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Blanco-Gandía MC, Mateos-García A, García-Pardo MP, Montagud-Romero S, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Aguilar MA. Effect of drugs of abuse on social behaviour. Behav Pharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Karadayian AG, Lores-Arnaiz S, Cutrera RA. The effect of constant darkness and circadian resynchronization on the recovery of alcohol hangover. Behav Brain Res 2014; 268:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Alterations in affective behavior during the time course of alcohol hangover. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Karadayian AG, Cutrera RA. Alcohol hangover: Type and time-extension of motor function impairments. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chester JA, Coon LE. Pentylenetetrazol produces a state-dependent conditioned place aversion to alcohol withdrawal in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:258-65. [PMID: 20138906 PMCID: PMC2853362 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if aversive effects of alcohol withdrawal could be detected in mice using the place conditioning procedure and whether the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), would increase the aversive effects of alcohol withdrawal and increase the probability of detecting conditioned place aversion. Subjects were alcohol-naïve mice from a specific line selectively bred for low alcohol preference (LAP1; n=91) and were assigned to three groups: alcohol withdrawal, PTZ alone, and PTZ+alcohol withdrawal. On four trials, mice received either a 4.0 g/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of alcohol (alcohol withdrawal, PTZ+alcohol withdrawal groups) or saline (PTZ group) 8 h prior to being placed on a distinctive floor texture for a 30-min conditioning session. Five minutes before these sessions, mice in the PTZ and PTZ+alcohol withdrawal groups received PTZ (5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) and the alcohol withdrawal group received saline. On intervening days mice received two saline injections at the same time points prior to being placed on a different floor texture. Post-conditioning floor preference was assessed in two 60-min tests; the first test was drug-free and the second test was state-dependent. Neither alcohol withdrawal nor PTZ produced significant place conditioning. The PTZ+alcohol withdrawal group showed a significant place aversion during the state-dependent test. These data suggest that the combined stimulus properties of PTZ and alcohol withdrawal facilitated the expression of conditioned place aversion to alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Spear LP. Developmental differences in acute ethanol withdrawal in adolescent and adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1516-27. [PMID: 17760786 PMCID: PMC2644064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withdrawal from an acute high ethanol dose induces behaviors reminiscent of withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure. While such "hangover"-related anxiety has previously been shown to be considerably less pronounced in adolescent compared to adult male rats, ontogenetic studies are limited and few experiments have directly compared sex- and age-related differences in sensitivity to ethanol hangover. METHODS The current experiments examined consequences of a previous ethanol challenge (4.0 g/kg i.p. injection, 20% v/v) on anxiety and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and holeboard (HB) tests, respectively, in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS In Exp. 1, evidence of hangover-related anxiety and withdrawal-induced hypoactivity emerged at both ages and in both sexes. As several procedural variables were changed in Exp.1 relative to previous studies from our laboratory showing age-related differences in these hangover measures, Exp. 2 explored the possible contribution of 2 variables to ontogenetic expression of withdrawal-induced anxiogenesis: (1) isolation vs. social context during the postchallenge recovery period and (2) EPM testing alone or immediately following a 5 minute HB test. Results of Exp. 2 revealed few significant interactions of these variables with age- and ethanol exposure-related anxiety measures, although sequential testing (HB before EPM) notably suppressed activity in the EPM and altered the major underlying component of EPM behavior from anxiety to activity as revealed in factor analyses of these data. Additional analyses conducted on animals tested only in the EPM revealed attenuations in withdrawal anxiogenesis among adolescents, along with withdrawal-related decreases in activity at both ages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that adolescents do show an attenuated sensitivity to hangover-induced anxiogenesis in the EPM, an age difference not evident under other pretest conditions. Therefore, caution should be exerted when using the EPM to index anxiety across age. The robustness of withdrawal-related hypoactivity at both ages suggests that adolescents may not be globally insensitive to the consequences of previous binge-like exposure to ethanol, but rather less likely to express certain hangover-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Prediger RDS, da Silva GE, Batista LC, Bittencourt AL, Takahashi RN. Activation of adenosine A1 receptors reduces anxiety-like behavior during acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:2210-20. [PMID: 16407902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Elevated signs of anxiety are observed in both humans and rodents during withdrawal from chronic as well as acute ethanol exposure, and it represents an important motivational factor for ethanol relapse. Several reports have suggested the involvement of brain adenosine receptors in different actions produced by ethanol such as motor incoordination and hypnotic effects. In addition, we have recently demonstrated that adenosine A1 receptors modulate the anxiolytic-like effect induced by ethanol in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists in reducing the anxiety-like behavior during acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) in mice. Animals received a single intraperitoneal administration of saline or ethanol (4 g/kg) and were tested in the elevated plus maze after an interval of 0.5-24 h. The results indicated that hangover-induced anxiety was most pronounced between 12 and 18 h after ethanol administration, as indicated by a significant reduction in the exploration of the open arms of the maze. At this time interval, ethanol was completely cleared. The acute administration of 'nonanxiolytic' doses of adenosine and the selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), but not the adenosine A2A receptor agonist N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl]adenosine (DPMA), at the onset of peak withdrawal (18 h), reduced this anxiogenic-like response. In addition, the effect of CCPA on the anxiety-like behavior of ethanol hangover was reversed by pretreatment with the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). These results reinforce the notion of the involvement of adenosine receptors in the anxiety-like responses and indicate the potential of adenosine A1 receptor agonists to reduce the anxiogenic effects during ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Becker HC, Baros AM. Effect of duration and pattern of chronic ethanol exposure on tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in C57BL/6J mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:871-8. [PMID: 16914560 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine whether amount and/or pattern (intermittent or continuous) of chronic ethanol exposure subsequently alters sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were trained to discriminate between 1.5 g/kg ethanol and saline in a two-lever food-reinforced operant procedure. Once ethanol discrimination was successfully acquired, generalization testing was conducted using a cumulative dosing procedure to generate a baseline dose-response function (0-2.5 g/kg ethanol). Discrimination training was then suspended while mice received chronic ethanol vapor or air exposure in inhalation chambers. The total amount of ethanol exposure was systematically increased, but it was delivered in an intermittent or continuous manner. At 24 or 16 h after inhalation treatment, ethanol discriminability was reassessed using the same generalization testing procedures. Results indicated that discrimination performance in control (air-exposed) mice was similar to baseline. However, sensitivity to the discriminative cue of ethanol following chronic ethanol treatment was reduced (as evidenced by rightward shifts in the dose-response functions and increased ED(50) values). The magnitude of this tolerance effect increased as a function of the number of chronic ethanol exposures as well as the total duration of ethanol exposure. In addition, tolerance was more robust when generalization testing was conducted earlier (16 versus 24 h) after chronic ethanol treatment was halted (2- to 3-fold increase in ED(50) values). These results may have important clinical implications, because blunted sensitivity to the discriminative cue of ethanol may contribute to enhanced ethanol self-administration behavior observed in these mice following similar chronic ethanol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., P.O. Box 250861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Schulteis G, Liu J. Brain reward deficits accompany withdrawal (hangover) from acute ethanol in rats. Alcohol 2006; 39:21-8. [PMID: 16938626 PMCID: PMC2266583 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from an acute bolus injection of ethanol produces affective or emotional signs that include anxiogenic-like behavior and conditioned place aversion. This study assessed whether brain reward deficits that accompany withdrawal from chronic ethanol dependence are also observed upon withdrawal from acute intoxication. Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus and trained on a discrete-trial current-intensity brain stimulation reward threshold paradigm. Ethanol intoxication was produced by bolus intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg). Brain reward thresholds were monitored periodically following the bolus injection (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h postethanol). Blood samples taken at various intervals postethanol revealed that peak blood alcohol levels (BAL) at all doses tested were reached within 10 min of injection. Following doses of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg ethanol, BAL had declined to undetectable levels within 3-6h postinjection. Withdrawal from a single injection of ethanol resulted in a significant but transient increase in brain reward thresholds only with the highest ethanol dose tested (2.0 g/kg). When acute intoxication and withdrawal episodes were repeated two additional times at weekly intervals, the peak magnitude and duration of threshold elevation increased significantly at the 2.0 g/kg dose of ethanol. A significant but transient increase in thresholds was also seen in the group treated with 1.5 g/kg ethanol during the third and final week of testing. Results indicate that withdrawal from a single exposure to an intoxicating dose of ethanol produces significant brain reward deficits in addition to other affective disturbances previously reported, and that repeated weekly intoxication and withdrawal results in a progressive increase in magnitude and duration of the reward deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gery Schulteis
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine and VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, VAMC 125a, San Diego, CA 92161-5008, USA.
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Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) and social behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:40-50. [PMID: 14745301 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000108655.51087.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extensive use of alcohol during adolescence may be facilitated by an age-specific attenuation in sensitivity to adverse effects of ethanol. Adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to some delayed effects of acute ethanol, including hangover-related anxiety on an elevated plus maze. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescent rats are also less sensitive than adults to hangover-related anxiogenesis when indexed in terms of social inhibition. METHODS Anxiety during ethanol hangover was indexed in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both genders by assessing the suppression in social behavior during a social interaction test. Animals were tested 18 hr after intraperitoneal administration of 0 g/kg (saline) or 4 g/kg ethanol (experiment 1) or at test intervals chosen on the basis of assessments of ethanol clearance time (experiment 2) to equate clearance-to-test intervals across age and gender (experiments 3-5). RESULTS Adults showed more hangover-related social suppression and slower postclearance recovery than adolescents. Sex differences were more pronounced in adults than adolescents, with males being more affected than females. Ethanol clearance time was considerably longer in adult males than in adolescent animals and adult females. In contrast to the modest decreases in social activity observed in adolescent animals shortly after ethanol clearance, adolescents showed a surprising increase in play fighting later in the recovery period- a hangover-related social facilitation that was not evident in adults. CONCLUSIONS The attenuated anxiety and increase in social interactions seen in adolescents during hangover are less likely to serve as deterrents for further drinking than the aversive increase in anxiety seen in adults. A facilitation of social interactions not only during a drinking episode, but also during the postalcohol recovery period, could help to establish a persisting cycle of drinking in at-risk adolescents, leading to dependency and a lifelong history of alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Varlinskaya
- Department of Psychology, Center for Developmental Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA.
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Doremus TL, Brunell SC, Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Anxiogenic effects during withdrawal from acute ethanol in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75:411-8. [PMID: 12873633 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated signs of anxiety are observed in adult rodents during withdrawal from chronic as well as acute ethanol exposure. To determine whether adolescents, in addition to their insensitivity to a number of acute ethanol effects, might likewise be hyposensitive to these anxiogenic manifestations of withdrawal from an acute ethanol challenge, the behavior of adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was assessed in an elevated plus maze (EPM) 18 h following intraperitoneal challenge with 4 g/kg ethanol. Adult but not adolescent animals demonstrated evidence of anxiety in the plus maze during acute ethanol withdrawal. To ensure that this finding did not merely reflect age differences in ethanol clearance, clearance times at each age were determined, with additional adolescents tested at the same time postclearance as the adults were previously. Adolescents still failed to demonstrate anxiogenic signs of withdrawal. Suppression of activity during the withdrawal test, however, was evident in animals of both ages. A relative resistance to the anxiogenic effects associated with acute ethanol withdrawal during adolescence could serve as a permissive factor for development of binge drinking patterns among human adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus
- Center for Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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Risinger FO, Cunningham CL, Bevins RA, Holloway FA. Place Conditioning: What Does It Add to Our Understanding of Ethanol Reward? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bielawski DM, Abel EL. The effect of administering ethanol as single vs. divided doses on blood alcohol levels in the rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002; 24:559-62. [PMID: 12127902 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-0362(02)00207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of peak blood alcohol levels (BALs) and duration of exposure are critical determinants of alcohol's effects. This technical report provides BAL data for different doses (2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 g/kg) administered as single (at 12:00 h) or dual doses (at 07:00 and 12:00 h) of alcohol when administered by intubation at several time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after the 12:00 h intubation) in male rats. Administration of the highest dose in a single intubation resulted in the highest peak BALs, a later peak in BAL, and a longer latency to return to 0 mg% ethanol in the blood. Other combinations resulted in different profiles. The differences are explained in terms of "first-pass" effects relating to alcohol's elimination via the liver. These findings should be of practical use to researchers using intubation as their method of alcohol administration, especially when the timing and magnitude of peak BAL are critical.
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Jung ME, Lal H, Gatch MB. The discriminative stimulus effects of pentylenetetrazol as a model of anxiety: recent developments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26:429-39. [PMID: 12204190 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a GABA(A) receptor antagonist and prototypical anxiogenic drug, has been extensively utilized in animal models of anxiety. PTZ produces a reliable discriminative stimulus which is largely mediated by the GABA(A) receptor. Several classes of compounds can modulate the PTZ discriminative stimulus including 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(3), NMDA, glycine, and L-type calcium channel ligands. Spontaneous PTZ-lever responding is seen in trained rats during withdrawal from GABA(A) receptor compounds such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, and also ethanol, morphine, nicotine, cocaine, haloperidol, and phencyclidine. This effect is largely mediated by the GABA(A) receptor, which suggests that anxiety may be part of a generalized withdrawal syndrome mediated by the GABA(A) receptor. There are also important hormonal influences on PTZ. Corticosterone plays some role in mediation of its anxiogenic effects. There is a marked sex difference in response to the discriminative stimulus effects of PTZ, and estrogens appear to protect against its anxiogenic effects. Further work with the PTZ drug discrimination is warranted for characterization of anxiety during withdrawal, and the hormonal mechanisms of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Morse AC, Schulteis G, Holloway FA, Koob GF. Conditioned place aversion to the "hangover" phase of acute ethanol administration in the rat. Alcohol 2000; 22:19-24. [PMID: 11109024 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine ethanol's delayed effects (termed hangover) using conditioned place testing. Four groups of rats received a single pairing of a distinctive environment (tactile and visual) 10 h after injection with ethanol (0, 2, 3, 4 g/kg, i.p. ) or saline in a counterbalanced design. Rats receiving 3 and 4 g/kg ethanol showed a conditioned place aversion to ethanol hangover. Conditioning 10 h after 0 or 2 g/kg ethanol did not produce a significant place preference or aversion. The results suggest that the hangover following an acute injection of high doses of ethanol (3-4 g/kg) produces a significant and dose-related conditioned place aversion in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Morse
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Discrimination research has increasingly used compound stimuli emerging from drugs acting through multiple neurotransmitter systems or from injections of drug mixtures that approximate "street-wise" drug-taking behaviors. Accompanying this trend has been an interest in the role of cognitive factors in drug discrimination learning. Accounts of multidimensional drug stimuli have focused mainly on specific neuronal mechanisms, and have largely ignored the contribution of stimulus information to the perception of internal events or to the selection processes, heretofore called attention mechanisms, which may underlie the observer's idiosyncratic response to drug administration. It is argued here that research in drug discrimination may benefit from a more detailed consideration of the processes by which an observer interacts with the emergent stimulus properties of drug administration. Therapeutic intervention initiatives may critically depend on knowing the interactions between the specific attributes of the drug experience that capture the attention of the individual and that may later acquire stimulus control over complex drug-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gauvin
- Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section, Washington, DC 20537, USA
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Gauvin DV, Briscoe RJ, Baird TJ, Vallett M, Holloway FA. The paradoxical hedonic valence of acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) states in rats: place and taste conditioning. Alcohol 1997; 14:261-8. [PMID: 9160804 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(96)00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hedonic valence of EtOH's delayed effects, usually referred to as "hangover," was assessed 18 h after a 4 g/kg injection using both place and taste learning tasks. In the place conditioning task two CS-,CS+ intervals were used (48 h and 144 h); within each treatment interval, experimentally induced "hangover" was paired with the initially nonpreferred conditioning compartment for half of the experimental group (N = 10 rats) and with the initially preferred conditioning compartment for the half (N = 10 rats). Saline injections were paired with placement in the alternate conditioning compartment. A third group (N = 10 rats) was conditioned with milliliter equivalent volumes of saline on both sides. A conditioned place preference was conditioned with the hangover state-induced interoceptive stimuli. Attempts were made to taste condition 24 rats with the interoceptive stimulus attributes of hangover. Experimentally induced hangover was associated with an adipsogenic state, defined as a significant decline in voluntary intake of both saccharin and water, which prevented taste conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gauvin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190-3000, USA
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Gauvin DV, Briscoe RJ, Baird TJ, Vallett M, Carl KL, Holloway FA. Cross-generalization of an EtOH "hangover" cue to endogenously and exogenously induced stimuli. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 57:199-206. [PMID: 9164573 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-choice food-reinforced drug discrimination task (10 min sessions) using the state-dependent interoceptive stimulus attributes of ethanol's (EtOH) delayed or rebound effects (EDE) versus "normal" basal homeostasis. Cross-generalization tests were conducted with 0.18 mg/kg naloxone injected after three days of three injections per day of either SAL or 10 mg/kg morphine. Naloxone failed to generalize to the EDE-state after chronic saline; however, the precipitated morphine withdrawal state produced complete generalization to the EDE training cue. Daily tests were conducted after 8 h photoperiod phase-shifts. An 8 h phase-advance, equivalent to a west-to-east intercontinental night-time flight in humans, produced a biphasic, graded, increase in EDE-appropriate responding, which peaked on the second day after the phase-advance and recovered by the fourth day. The 8 h phase-delays failed to engender significant EDE-appropriate responding. These data provide evidence for the subjective similarity between EtOH hangover, opiate withdrawal states, and the physiological disruption induced by circadian phase-advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gauvin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190-3000, USA
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Vallett M, Tabatabaie T, Briscoe RJ, Baird TJ, Beatty WW, Floyd RA, Gauvin DV. Free Radical Production during Ethanol Intoxication, Dependence, and Withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gauvin DV, Carl KL, Briscoe RJ, Vallett M, Holloway FA. Cross-generalization between a cocaine cue and two antihistamines. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 294:281-8. [PMID: 8788442 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rats were trained to discriminate between 10 mg/kg cocaine and saline injections under a fixed ratio 10 schedule of food-motivated lever press responding. Once stimulus control was achieved, reinforced test sessions were conducted to assess the degree of generalization of a wide range of cocaine doses and the cross-generalization between the cocaine training stimulus and two over-the-counter antihistaminic drugs, diphenhydramine and doxylamine, when administered with saline or in drug combinations. Cocaine produced a dose-dependent generalization to the 10 mg/kg training stimulus. Cocaine also produced mild rate-increasing effects at low test doses and response rate suppression at higher doses. Both diphenhydramine and doxylamine produced a partial generalization to the 10 mg/kg cocaine training stimulus. Drug mixtures produced complete cross-generalization with the training cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gauvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 3190-3000, USA
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