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Bbosa GS, Kyegombe DB, Anokbonggo WW, Mugisha A, Ogwal-Okeng J. Sustained heavy ethanol drinking affects CD4<sup>+</sup> cell counts in HIV-infected patients on stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) treatment regimen during 9 months follow-up period. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.65061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Szabó G, Fraenkel E, Szabó G, Keller E, Bajnóczky I, Jegesy A, Huszár A, Dinya E, Lengyel G, Fehér J. [Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in doping and non-doping athletes]. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:514-7. [PMID: 22430007 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The determination of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) concentration is primarily used in social security studies as a proof of regular alcohol consumption exceeding the amount of 60 grams per day. AIMS The present study was performed to investigate into how carbohydrate deficient transferrin CDT values in serum are affected by the so-called food supplements and chemicals included in doping lists. METHODS The investigation was carried out in 15 bodybuilders of two sport clubs and in 10 boxers. All sportsmen were males. In both groups serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT%), median red blood cell volume and (MCV) gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) values were measured. RESULTS The authors found a significant difference between the two groups only in carbohydrate deficient transferrin CDT% that was the CDT% value in bodybuilders was twice as high as in boxers. CONCLUSION Not all the details of the specificity of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) concentration are known, however, the remarkably high sensitivity of the method makes it suitable and probably economically effective as a pre-screening tool in doping tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- Háziorvosi Szolgálat Enese Szabadság u. 18. 9143.
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Maenhout TM, Baten G, De Buyzere ML, Delanghe JR. Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin in a Driver's License Regranting Program. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47:253-60. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Carbohydrate deficient transferrin and forensic medicine. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 406:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Szabó G, Környei L, Keller É, Lengyel G, Fehér J. Levels of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin according to gender and age in a small town in Hungary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/cemed.3.2009.28487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Szabó G, Keller É, Szabó G, Lengyel G, Fehér J. The level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is highly increased in bodybuilders. Orv Hetil 2008; 149:2087-90. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2008.28487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin (CDT: carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) meghatározása a napi 60 g-nál több alkoholt fogyasztók körében volt használatos, elsősorban biztosítás-orvostani szempontok miatt, mivel a szintje 2-3 héttel a fogyasztás befejezése után is informatív értékű.
Célkitűzés:
A vegyszerek, gyógyszerek vagy táplálékkiegészítők és úgynevezett proteinek nem rendeltetésszerű használata esetén a CDT% szintjére vonatkozóan nincs sok információ a szakirodalomban, ezért eseteinket bemutatásra érdemesnek tartjuk.
Esetismertetés:
A bodybuilderek CDT%-értéke mindhárom esetben, nem orvosi utasításra, hanem önként, laikus módon használt szerek, gyógyszerek, élelmiszerek fogyasztása után – alkoholt nem fogyasztván –, lényeges emelkedést mutatott.
Következtetés:
Mivel mindhárom bodybuilder egyébként egészséges, alkoholt nem fogyaszt, munkahelyén vegyszerrel nem kerül kapcsolatba, feltételezésünk szerint csak az általuk szedett, forgalomban lévő testépítő anyagok hatására mutathatnak emelkedett CDT%-szintet.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- 1 Háziorvosi Szolgálat Enese Szabadság út 18. 9143
| | - Éva Keller
- 2 Kaposi Mór Kórház Központi Laboratórium Kaposvár
| | - Gergely Szabó
- 4 Pécsi Tudományegyetem Általános Orvostudományi Kar Pécs
| | - Gabriella Lengyel
- 3 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - János Fehér
- 3 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
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Szabó G, Keller É, Környei L, Lengyel G, Fehér J. Values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin after chemical exposition in workplace. Orv Hetil 2008; 149:415-9. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2008.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin (CDT: carbohydrate deficient transferrin) meghatározása a napi 60 gr-nál több alkoholt fogyasztók körében volt eddig használatos, elsősorban biztosítás-orvostani szempontok miatt, mivel annak szintje 2–3 héttel a fogyasztás befejezése után is informatív értékű.
Célkitűzés:
A vegyszerek használata esetén a CDT-szintre vonatkozóan sok információ nincs a szakirodalomban, ezért eseteinket bemutatásra érdemesnek tartjuk.
Esetismertetés:
Az első esetben nitrobázisú lakk használata után egy hónappal történt a CDT-vizsgálat: a CDT értéke megemelkedett. A másik esetben mezőgazdasági (vegyszerező/permetező) növényvédelmi munkakörben dolgozónál történt a meghatározás 6 hónappal a munka befejezése után. A CDT értéke szintén nagyon emelkedett volt.
Következtetés:
Mivel mindkét dolgozó dokumentáltan alkoholos italfogyasztásra absztinens volt, így valószínűsíthető a CDT kórjelző/problémajelző értéke a vegyszerfogyasztás hatására. A szerzők úgy látják, hogy a CDT magas értéke vegyszeres expozíciók esetén utalhat a vegyszer okozta károsodás következményére.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- 1 Háziorvosi Szolgálat Enese Szabadság út 18. 9143
| | - Éva Keller
- 2 Kaposi Mór Megyei Kórház Központi Laboratórium Kaposvár
| | - László Környei
- 3 MTA Szilárdtestfizikai és Optikai Kutatóintézet Budapest
| | - Gabriella Lengyel
- 4 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - János Fehér
- 4 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hartsell
- Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Szabó G, Környei L, Keller E, Lengyel G, Fehér J. The level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin according to the age and sex in Hungary. Orv Hetil 2007; 148:1409-13. [PMID: 17631479 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.28167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rendszeres alkoholfogyasztás mennyiségének a megítélése a beteg anamnézisfelvételekor a beteg elmondása alapján rögzíthető adat. Sok esetben azonban a betegek az alkoholfogyasztás mértékét érdemlegesen nem közlik orvosukkal, bizonyos esetekben egyszerűen eltitkolják. Ilyenkor a szénhidrátszegény transzferrin (CDT) mennyiségének meghatározása segíthet.
Célkitűzés:
A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin szintjének meghatározása egészséges populációban.
Módszerek:
A szerzők vizsgálataikat egy magyarországi település (Enese) lakosainak körében végezték. 409 beteg (átlagéletkor: 49,7 év) adatait dolgoztuk fel. Közülük 204 volt férfi (átlagéletkor: 49,3 év) és 205 nő (átlagéletkor: 50,3 év). A vizsgált egyéneket két csoportra osztottuk: 1. alkoholos italt nem vagy csak kismértékben (napi 40 g alatt) fogyasztók; illetve 2. napi 40–60 g-nak megfelelő, úgynevezett társasági ivók csoportjára. A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin mennyiségét immunturbidimetriás módszerrel, Roche/Hitachi Modular P 912 automata készülékkel (Roche, USA) mérték.
Eredmények:
A CDT értéke alkoholos italt nem vagy csak kis mennyiségben fogyasztók esetében a kor előrehaladtával fokozatosan nő. 45–65 éves korban szignifikánsan magasabb, mint a 25 év alattiak értéke. Nők esetén a fiatalabb, 45 év alatti korosztályban jelentősen nagyobb értéket találtak, mint férfiaknál. A társasági ivóknál (napi 40–60 g-nak megfelelő alkoholos italfogyasztás esetén) az értékek minden esetben magasabbak voltak, mint az alkoholt nem fogyasztók esetén, a 45–65 éves korcsoportban pedig szignifikánsan nagyobb szintet találtak, mint a fiatalabb korosztályban. Közöttük a férfiak esetén volt jelentősen magasabb az érték a nőkhöz viszonyítva.
Következtetés:
A CDT-szint a korral mérsékelten emelkedik, a társasági alkoholfogyasztás is növeli az értéket.
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Fehér J, Lengyel G, Szabó G. Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as a Marker of Alcohol Consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/oh-hmj.2007.27898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2413-38. [PMID: 16718719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001-2005. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:96-109. [PMID: 16725384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of alcohol abuse based on objective data is a necessary requirement in both clinical and forensic environments. Among the different biomarkers of chronic alcohol abuse, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is world wide recognized as the most reliable indicator. However, several problems about the real meaning of CDT and the reliability of its use for the diagnosis of alcohol abuses are still open, as reported by numerous research articles and reviews. The present article presents a critical review of the literature on CDT appeared in the period from 2001 to 2005 (included). The article is organized in the following sections: (1) introduction, (2) definition and structure of human serum CDT, (3) pathomechanisms of the ethanol-induced CDT increase, (4) preanalysis, (5) analysis, (6) data interpretation, (7) review papers, (8) conclusions. As many as 127 papers appeared in the international literature and retrieved by the search engines PubMed and Scopus are quoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bortolotti
- University of Verona, Department Medicine/Public Health, Chair of Forensic Medicine, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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Reid MC, Guo Z, Van Ness PH, O'Connor PG, Concato J. Are Commonly Ordered Lab Tests Useful Screens for Alcohol Disorders in Older Male Veterans Receiving Primary Care? Subst Abus 2006; 26:25-32. [PMID: 16687367 DOI: 10.1300/j465v26n02_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although mean corpuscular volume (MCV), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), and the AST/ALT ratio are sometimes used as markers of alcohol disorders, their utility has not been established in older persons. We determined the tests' performance characteristics for (1) at-risk drinking, (2) CAGE positivity, (3) at-risk drinking and CAGE positivity, and (4) a clinician-recorded diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence in a study of older male veterans receiving primary care. Participants (n = 587) included patients who had MCV, AST, and/or ALT data collected as part of routine care no more than 12 weeks before or after enrollment. MCV, AST, and ALT test results were obtained from the VA's database. At enrollment, the Timeline Followback and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used to identify at-risk drinkers (> or = 15 drinks per week or AUDIT score > or = 8), and the CAGE questionnaire was administered to identify participants with a history abuse/dependent drinking (CAGE score > or = 2). Participants' medical records were reviewed to identify subjects with a clinician-recorded diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence. The prevalence of abnormal test results for MCV (threshold value = > 98), AST (> 41), ALT (> 41), and the AST/ALT ratio (> 2) was 11%, 4%, 4%, and 5%, respectively. The occurrence of at-risk drinking, CAGE positivity, at-risk drinking and CAGE positivity, and a clinician-recorded diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence was 11%, 25%, 5%, and 9%, respectively. Test sensitivity ranged from 3.9% to 25.4% and specificity from 88.5% to 97.1%, whereas positive likelihood ratios varied from 0.72 to 4.01 and negative likelihood ratios from 0.82 to 1.04. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were similar (range = 0.50-0.58) across tests. In conclusion, MCV, AST, ALT, and the AST/ALT ratio are not useful markers of alcohol disorders in older male veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Reid
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 68th St, Box 39, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Wurst FM, Tabakoff B, Alling C, Aradottir S, Wiesbeck GA, Müller-Spahn F, Pragst F, Johnson B, Javors M, Ait-Daoud N, Skipper GE, Spies C, Nachbar Y, Lesch O, Ramskogler K, Hartmann S, Wolfersdorf M, Dresen S, Weinmann W, Hines L, Kaiser A, Lu RB, Ko HC, Huang SY, Wang TJ, Wu YS, Whitfield J, Snell LD, Wu C, Hoffman PL. World Health Organization/International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Study on State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence: Back to the Future. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1268-75. [PMID: 16088983 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000171483.93724.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The authors reviewed MEDLINE and references of major articles in the published literature over the last 30 years regarding the complications of alcohol abuse and discuss the critical care aspects of alcohol abuse. This article discusses the severe medical conditions associated with alcohol abuse that lead to admission to the medical intensive care unit. The clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic studies, and management of these conditions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Al-Sanouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Golka K, Wiese A. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)--a biomarker for long-term alcohol consumption. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:319-337. [PMID: 15205047 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490432400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a biomarker for chronic alcohol intake of more than 60 g ethanol/d. It has been reported to be superior to conventional markers like gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and mean corpuscular volume MCV). This review covers theoretical and analytical aspects, with data from controlled drinking experiments and from different population subgroups such as subjects with different liver diseases or different drinking patterns. CDT determinations are particularly indicated in (1) cases of chronic alcohol consumption and relapses after withdrawal, (2) license reapplication after driving under alcohol influence, (3) differentiating patients with enzyme-inducing medication from those with alcohol abuse, 4) congenital disorders of glycosylation such as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome Ia (CDGS Ia), and (5) patients treated for galactosemia. The main advantage of CDT is its high specificity, as evidenced in combination with increased alcohol consumption. CDT values are not markedly influenced by medication except in immunosuppressed patients, who may show low CDT values. In general, CDT values appear less elevated after alcohol intake in women. The main disadvantage is the relatively low sensitivity. Hence, this parameter is not suitable for screening for subjects with alcohol abuse in the general population. As CDT, GGT, and MCV are connected with chronic alcohol consumption by different pathophysiological mechanisms, a combination of these parameters will further improve the diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Golka
- Institute for Occupational Physiology at the University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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Sommers MS, Savage C, Wray J, Dyehouse JM. Laboratory measures of alcohol (ethanol) consumption: strategies to assess drinking patterns with biochemical measures. Biol Res Nurs 2003; 4:203-17. [PMID: 12585784 DOI: 10.1177/1099800402239624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) use is a global, health-related problem that spans a continuum ranging from low-risk, at-risk, and problem drinking to alcohol dependence and chronic abuse. Clinicians and researchers alike have the need to quantify drinking patterns to determine the risk for adverse, health-related events such as injury, liver damage, and cancer Biochemical measures of ethanol consumption are affected by temporal patterns of drinking as well as individual characteristics such as gender and age. The choice of a laboratory analysis to determine ethanol consumption is complex; no single laboratory test will predict drinking accurately across all drinking patterns, across the life span, and across gender. In conjunction with interviews and physical assessment, however, biochemical laboratory tests are sensitive tools used to measure both recent and long-term patterns of alcohol consumption.
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Glanz J, Grant B, Monteiro M, Tabakoff B. WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence: Analysis of Demographic, Behavioral, Physiologic, and Drinking Variables That Contribute to Dependence and Seeking Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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