in pain is limited. These issues are important in the clinical management of individuals with dementia, as untreated pain is a major contributor to reduced quality of life and disability, and can lead to increased behavioural and psychological symptoms. Assessment scales to identify pain in people with dementia have been highlighted in recent studies, but there is little evidence for consistency between these tools. Numerous studies have evaluated various approaches for the treatment of pain, including stepped-care protocols and/or administration of paracetamol and opioid medications. In this Review, we summarize the best-available evidence regarding the aetiology, assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Further validation of assessment tools and large-scale trials of treatment approaches in people with dementia are needed to improve clinical guidance for the treatment of pain in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corbett
- Alzheimer's Society, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK
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