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Zaniewska M, Alenina N, Fröhler S, Chen W, Bader M. Ethanol deprivation and central 5-HT deficiency differentially affect the mRNA editing of the 5-HT 2C receptor in the mouse brain. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1502-1521. [PMID: 37923824 PMCID: PMC10661786 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor mRNA editing (at five sites, A-E), implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, including clinical depression, remains unexplored during alcohol abstinence-often accompanied by depressive symptoms. METHODS We used deep sequencing to investigate 5-HT2C receptor editing in mice during early ethanol deprivation following prolonged alcohol exposure and mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)2, a key enzyme in central 5-HT production. We also examined Tph2 expression in ethanol-deprived animals using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Cessation from chronic 10% ethanol exposure in a two-bottle choice paradigm enhanced immobility time and decreased latency in the forced swim test (FST), indicating a depression-like phenotype. In the hippocampus, ethanol-deprived "high ethanol-drinking" mice displayed reduced Tph2 expression, elevated 5-HT2C receptor editing efficiency, and decreased frequency of the D mRNA variant, encoding the less-edited INV protein isoform. Tph2-/- mice showed attenuated receptor editing in the hippocampus and elevated frequency of non-edited None and D variants. In the prefrontal cortex, Tph2 deficiency increased receptor mRNA editing at site D and reduced the frequency of AB transcript, predicting a reduction in the corresponding partially edited VNI isoform. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal differential effects of 5-HT depletion and ethanol cessation on 5-HT2C receptor editing. Central 5-HT depletion attenuated editing in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, whereas ethanol deprivation, coinciding with reduced Tph2 expression in the hippocampus, enhanced receptor editing efficiency specifically in this brain region. This study highlights the interplay between 5-HT synthesis, ethanol cessation, and 5-HT2C receptor editing, providing potential mechanism underlying increased ethanol consumption and deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fröhler
- Laboratory for New Sequencing Technology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory for New Sequencing Technology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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McKee SA, Verplaetse TL. A novel human laboratory alcohol self-administration paradigm for medication screening: Modeling the ability to resist drinking and heavy drinking. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 4:100085. [PMID: 36120181 PMCID: PMC9481061 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Human laboratory analogues of drinking behavior provide an efficient, cost-effective mechanistic evaluation of a medication signal on drinking. We developed a novel alcohol self-administration paradigm which models the ability to resist drinking and heavy drinking. Methods We compared a de-escalating schedule of monetary reinforcement (n=16, 50% female) to no schedule (n=16, 50% female) on the ability to resist drinking (i.e., latency to start drinking) and subsequent ad-libitum alcohol consumption of preferred alcoholic beverage in participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants completed two laboratory sessions designed to model the ability to resist drinking using stress (versus neutral imagery, within-subject factor) as a prime for drinking. Results Participants consumed more alcohol with no schedule (74.2%) versus with the de-escalating reinforcement schedule (40.3%,). The de-escalating schedule reduced alcohol consumption by 49%. Eighty-one percent of participants drank heavily with no schedule and this was reduced with the schedule. Use of the de-escalating schedule also increased the latency to pour and sip the first drink. Participants poured and sipped alcohol faster following stress imagery (vs. neutral), had greater craving, and consumed more alcohol in the first 30 minutes. Conclusions Our novel alcohol self-administration model generated heavy drinking. Over 80% of participants without reinforcement consumed more than 2/3 of their preferred alcoholic beverage designed to increase blood alcohol levels to 0.12 mg% within a 2-hour window. Our model was sensitive to stress, and the de-escalating schedule highlighted stress effects on drinking. Thus, this model is ideal for a cross-over design to test medications for AUD.
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Zaniewska M, Mosienko V, Bader M, Alenina N. Tph2 Gene Expression Defines Ethanol Drinking Behavior in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050874. [PMID: 35269497 PMCID: PMC8909500 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence supports a link between disrupted serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling in the brain and addictive behaviors. However, the effects of hyposerotonergia on ethanol drinking behavior are contradictory. In this study, mice deficient in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2−/−), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, were used to assess the role of central 5-HT in alcohol drinking behavior. Life-long 5-HT depletion in these mice led to an increased ethanol consumption in comparison to wild-type animals in a two-bottle choice test. Water consumption was increased in naïve 5-HT-depleted mice. However, exposure of Tph2−/− animals to ethanol resulted in the normalization of water intake to the level of wild-type mice. Tph2 deficiency in mice did not interfere with ethanol-evoked antidepressant response in the forced swim test. Gene expression analysis in wild-type animals revealed no change in Tph2 expression in the brain of mice consuming ethanol compared to control mice drinking water. However, within the alcohol-drinking group, inter-individual differences in chronic ethanol intake correlated with Tph2 transcript levels. Taken together, central 5-HT is an important modulator of drinking behavior in mice but is not required for the antidepressant effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (N.A.); Tel.: +48-1-2662-3289 (M.Z.); +49-30-9406-3576 (N.A.)
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (N.A.); Tel.: +48-1-2662-3289 (M.Z.); +49-30-9406-3576 (N.A.)
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4
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Suzuki S, Mell MM, O'Malley SS, Krystal JH, Anticevic A, Kober H. Regulation of Craving and Negative Emotion in Alcohol Use Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:239-250. [PMID: 31892465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing condition with poor treatment outcomes. Both alcohol craving and negative affect increase alcohol drinking, and-in healthy adults-can be attenuated using cognitive strategies, which rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, AUD is associated with cognitive impairments and PFC disruptions. Thus, we tested whether individuals with AUD can successfully recruit the PFC to effectively regulate craving and negative emotions, whether neural mechanisms are shared between the two types of regulation, and whether individual differences influence regulation success. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants with AUD completed the regulation of craving task (n = 17) that compares a cue-induced craving condition with an instructed regulation condition. They also completed the emotion regulation task (n = 15) that compares a negative affect condition with an instructed regulation condition. Regulation strategies were drawn from cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for AUD. Self-reported craving and negative affect were collected on each trial. RESULTS Individuals with AUD effectively regulated their craving and negative affect when instructed to do so using cognitive behavioral therapy-based strategies. Regulation was associated with recruitment of both common and distinct PFC regions across tasks, as well as with reduced activity in regions associated with craving and negative affect (e.g., ventral striatum, amygdala). Effective regulation of craving was associated with negative alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Both common and distinct regulatory systems underlie regulation of craving and negative emotions in AUD, with notable individual differences. This has important implications for AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maggie Mae Mell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Kalinichenko LS, Mühle C, Eulenburg V, Praetner M, Reichel M, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Enhanced Alcohol Preference and Anxiolytic Alcohol Effects in Niemann-Pick Disease Model in Mice. Front Neurol 2019; 10:731. [PMID: 31333574 PMCID: PMC6618345 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression and alcohol use disorder are severe psychiatric diseases affecting the world's population with high comorbidity level. However, the pathogenesis of this comorbidity remains unclear, and no selective treatment for this condition is available. A pathogenic pathway and a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of depression-alcoholism comorbidity based on the hyperfunction of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) were recently suggested. Here we analyzed the effects of alcohol on the depression/anxiety state of homozygous Asm-knockout mice (Asm − /−), which can be considered as a model of an early stage of Niemann-Pick disease, as well as their drinking pattern under normal and stress conditions. It was observed that forced treatment with alcohol (2 g/kg, i.p.) reduces the anxiety level of Asm−/− mice as measured in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, but enhances the depression level in the forced swim test (FST). The analysis of drinking pattern of these animals in a free-choice alcohol drinking paradigm revealed higher alcohol intake and preference in Asm−/− mice compared to wild type (wt) littermates. However, this difference was overwritten by the stress exposure. Stronger sedating effects of alcohol were observed in Asm−/− mice compared to wt animals in the loss of righting reflex test after single and repeated alcohol injections (3 g/kg, i.p.). Altogether, the present findings might indicate an Asm involvement in the mechanisms of comorbidity between alcoholism and anxiety/depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov S Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Praetner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Kalinichenko LS, Hammad L, Reichel M, Kohl Z, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Acid sphingomyelinase controls dopamine activity and responses to appetitive stimuli in mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:310-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Plawecki MH, Wetherill L, Vitvitskiy V, Kosobud A, Zimmermann US, Edenberg HJ, O'Connor S. Voluntary intravenous self-administration of alcohol detects an interaction between GABAergic manipulation and GABRG1 polymorphism genotype: a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37 Suppl 1:E152-60. [PMID: 22817768 PMCID: PMC4159724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Operant responding paradigms quantify a subject's motivation for reward, but such studies employing ingested alcohol cannot assure the same incremental increase in brain exposure to alcohol across subjects because of substantial variability in absorption kinetics. We developed a human progressive ratio (PR) paradigm using the computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE) system that overcomes such variability and conducted a pilot study to assess its utility for detecting an interaction of subjects' GABRA2 or GABRG1 genotype and pretreatment with 1 mg of lorazepam (LZ) vs. placebo on their willingness to work for alcohol rewards. METHODS Twenty healthy, nondependent drinkers, aged 21 to 27, were balanced on rs279871 and rs2350439 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GABRA2 and GABRG1 genes, respectively. Subjects worked for alcohol, with water as an alternative reinforcer (AR), using a progressive schedule of a task that required constant attention and adapted to both fatigue and drug effects. Testing began 1 hour after pretreatment with 1 mg LZ or placebo in a crossover design. RESULTS The CASE system performed well, and the constant attention task was perceived as work by all subjects. GABRA2 homozygosity did not significantly predict either breakpoint or cumulative work, whereas a significant GABRG1 genotype by LZ pretreatment interaction for cumulative work was detected (p = 0.04). Breakpoint revealed a weak trend toward pretreatment drug effects (p = 0.11), and a somewhat stronger interaction of LZ pretreatment with GABRG1 genotype (p = 0.06). GABRG1 status revealed a more complex relationship with respect to motivation for alcohol with and without LZ pretreatment; AG and GG individuals worked more for alcohol under both pretreatment conditions, while AA individuals worked more for the AR. CONCLUSIONS The CASE PR paradigm shows promise as a laboratory method for use in drug development and phenotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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8
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Wedekind D, Herchenhein T, Kirchhainer J, Bandelow B, Falkai P, Engel K, Malchow B, Havemann-Reinecke U. Serotonergic function, substance craving, and psychopathology in detoxified alcohol-addicted males undergoing tryptophan depletion. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1163-9. [PMID: 20579662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is associated with alterations of central nervous dopaminergic and serotonergic functions. Acute tryptophan depletion has not yet been applied in detoxified alcohol-addicted patients in order to investigate its impact on psychopathology, psychoneuroendocrinology, and substance craving behaviour. 25 alcohol-addicted males randomly either received a tryptophan-free or tryptophan-containing amino acid drink and 7 days later the respective other drink. Anxiety, depression, and craving were assessed before and 5 h after the drink. Tryptophan, 5-HIAA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and HVA in serum were measured before and after both treatments. Nocturnal urinary cortisol measurements and genotyping for the HTTLPR polymorphism of the SLC6A4 gene were performed. Tryptophan depletion resulted in a significant reduction of total and free serum tryptophan while the tryptophan-rich drink increased serum levels. Both treatments caused a significant increase of serum serotonin levels, however, serum 5-HIAA was decreased after depletion but increased after sham depletion. Dopamine and norepinephrine were elevated after tryptophan depletion and sham. Depletion increased depression scores (MADRS), while the full amino acid drink improved state and trait anxiety ratings (STAI) and substance craving. Urinary cortisol excretion was not affected by both treatments. Patients with the ll genotype of the serotonin transporter gene displayed lower baseline tryptophan levels compared to patients with the heterozygous genotype. Results suggest an impaired serotonergic function in alcohol-addicted males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wedekind
- Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Strasse 5, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Oslin DW, Cary M, Slaymaker V, Colleran C, Blow FC. Daily ratings measures of alcohol craving during an inpatient stay define subtypes of alcohol addiction that predict subsequent risk for resumption of drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 103:131-6. [PMID: 19443131 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both depressive symptoms and alcohol craving have been postulated as important predictors of relapse in patients with addictive disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the course of affective symptoms and cravings for alcohol use during the initial 25 days of residential treatment for middle aged and older adults addicted to alcohol and the relationship between these symptoms and recovery outcomes. METHODS 95 alcohol-dependent subjects were enrolled in this observational study. Participants completed a daily diary of alcohol craving, positive affect, and negative affect during residential treatment. Participants were interviewed 1 and 6 months after discharge to assess clinical symptoms of relapse and functioning. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified three groups of individuals for each of the three daily measures. For alcohol craving, 17 subjects reported elevated cravings during the entire treatment stay, 37 subjects reported initially elevated but then a slight improvement in craving, and 41 subjects reported relatively low craving from the time of admission to the end of residential treatment. Alcohol craving class was associated with negative affect but not positive affect. Alcohol craving class but not affective class was predictive of time to relapse to any drinking in the 6 months after residential treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Results suggest that non-cue induced alcohol craving may define a subtype of alcohol dependence that is less responsive to treatment and may explain heterogeneity in treatment outcomes. These results also may suggest a role for differential treatment programming to address high states of craving for alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Oslin
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Treatment Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Zimmermann US, Mick I, Laucht M, Vitvitskiy V, Plawecki MH, Mann KF, O’Connor S. Offspring of parents with an alcohol use disorder prefer higher levels of brain alcohol exposure in experiments involving computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:689-97. [PMID: 18936917 PMCID: PMC8496509 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute alcohol effects may differ in social drinkers with a positive family history of alcohol use disorders (FHP) compared to FH negative (FHN) controls. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether FHP subjects prefer higher levels of brain alcohol exposure than do FHN controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two young healthy nondependent social drinkers participated in two identical sessions of computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE); the first for practicing the procedures, the second to test hypotheses. All 12 FHP (four women) and ten FHN (three women) participants received a priming exposure, increasing arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC) to 30 mg% at 10 min and decreasing it to 15 mg% at 25 min. A 2-h self-administration period followed, during which only the subjects could increase their aBAC by pressing a button connected to a computer controlling the infusion pump. Infusion rate profiles were calculated instantaneously to increase aBAC by precisely 7.5 mg% within 2.5 min after each button press, followed by a steady descent. Subjects were instructed to produce the same alcohol effects as they would do at a weekend party. RESULTS The mean and maximum aBAC during the self-administration period and the number of alcohol requests (NOAR) were significantly higher in the FHP vs. FHN participants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first laboratory experiment demonstrating higher alcohol self-administration in FHP compared to FHN subjects. A practice session increases the sensitivity of CASE experiments for detection of subtle differences in human alcohol self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Current affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Inge Mick
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Current affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Victor Vitvitskiy
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Martin H. Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Karl F. Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sean O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- R.L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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11
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Ren ZY, Zhang XL, Liu Y, Zhao LY, Shi J, Bao Y, Zhang XY, Kosten TR, Lu L. Diurnal variation in cue-induced responses among protracted abstinent heroin users. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:468-72. [PMID: 18809427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The physiological and psychological responses to drug cue exposure have been assessed in substance abusers. However, there is no study to demonstrate whether the responses to drug cue exposure are diurnal dependence. The present study was to examine whether there was a variation in drug-related cue reactivity across the diurnal cycle among recently abstinent opiate addicts. METHODS Four groups of 20 abstinent heroin dependent patients (n=80) were exposed to both neutral and drug-related videos at four separate times during the day: 8:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 h. Physiological and psychological responses, including heart rate, blood pressure, heroin craving, and subjective anxiety were assessed before and after each cue exposure. RESULTS Drug cue significantly increased craving ratings compared to neutral cues across all the four separate times of day. Drug cue-induced craving was greater in the morning (8:00 am) than noon (12:00 pm), but was similar to evening assessments (8 pm). Drug cues also significantly increased anxiety, which positively correlated with cue-induced craving. Drug cues increased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, which were not correlated with cue-induced craving or anxiety. However, no time effects were found on the three physiological measures. CONCLUSIONS Cue-induced craving could be profoundly affected by the time points of cue exposure, using cue-reactivity paradigm. The relative sensitivity of morning and evening assessments of drug craving suggests a need for replication and further research on mechanisms contributing to these diurnal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Ren
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Zimmermann US, Mick I, Vitvitskyi V, Plawecki MH, Mann KF, O'Connor S. Development and pilot validation of computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE): a new method to study alcohol self-administration in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1321-8. [PMID: 18540908 PMCID: PMC8500340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human alcohol self-administration studies employing oral intake are subject to high variability of the resulting blood alcohol concentrations because of idiosyncrasies of gastrointestinal absorption kinetics among subjects. We sought to improve the subjects' opportunity to control their brain alcohol exposure by computer-assisted i.v. self-administration. METHODS Instead of drinking, subjects could request increments of their arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC) of precisely 7.5 mg% at any time they wanted by pressing a button, provided their aBAC would not exceed 100 mg%. The latency between pushing the button and reaching the new aBAC peak was preset to be 2.5 minutes on the first day and was randomly changed to 1.5 or 3.5 minutes on days 2 and 3 in a crossover design. The necessary rate and amount of alcohol infusion was calculated by the software about once every second. Nine healthy social drinkers (4 females/5 males; mean age 25.0 +/- 4.0 year) participated in 3 sessions each. Outcome measures were mean and maximum observed aBAC, and the number of alcohol requests. RESULTS Maximum aBAC was 76.5 +/- 26.3 mg% on average over all experiments. When grouping days 2 and 3 according to latency (1.5 vs. 3.5 minutes), maximum aBAC and the number of requests in the session were significantly higher with the faster rise and all 3 outcome measures were significantly correlated between days. No such correlations were found between the first and either of the following days. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CASE is practical and safe, and results in considerable alcohol exposure that can be manipulated with parameters chosen for the incremental exposure. Following 1 practice day, test-retest stability was good, suggesting a potential for use in scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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Barrett SP, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Brunelle C, Young SN, Leyton M. The role of dopamine in alcohol self-administration in humans: individual differences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:439-47. [PMID: 18367384 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify dopamine's role in alcohol self-administration in a heterogeneous sample of drinkers using acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD). METHODS Sixteen men with variable drinking histories were characterized on their ethanol-induced cardiac response, a marker previously proposed to index dopamine system reactivity and vulnerability to alcohol abuse. During separate sessions participants were administered (i) a nutritionally balanced (BAL) amino acid (AA) mixture, (ii) a mixture lacking the dopamine precursors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and (iii) APTD followed by the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA. Five hours after AA administration, participants could earn units of alcohol using a progressive ratio breakpoint task. RESULTS Alcohol self-administration was reduced in the APTD and APTD+L-DOPA conditions relative to the BAL condition. In both cases the changes were predicted by ethanol-induced cardiac change. CONCLUSIONS The motivation to drink is likely regulated by more than one neurobiological mechanism. Individual differences in cardiac responsivity to ethanol might provide a peripheral marker of responsiveness to pharmacological manipulations of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Barrett
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Barrett SP, Tichauer M, Leyton M, Pihl RO. Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in non-dependent male smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81:197-204. [PMID: 16054779 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and tobacco are commonly co-administered, yet little is known about the effects of acute nicotine administration on alcohol consumption in humans. This study sought to determine how nicotine delivered by tobacco smoke influences alcohol intake in humans using a double-blind placebo controlled repeated measures design. METHODS During two randomized 120 min sessions 15 male occasional smokers smoked four nicotine-containing or four de-nicotinized cigarettes at 30 min intervals. Throughout the session, subjects could earn units of their preferred alcoholic beverage and glasses of water using a progressive-ratio (PR) task. RESULTS Wilcoxon signed-rank tests indicated that nicotine increased alcohol self-administration in a significant proportion of participants (P<or=0.03) without affecting water consumption (P>or=0.16). A two-way ANOVA supported this observation further, and, compared to de-nicotinized cigarettes, the nicotine-containing cigarettes increased PR breakpoints for alcohol but not water, as reflected by a Cigarettex Beverage interaction (P<or=0.055). CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that acute nicotine administration increases alcohol consumption in at least a subset of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 1B1.
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Petrakis IL, O'Malley S, Rounsaville B, Poling J, McHugh-Strong C, Krystal JH. Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptic treatment in alcohol abusing patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 172:291-7. [PMID: 14634716 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 09/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol abuse in patients with schizophrenia is associated with psychiatric and social complications. While two medications have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of alcoholism: disulfiram and naltrexone, no medications have been approved for individuals with alcohol dependence and comorbid schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of naltrexone in alcohol-abusing schizophrenic patients. METHOD Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence were treated for 12 weeks in an outpatient study using naltrexone or placebo in a randomized, double-blind fashion in addition to their neuroleptic medication. Patients also participated in a weekly therapy using cognitive-behavioral drug relapse prevention strategies combined with skills training. Outcomes included drinking measured by the time line follow-back method, craving using the Tiffany Craving Questionnaire, psychotic symptoms using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), side effects and a measures of abnormal involuntary movements. RESULTS There were no significant differences in treatment exposure or medication compliance between groups. Naltrexone treated patients had significantly fewer drinking days, heavy drinking days (>5 drinks) and reported less craving compared to the placebo treated patients. Naltrexone did not affect symptoms of schizophrenia, such as psychosis. The medication was well tolerated and there were no group differences in side effects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that naltrexone may be an effective medication for individuals with comorbid alcohol dependence and schizophrenia. Given the widespread problems associated with alcohol misuse in this population, and the lack of effective pharmacotherapies, these findings represent an exciting clinical development.
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Abstract
A number of techniques temporarily lower the functioning of monoamines: acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) and acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD). This paper reviews the results of monoamine depletion studies in humans for the period 1966 until December 2002. The evidence suggests that all three interventions are specific, in terms of their short-term effects on one or two neurotransmitter systems, rather than on brain protein metabolism in general. The AMPT procedure is somewhat less specific, affecting both the dopamine and norepinephrine systems. The behavioral effects of ATD and AMPT are remarkably similar. Neither procedure has an immediate effect on the symptoms of depressed patients; however, both induce transient depressive symptoms in some remitted depressed patients. The magnitude of the effects, response rate and quality of response are also comparable. APTD has not been studied in recovered major depressive patients. Despite the similarities, the effects are distinctive in that ATD affects a subgroup of recently remitted patients treated with serotonergic medications, whereas AMPT affects recently remitted patients treated with noradrenergic medications. The evidence also suggests that ATD and APTD affect different cognitive functions, in particular different memory systems. Few studies investigated cognitive effects of the procedures in patients. Patients who are in remission for longer may also be vulnerable to ATD and AMPT, but the relationship with prior treatment is much weaker. For these patients, individual vulnerability markers are the more important determinants of depressive response, making these techniques potentially useful models of vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Booij
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands.
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