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Wang GHM, Hincapie-Castillo JM, Gellad WF, Jones BL, Shorr RI, Yang S, Wilson DL, Lee JK, Reisfield GM, Kwoh CK, Delcher C, Nguyen KA, Harle CA, Marcum ZA, Lo-Ciganic WH. Association between Opioid-Benzodiazepine Trajectories and Injurious Fall Risk among US Medicare Beneficiaries. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3376. [PMID: 38929905 PMCID: PMC11204130 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Concurrent opioid (OPI) and benzodiazepine (BZD) use may exacerbate injurious fall risk (e.g., falls and fractures) compared to no use or use alone. Yet, patients may need concurrent OPI-BZD use for co-occurring conditions (e.g., pain and anxiety). Therefore, we examined the association between longitudinal OPI-BZD dosing patterns and subsequent injurious fall risk. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including non-cancer fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries initiating OPI and/or BZD in 2016-2018. We identified OPI-BZD use patterns during the 3 months following OPI and/or BZD initiation (i.e., trajectory period) using group-based multi-trajectory models. We estimated the time to first injurious falls within the 3-month post-trajectory period using inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Among 622,588 beneficiaries (age ≥ 65 = 84.6%, female = 58.1%, White = 82.7%; having injurious falls = 0.45%), we identified 13 distinct OPI-BZD trajectories: Group (A): Very-low OPI-only (early discontinuation) (44.9% of the cohort); (B): Low OPI-only (rapid decline) (15.1%); (C): Very-low OPI-only (late discontinuation) (7.7%); (D): Low OPI-only (gradual decline) (4.0%); (E): Moderate OPI-only (rapid decline) (2.3%); (F): Very-low BZD-only (late discontinuation) (11.5%); (G): Low BZD-only (rapid decline) (4.5%); (H): Low BZD-only (stable) (3.1%); (I): Moderate BZD-only (gradual decline) (2.1%); (J): Very-low OPI (rapid decline)/Very-low BZD (late discontinuation) (2.9%); (K): Very-low OPI (rapid decline)/Very-low BZD (increasing) (0.9%); (L): Very-low OPI (stable)/Low BZD (stable) (0.6%); and (M): Low OPI (gradual decline)/Low BZD (gradual decline) (0.6%). Compared with Group (A), six trajectories had an increased 3-month injurious falls risk: (C): HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.58-2.01; (D): HR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.93-2.59; (E): HR = 2.60, 95% CI = 2.18-3.09; (H): HR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.70-2.40; (L): HR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.98-3.76; and (M): HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.32-2.91. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 3-month injurious fall risk varied across OPI-BZD trajectories, highlighting the importance of considering both dose and duration when assessing injurious fall risk of OPI-BZD use among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hsin-Min Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.H.-M.W.); (B.L.J.); (S.Y.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Juan M. Hincapie-Castillo
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Walid F. Gellad
- Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Bobby L. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.H.-M.W.); (B.L.J.); (S.Y.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Ronald I. Shorr
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Seonkyeong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.H.-M.W.); (B.L.J.); (S.Y.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Debbie L. Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.H.-M.W.); (B.L.J.); (S.Y.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Jeannie K. Lee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Gary M. Reisfield
- Divisions of Addiction Medicine & Forensic Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry & Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Chian K. Kwoh
- University of Arizona Arthritis Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Chris Delcher
- Pharmacy Practice & Science, Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Khoa A. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Christopher A. Harle
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Zachary A. Marcum
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Wei-Hsuan Lo-Ciganic
- Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
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Levenson S. Antipsychotics in Perspective: Past, Present, and Future (Article 2 of 3). J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024; 25:S1525-8610(23)00954-4. [PMID: 38300201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The history of antipsychotics in nursing homes is one piece of a much larger, more complex puzzle. In many ways, it reflects the virtues and limitations of the entire health care system and those who provide care. None of the issues related to the use of antipsychotics are specific to these medications or to nursing homes. After decades of effort to reduce unwarranted antipsychotics use, the current situation is still a work in progress. Many widely held assumptions and standard narratives, such as those about behavior, the place of medications in person-centered care, and the causes of inappropriate medication use are only partially correct. This second of 3 articles is not intended to discuss how to diagnose and manage behavior disorders or choose medications. Instead, it addresses the diverse perspectives and key players that have been involved and the results of their efforts. Ultimately, this will set the stage for specific recommendations (part 3) about learning from past efforts surrounding antipsychotics to identify more definitive and lasting improvements in the future.
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Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, Fukamizu Y, Sakurai T, Okura T. Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:755. [PMID: 35215405 PMCID: PMC8877443 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deteriorating sleep quality and physical or mental fatigue in older adults leads to decreased quality of life and increased mortality rates. This study investigated the effects of the time-dependent intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older adults. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated 108 participants divided into four groups (NMN_AM; antemeridian, NMN_PM; post meridian, Placebo_AM, Placebo_PM). NMN (250 mg) or placebo was administered once a day for 12 weeks. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Fatigue was evaluated using the "Jikaku-sho shirabe" questionnaire. Grip strength, 5-times sit-to-stand (5-STS), timed up and go, and 5-m habitual walk were evaluated to assess the physical performance. Significant interactions were observed between 5-STS and drowsiness. 5-STS of all groups on post-intervention and drowsiness of the NMN_PM and Placebo_PM groups on mid- and post-intervention showed significant improvement compared with those in pre-intervention. The NMN_PM group demonstrated the largest effect size for 5-STS (d = 0.72) and drowsiness (d = 0.64). Overall, NMN intake in the afternoon effectively improved lower limb function and reduced drowsiness in older adults. These findings suggest the potential of NMN in preventing loss of physical performance and improving fatigue in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan;
| | - Jaehoon Seol
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuichiro Fukamizu
- Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Takanobu Sakurai
- Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomohiro Okura
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan;
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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A New Perspective on the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Sleep Deprivation-Related Consequences: Can Curcumin Help? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6168199. [PMID: 35069976 PMCID: PMC8769857 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6168199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, as well as sleep-wake rhythm disorders, are characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that may head the other clinical signs of this neurodegenerative disease. Age-related structural and physiological changes in the brain lead to changes in sleep patterns. Conditions such as AD affect the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, locus coeruleus, and the hypothalamus, thus changing the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep disorders likewise adversely affect the course of the disease. Since the sleep quality is important for the proper functioning of the memory, impaired sleep is associated with problems in the related areas of the brain that play a key role in learning and memory functions. In addition to synthetic drugs, utilization of medicinal plants has become popular in the treatment of neurological diseases. Curcuminoids, which are in a diarylheptanoid structure, are the main components of turmeric. Amongst them, curcumin has multiple applications in treatment regimens of various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and aging. Besides, curcumin has been reported to be effective in different types of neurodegenerative diseases. Scientific studies exclusively showed that curcumin leads significant improvements in the pathological process of AD. Yet, its low solubility hence low bioavailability is the main therapeutic limitation of curcumin. Although previous studies have focused different types of advanced nanoformulations of curcumin, new approaches are needed to solve the solubility problem. This review summarizes the available scientific data, as reported by the most recent studies describing the utilization of curcumin in the treatment of AD and sleep deprivation-related consequences.
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Yang BR, Lee E, Hwang BS, Lee SH, Kang YJ, Jung SY. Risk of fracture in antidepressant users with concurrent use of benzodiazepines: A self-controlled case-series analysis. Bone 2021; 153:116109. [PMID: 34252602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the fracture risk associated with both antidepressant (AD) medication and benzodiazepines (BDZs), they are commonly prescribed simultaneously. However, studies elucidating the effects of concurrent use of BDZs and ADs on the risk fracture are scant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of fracture associated with concurrent use of BDZs in AD users, using a self-controlled case-series analysis. METHODS A self-controlled case-series analysis, in which the participants act as their own control, was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database (2002-2015). We studied AD users who were prescribed BDZs and diagnosed with a fracture. The risk periods were subdivided into consecutive periods (1-30, 31-60, and > 60 days) after receiving a BDZ. A 2-week pre-exposure period and a 2-week post-exposure period were also included. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was estimated after adjusting for age and use of co-medications. RESULTS A total of 3020 patients were identified during the study period. There was an increased fracture risk in the first 30 days following BDZ use (IRR: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66-2.12), in the 31-60-day period (1.73, 95% CI 1.48-2.02), and beyond the 60-day period (IRR: 1.68, 95% CI 1.47-1.91). The risks of fracture were greater in men and older patients. CONCLUSION The concomitant use of BDZs and ADs was related to a significant increase in fracture risk. AD users should be aware of the fracture risk with concomitant BDZ use, especially for first-time BDZ users and for elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchae Lee
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seuk Hwang
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Assessment of Benzodiazepine (BZD) Use Among Nursing Home Residents by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Nursing Questionnaires, and Examining Additional Mental Health Problems of BZD Users. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gaulton TG, Wunsch H, Gaskins LJ, Leonard CE, Hennessy S, Ashburn M, Brensinger C, Newcomb C, Wijeysundera D, Bateman BT, Bethell J, Neuman MD. Preoperative Sedative-hypnotic Medication Use and Adverse Postoperative Outcomes. Ann Surg 2021; 274:e108-e114. [PMID: 31415004 PMCID: PMC7053280 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between preoperative benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonist ("Z-drugs") use and adverse outcomes after surgery. BACKGROUND Prescriptions for benzodiazepines and Z-drugs have increased over the past decade. Despite this, the association of preoperative benzodiazepines and Z-drug receipt with adverse outcomes after surgery is unknown. METHODS Using the Optum Clinformatics Datamart, we performed a retrospective cohort study of adults 18 years or older who underwent any of 10 common surgical procedures between 2010 and 2015. The principal exposure was one or more filled prescriptions for a benzodiazepine or Z-drug in the 90 days before surgery. The primary outcome was any emergency department visit or hospital admission for either (1) a drug related adverse medical event or overdose or (2) a traumatic injury in the 30 days after surgery. RESULTS Of 785,346 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 94,887 (12.1%) filled a preoperative prescription for a benzodiazepine or Z-drug. From multivariable logistic regression, benzodiazepine or Z-drug use was associated with an increased odds of an adverse postoperative event [odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.18). In a separate regression, coprescription of benzodiazepines or Z-drugs with opioids was associated with a 1.45 odds of an adverse postoperative event (95% confidence interval: 1.37-1.53). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative benzodiazepines and Z-drug use is common and associated with increased odds of adverse outcomes after surgery, particularly when coprescribed with opioids. Counseling on appropriate benzodiazepine and Z-drug use in advance of elective surgery may potentially increase the safety of surgical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Gaulton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hannah Wunsch
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakisha J. Gaskins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles E. Leonard
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sean Hennessy
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Ashburn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colleen Brensinger
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Craig Newcomb
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Duminda Wijeysundera
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian T. Bateman
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Mark D. Neuman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Effects of Bedtime Dosing With Suvorexant and Zolpidem on Balance and Psychomotor Performance in Healthy Elderly Participants During the Night and in the Morning. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:414-420. [PMID: 34181362 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND This study was designed as an early assessment of the safety of the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant, but also included exploratory assessments of balance and psychomotor performance that are the focus of this report. METHODS/PROCEDURES This was a double-blind, randomized, 3-period, crossover, phase 1 study. Balance and psychomotor performance were evaluated during the night in 12 healthy elderly participants after bedtime administration of suvorexant 30 mg (a supratherapeutic dose), the GABAergic agonist zolpidem 5 mg (the recommended dose in the elderly), or placebo. Balance (body sway measured by platform stability) and psychomotor performance (measured by choice reaction time) were assessed predose and at 1.5, 4, and 8 hours postdose in each period. Memory (measured by word recall) was assessed predose and at 4 hours postdose. FINDINGS/RESULTS At 1.5 hours after nighttime administration of each drug (the approximate time of their anticipated maximal plasma concentrations), both zolpidem and suvorexant increased body sway versus placebo, with a greater increase for zolpidem than suvorexant. Suvorexant increased choice reaction time compared with placebo or zolpidem at 1.5 hours. There were no treatment differences on body sway or choice reaction time at 4 or 8 hours, or on word recall at 4 hours. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS These exploratory data suggest that a 30-mg dose of suvorexant (supratherapeutic) and a 5-mg dose of zolpidem (recommended dose in the elderly) impaired balance at 1.5 hours in healthy elderly people, with potentially less impairment for suvorexant relative to zolpidem, but no treatment differences on body sway or psychomotor performance at 4 and 8 hours. Because of their exploratory nature, these findings and their clinical relevance, if any, require confirmation in a prospective study.
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Seol J, Fujii Y, Inoue T, Kitano N, Tsunoda K, Okura T. Effects of Morning Versus Evening Home-Based Exercise on Subjective and Objective Sleep Parameters in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2021; 34:232-242. [PMID: 32431208 DOI: 10.1177/0891988720924709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether the timing of exercise influenced the effects of home-based low-intensity stepping exercises on the sleep parameters of older adults. METHOD For 8 weeks, 60 healthy older adults participated in a randomized controlled trial, performing low-intensity aerobic exercise (70-80 bpm) for about 30 minutes every day at home, either in the morning (from waking until 12:00) or evening (18:00 to bedtime). RESULTS In the evening exercise group, both subjectively and objectively measured sleep latency significantly improved throughout the intervention. Further, postintervention subjective sleep satisfaction was significantly higher in the evening group (6.2 ± 1.3 points) than in the morning group (5.2 ± 1.4 points; P = .006). Additionally, sleep variables related to evening exercise had larger effect sizes (Cohen d) than those performed in the morning. CONCLUSION Engaging in low-intensity stepping exercises during the evening is potentially a useful nonpharmacological approach to improving sleep quality among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Seol
- Doctoral Program in Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, 13121University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujii
- Doctoral Program in Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, 13121University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Master's Program in Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, 13121University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naruki Kitano
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, 68376Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsunoda
- Faculty of Social Welfare, 57951Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, 13121University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a heritable and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A common and particularly detrimental neuropsychiatric alteration in HD gene carriers is irritability, which frequently manifests as abrupt and unpredictable outbursts of anger. This symptom increases the burden of HD in multiple ways, such as jeopardizing employment and straining familial or caregiver support. Although irritability in HD is diagnosed by the administration of standardized rating scales and clinical expertise, measurement of severity and progression is complicated by several factors. Currently, individuals with HD who present with irritability may be managed with a variety of psychotropic medications, primarily antidepressants and antipsychotics. While these therapies offer relief to individuals suffering from irritability in HD, they are often not sufficient. Here, we review irritability in the context of HD and emphasize the need for treatments that are better tailored to mitigate this troublesome symptom. An expeditious strategy in pursuit of this goal involves evaluating the efficacy of approved medications that are used to treat similar neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Karagas
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Sciences Center (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Pessoa Rocha
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA.,HDSA Center of Excellence at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Richardson K, Savva GM, Boyd PJ, Aldus C, Maidment I, Pakpahan E, Loke YK, Arthur A, Steel N, Ballard C, Howard R, Fox C. Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic use for sleep disturbance in people aged over 55 years living with dementia: a series of cohort studies. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-202. [PMID: 33410736 PMCID: PMC7812417 DOI: 10.3310/hta25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance affects around 60% of people living with dementia and can negatively affect their quality of life and that of their carers. Hypnotic Z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone and zaleplon) are commonly used to treat insomnia, but their safety and efficacy have not been evaluated for people living with dementia. OBJECTIVES To estimate the benefits and harms of Z-drugs in people living with dementia with sleep disturbance. DESIGN A series of observational cohort studies using existing data from (1) primary care linked to hospital admission data and (2) clinical cohort studies of people living with dementia. DATA SOURCES Primary care study - Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics mortality data. Clinical cohort studies - the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia - Nursing Homes (REDIC) study, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Centre (NACC) clinical data set and the Improving Well-being and Health for People with Dementia (WHELD) in nursing homes randomised controlled trial. SETTING Primary care study - 371 primary care practices in England. Clinical cohort studies - 47 nursing homes in Norway, 34 Alzheimer's disease centres in the USA and 69 care homes in England. PARTICIPANTS Primary care study - NHS England primary care patients diagnosed with dementia and aged > 55 years, with sleep disturbance or prescribed Z-drugs or low-dose tricyclic antidepressants, followed over 2 years. Clinical cohort studies - people living with dementia consenting to participate, followed over 3 years, 12 years and 9 months, for REDIC, NACC and WHELD, respectively. INTERVENTIONS The primary exposure was prescription or use of Z-drugs. Secondary exposures included prescription or use of benzodiazepines, low-dose tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Falls, fractures, infection, stroke, venous thromboembolism, mortality, cognitive function and quality of life. There were insufficient data to investigate sleep disturbance. RESULTS The primary care study and combined clinical cohort studies included 6809 and 18,659 people living with dementia, with 3089 and 914 taking Z-drugs, respectively. New Z-drug use was associated with a greater risk of fractures (hazard ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.94), with risk increasing with greater cumulative dose (p = 0.002). The hazard ratio for Z-drug use and hip fracture was 1.59 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.53) and for mortality was 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.64). No excess risks of falls, infections, stroke or venous thromboembolism were detected. Z-drug use also did not have an impact on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, disability or quality of life. LIMITATIONS Primary care study - possible residual confounding because of difficulties in identifying patients with sleep disturbance and by dementia severity. Clinical cohort studies - the small numbers of people living with dementia taking Z-drugs and outcomes not necessarily being measured before Z-drug initiation restricted analyses. CONCLUSIONS We observed a dose-dependent increase in fracture risk, but no other harms, with Z-drug use in dementia. However, multiple outcomes were examined, increasing the risk of false-positive findings. The mortality association was unlikely to be causal. Further research is needed to confirm the increased fracture risk. Decisions to prescribe Z-drugs may need to consider the risk of fractures, balanced against the impact of improved sleep for people living with dementia and that of their carers. Our findings suggest that when Z-drugs are prescribed, falls prevention strategies may be needed, and that the prescription should be regularly reviewed. FUTURE WORK More research is needed on safe and effective management strategies for sleep disturbance in people living with dementia. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) 18006. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George M Savva
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK
| | - Penelope J Boyd
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clare Aldus
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ian Maidment
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eduwin Pakpahan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yoon K Loke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Steel
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Seol J, Park I, Kokudo C, Zhang S, Suzuki C, Yajima K, Satoh M, Tokuyama K, Okura T. Distinct effects of low-intensity physical activity in the evening on sleep quality in older women: A comparison of exercise and housework. Exp Gerontol 2020; 143:111165. [PMID: 33232794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of intensity, type, and time of day of physical activity on sleep are not well understood. An appropriate increase in core body temperature, due to physical activity during daytime, aids sleep in older adults. Our previous study showed that evening exercise has more positive effects on sleep quality in older adults when compared with morning exercise. However, older adults who do not exercise form a large part of the population. This study aimed to examine the distinct effects of low-intensity exercise and housework during the evening on sleep quality in older women. METHODS This randomized crossover study included 10 healthy older women aged 65-79 years. The participants engaged in low-intensity physical activity for 30 min, either aerobic exercise (70 steps per minute), housework (at the same intensity), or remained sedentary (control) 3 h before bedtime. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically, and self-reported sleep quality was assessed the next morning using the Oguri-Shirakawa-Azumi sleep inventory, Middle-Aged and Aged version (OSA-MA) questionnaire. RESULTS Compared with the control trial, core body temperature was significantly elevated in participants after each activity trial (0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.4 ± 0.4 °C for housework and aerobic exercise, respectively). There was a significant difference in sleep latency (14.2 ± 19.1, 9.9 ± 15.6, and 4.2 ± 3.5 min for control, housework, and aerobic exercise, respectively; ANOVA P = 0.011) among the trials. The delta power density after aerobic exercise was significantly higher than that after the control trial. We observed an increase of 53% and 15% in delta power during the 1st hour of sleep as a result of aerobic exercise and housework, respectively. The total score on OSA-MA was significantly higher after aerobic exercise (91.0 ± 5.4, 88.1 ± 6.9, and 108.6 ± 5.9 points for control, housework, and exercise, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Engaging in low-intensity aerobic exercise in the evening improved polysomnographic and self-reported sleep quality. Although housework increased core body temperature to the same level as that observed after aerobic exercise, self-reported sleep quality after housework was lower than that after aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Seol
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan.
| | - Insung Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kokudo
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Simeng Zhang
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yajima
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Makoto Satoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okura
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
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13
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Michalcova J, Vasut K, Airaksinen M, Bielakova K. Inclusion of medication-related fall risk in fall risk assessment tool in geriatric care units. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:454. [PMID: 33158417 PMCID: PMC7648375 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are common undesirable events for older adults in institutions. Even though the patient's fall risk may be scored on admission, the medication-induced fall risk may be ignored. This study developed a preliminary categorization of fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs) to be added as a risk factor to the existing fall risk assessment tool routinely used in geriatric care units. METHODS Medication use data of older adults who had experienced at least one fall during a hospital ward or a nursing home stay within a 2-year study period were retrospectively collected from patient records. Medicines used were classified into three risk categories (high, moderate and none) according to the fall risk information in statutory summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs). The fall risk categorization incorporated the relative frequency of such adverse drug effects (ADEs) in SmPCs that were known to be connected to fall risk (sedation, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, dizziness, drowsiness, changes in blood pressure or impaired balance). Also, distribution of fall risk scores assessed on admission without considering medications was counted. RESULTS The fall-experienced patients (n = 188, 128 from the hospital and 60 from nursing home records) used altogether 1748 medicaments, including 216 different active substances. Of the active substances, 102 (47%) were categorized as high risk (category A) for increasing fall risk. Fall-experienced patients (n = 188) received a mean of 3.8 category A medicines (n = 710), 53% (n = 375) of which affected the nervous and 40% (n = 281) the cardiovascular system. Without considering medication-related fall risk, 53% (n = 100) of the patients were scored having a high fall risk (3 or 4 risk scores). CONCLUSION It was possible to develop a preliminary categorization of FRIDs basing on their adverse drug effect profile in SmPCs and frequency of use in older patients who had experienced at least one documented fall in a geriatric care unit. Even though more than half of the fall-experienced study participants had high fall risk scores on admission, their fall risk might have been underestimated as use of high fall risk medicines was common, even concomitant use. Further studies are needed to develop the FRID categorization and assess its impact on fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Michalcova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Applied Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Clinical Pharmacy Group, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karel Vasut
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Applied Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marja Airaksinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Clinical Pharmacy Group, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Bielakova
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Practical Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Izza MAD, Lunt E, Gordon AL, Gladman JRF, Armstrong S, Logan P. Polypharmacy, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants, but not antipsychotics, are associated with increased falls risk in UK care home residents: a prospective multi-centre study. Eur Geriatr Med 2020; 11:1043-1050. [PMID: 32813154 PMCID: PMC7716922 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-020-00376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim
To explore the link between polypharmacy, psychotropic medications, and falls risk in a cohort of UK care home residents. Findings
Polypharmacy and psychotropic drugs are predictive of falls in UK care home residents. Message Deprescribing interventions relating to psychotropic drugs should continue to be encouraged. Purpose Falls and polypharmacy are both common in care home residents. Deprescribing of medications in residents with increased falls risk is encouraged. Psychotropic medications are known to increase falls risk in older adults. These drugs are often used in care home residents for depression, anxiety, and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. However, a few studies have explored the link between polypharmacy, psychotropic medications, and falls risk in care home residents. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of residents from 84 UK care homes. Data were collected from residents’ care records and medication administration records. Age, diagnoses, gender, number of medications, and number of psychotropic medications were collected at baseline and residents were monitored over three months for occurrence of falls. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of multiple medications and psychotropic medication on falls whilst adjusting for confounders. Results Of the 1655 participants, mean age 85 (SD 8.9) years, 67.9% female, 519 (31%) fell in 3 months. Both the total number of regular drugs prescribed and taking ≥ 1 regular psychotropic medication were independent risk factors for falling (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.06 (95% CI 1.03–1.09, p < 0.01) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.10–1.76, p < 0.01), respectively). The risk of falls was higher in those taking antidepressants (p < 0.01) and benzodiazepines (p < 0.01) but not antipsychotics (p > 0.05). Conclusion In UK care homes, number of medications and psychotropic medications (particularly antidepressants and benzodiazepines) predicted falls. This information can be used to inform prescribing and deprescribing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Lunt
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre - Musculoskeletal Theme, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam L Gordon
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre - Musculoskeletal Theme, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, UK
| | - John R F Gladman
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre - Musculoskeletal Theme, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Armstrong
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pip Logan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre - Musculoskeletal Theme, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham CityCare Partnership, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Poly TN, Islam MM, Yang HC, Li YC(J. Association between benzodiazepines use and risk of hip fracture in the elderly people: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Joint Bone Spine 2020; 87:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Takeuchi Y, Sano H, Asai Y, Miyazaki M, Iwakura M, Maeda Y. Real-world evidence of the safety and efficacy profile of suvorexant in elderly patients with insomnia: a sub-analysis of the post-marketing drug-use results survey in Japan. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:465-471. [PMID: 31793350 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Global Phase III trials of suvorexant showed no obvious differences in the safety and efficacy profile of suvorexant between elderly and non-elderly patients. However, the clinical profile of suvorexant in elderly patients with comorbidities in a real-world setting was not evaluated. To further understand the safety and efficacy profile of suvorexant in elderly patients with insomnia in a daily clinical practice setting, we conducted a sub-group analysis of the post-marketing drug-use results survey.Methods: Patients with insomnia who were treated with suvorexant for the first time were divided into three groups: group-1 (<65 years, N = 1490), group-2 (≥65 years and <75 years, N = 730), and group-3 (≥75 years, N = 1028).Results: The incidence of overall adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were 11.28% (N = 168), 8.63% (N = 63), and 8.17% (N = 84) in group-1, -2, and -3, respectively. The ADRs most commonly observed in this survey were somnolence, insomnia, and dizziness, with no new safety concerns or differences in safety issues found. The numbers of patients in group-1, -2, and -3 who visited internal medicine departments were: 690 patients (46.3%), 521 patients (71.4%), and 793 patients (77.1%), respectively. The percentage of patients who were deemed to have "improved", based on the patient's self-assessment and their physician's assessment, was 70-75% of patients in all groups.Conclusion: These results reveal the safety and efficacy profile of suvorexant in elderly patients who often have various and multiple comorbidities and were treated in a daily clinical practice setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Takeuchi
- Medical Information, Medical Affairs, MSD K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Sano
- Medical Information, Medical Affairs, MSD K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Asai
- Pharmacovigilance, MSD K.K., Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Rivasi G, Kenny RA, Ungar A, Romero-Ortuno R. Effects of benzodiazepines on orthostatic blood pressure in older people. Eur J Intern Med 2020; 72:73-78. [PMID: 31706708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older people taking benzodiazepines (BDZs) have higher risk of falling, which is mainly attributed to cognitive and psychomotor effects. BDZs may also have hypotensive effects. We investigated the association between BDZs and orthostatic blood pressure behaviour in older people. METHODS We retrospectively analysed data from an outpatient clinic where people aged 60 or older underwent a geriatric assessment. Non-invasive beat-to-beat orthostatic systolic blood pressure (SBP) was assessed at regular time intervals before and after an active stand test. We compared clinical characteristics between BDZs users and non-users and also investigated if BDZs use was an independent predictor of baseline SBP. Factors associated with SBP change were investigated using a repeated measures general linear model. RESULTS Of 538 participants (67.7% female, mean age 72.7), 33 (6.1%) reported regular BDZs use. BDZ users had lower baseline SBP (149 versus 161 mmHg, P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression confirmed BDZs use as independent predictor of baseline SBP in N = =538. At 10 s post-stand, the SBP difference between BDZs use groups became maximum (21 mmHg); at this point, SBP still seemed to be decreasing in BDZ-users, whereas in controls it seemed to be recovering. After adjustment (age, sex, hypertension, frailty, comorbidity, antihypertensives), BDZs were associated with greater SBP reduction between baseline and 10 s post-stand (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Older people taking BDZs may have a higher risk of orthostatic hypotension, perhaps due to an exaggerated immediate BP drop. This adds to other BDZ-related falls risks. BDZs should be avoided in older people at risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rivasi
- Syncope Unit and Referral Centre for Hypertension in the Elderly, Department of Geriatrics and Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, Careggi Hospital and University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology and Falls and Syncope Unit, Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Andrea Ungar
- Syncope Unit and Referral Centre for Hypertension in the Elderly, Department of Geriatrics and Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, Careggi Hospital and University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Roman Romero-Ortuno
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology and Falls and Syncope Unit, Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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RIESGOS Y CAÍDAS EN PERSONAS MAYORES HOSPITALIZADAS. LA NECESARIA MIRADA CONJUNTA DE CONDICIONES INTRÍNSECAS Y DEL ENTORNO CONSTRUIDO. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dhangar RR, Kale PP, Kadu PK, Prabhavalkar K. Possible Benefits of Considering Glutamate with Melatonin or Orexin or Oxytocin as a Combination Approach in the Treatment of Anxiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Seppala LJ, Wermelink AMAT, de Vries M, Ploegmakers KJ, van de Glind EMM, Daams JG, van der Velde N. Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: II. Psychotropics. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 19:371.e11-371.e17. [PMID: 29402652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Falls are a major public health problem in older adults. Earlier studies showed that psychotropic medication use increases the risk of falls. The aim of this study is to update the current knowledge by providing a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on psychotropic medication use and falls in older adults. METHODS AND DESIGN This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. A search was conducted in Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase. Key search concepts were "falls," "aged," "medication," and "causality." Studies were included that investigated psychotropics (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics) as risk factors for falls in participants ≥60 years of age or participants with a mean age of ≥70 years. Meta-analyses were performed using generic inverse variance method pooling unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) estimates separately. RESULTS In total, 248 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Meta-analyses using adjusted data showed the following pooled ORs: antipsychotics 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-1.85], antidepressants 1.57 (95% Cl 1.43-1.74), tricyclic antidepressants 1.41 (95% CI 1.07-1.86), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 2.02 (95% CI 1.85-2.20), benzodiazepines 1.42 (95%, CI 1.22-1.65), long-acting benzodiazepines 1.81 (95%, CI 1.05-3.16), and short-acting benzodiazepines 1.27 (95%, CI 1.04-1.56) Most of the meta-analyses resulted in substantial heterogeneity that did not disappear after stratification for population and healthcare setting. CONCLUSIONS Antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines are consistently associated with a higher risk of falls. It is unclear whether specific subgroups such as short-acting benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are safer in terms of fall risk. Prescription bias could not be accounted for. Future studies need to address pharmacologic subgroups as fall risk may differ depending on specific medication properties. Precise and uniform classification of target medication (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) is essential for valid comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta J Seppala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M A T Wermelink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley J Ploegmakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther M M van de Glind
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G Daams
- Medical Library, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kalisch Ellett LM, Kassie GM, Pratt NL, Kerr M, Roughead EE. Prevalence and Duration of Use of Medicines Recommended for Short-Term Use in Aged Care Facility Residents. PHARMACY 2019; 7:E55. [PMID: 31174405 PMCID: PMC6631023 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have assessed the appropriateness of the use of medicines for nursing home residents; however, few have included duration of use in their assessment. The aim of this study was to assess the level and duration of use of medications recommended for short-term use in residents of aged care facilities in Australia. METHODS Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) administrative claims data were used for this study. Veterans eligible for all health services subsidised by DVA were followed for one year from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016. The number of days covered for each medicine was calculated by multiplying the number of prescriptions dispensed during the year by the pack duration for the medicine. The pack duration was calculated by dividing the quantity supplied at each dispensing by the usual number of doses per day in older people according to Australian prescribing guidelines. The proportion of patients using each medicine and the number of days covered during the study period were determined. RESULTS 14, 237 residents met the inclusion criteria. One in five participants were dispensed antipsychotics, and the median duration of use was 180 days in the one-year period. More than one-third were dispensed a benzodiazepine, and the median duration of use was 240 days in the year. Half were dispensed an opioid analgesic with a median duration of use of 225 days in the year. Fifty-two percent were dispensed proton pump inhibitors with a median duration of use of 360 days in the year. A quarter received an antibiotic recommended for the management of urinary tract infection, with a median duration of use of 14 days in the year. CONCLUSION Long-term use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics and proton pump inhibitors is common in aged care residents. Ensuring appropriate duration of use for these medicines is necessary to reduce risk of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kalisch Ellett
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Gizat M Kassie
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Pratt
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Mhairi Kerr
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth E Roughead
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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22
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Hatahira H, Hasegawa S, Sasaoka S, Kato Y, Abe J, Motooka Y, Fukuda A, Naganuma M, Nakao S, Mukai R, Shimada K, Hirade K, Kato T, Nakamura M. Analysis of fall-related adverse events among older adults using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30574336 PMCID: PMC6296112 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-018-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Falls are a common but serious problem in older adults, and may lead to fractures and bleeding. As many factors, such as medication, aging, and comorbid diseases may simultaneously affect fall-related adverse events (AEs) in older adults, we evaluated the association between fall-related AEs and the use of medication, aging, and comorbid diseases using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Methods We analyzed reports of fall-related AEs associated with α-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, central nervous system (CNS)-active drugs (opioids, benzodiazepines, hypnotics and sedatives, non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)) in the JADER database using the reporting odds ratio (ROR). For the definition of falls, we used the Preferred Terms of The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). We used the association rule mining technique to discover undetected associations, such as potential risk factors. Results The JADER database comprised 430,587 reports between April 2004 and November 2016. The RORs (95% CI) of α-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, opioids, benzodiazepines, hypnotics and sedatives, non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, and SSRIs were 1.63 (1.27–2.09), 0.74 (0.63–0.86), 1.26 (1.15–1.38), 0.93 (0.80–1.07), 1.83 (1.68–2.01), 1.55 (1.12–2.14), 2.31 (1.82–2.95), and 2.86 (2.49–3.29), respectively. From the lift value in the association rule mining, the number of administered CNS-active drugs and patient age were associated with fall-related AEs. Furthermore, the scores of lift for patients with herpes zoster administered calcium channel blockers or benzodiazepines and patients with dementia administered benzodiazepines were high. Conclusion Our results suggest that the number of administered CNS-active drugs and patient age are both associated with fall-related AEs. We recommend that patients with herpes zoster treated with calcium channel blockers and benzodiazepines be closely monitored for fall-related AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Hatahira
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Kobi-cho, Shimo-kobi 590, Minokamo-shi, Gifu, 505-8503 Japan
| | - Shiori Hasegawa
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Sayaka Sasaoka
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Yamato Kato
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Junko Abe
- Medical Database Co., Ltd., 3-11-10 Higashi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0011 Japan
| | - Yumi Motooka
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Akiho Fukuda
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Misa Naganuma
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakao
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Ririka Mukai
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Kazuyo Shimada
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Kouseki Hirade
- Department of Pharmacy, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Kobi-cho, Shimo-kobi 590, Minokamo-shi, Gifu, 505-8503 Japan
| | - Takeshi Kato
- Department of Pharmacy, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Kobi-cho, Shimo-kobi 590, Minokamo-shi, Gifu, 505-8503 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- 1Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
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Munson JC, Bynum JPW, Bell JE, McDonough C, Wang Q, Tosteson T, Tosteson ANA. Impact of prescription drugs on second fragility fractures among US Medicare patients. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:2771-2779. [PMID: 30232537 PMCID: PMC6277051 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drugs that increase the risk of fracture are commonly prescribed to survivors of a fragility fracture. This study shows that starting new high-risk medications after fracture increases the risk of a second, potentially preventable fracture. For most drug classes, however, it is safe to continue medications taken before the fracture. INTRODUCTION Most patients who survive a fragility fracture are subsequently exposed to prescription drugs that have been linked to increased fracture risk. This study was designed to quantify the extent to which current prescribing practices result in potentially preventable second fractures. METHODS We analyzed a cohort of 138,526 Medicare beneficiaries who returned to the community after a fragility fracture. Post-fracture drug use was defined using retail pharmacy fills. The risk of second fracture associated with individual drug classes was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Data were further analyzed to determine whether there is a difference in risk between continuing previous therapy and initiating new therapy after fracture. RESULTS Many drug classes previously identified as increasing fracture risk were not associated with increased fracture risk in this cohort. Discontinuing therapy at the time of fracture was only beneficial for patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; however, initiating therapy in previous non-users increased second fracture risk for five classes of drugs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, proton pump inhibitors, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics). CONCLUSION Discontinuing high-risk drugs after fracture was not generally protective against subsequent fractures. Preventing the addition of new medications may result in greater improvements in post-fracture care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Munson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 5C, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - J P W Bynum
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J-E Bell
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - C McDonough
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Q Wang
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - T Tosteson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - A N A Tosteson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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24
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Aljawadi MH, Khoja AT, Alhammad AM, AlOtaibi AD, Al-Shammari SA, Khoja TA. The prevalence of benzodiazepines utilization and its association with falls among Saudi older adults; results from the Saudi national survey for elderly Health (SNSEH). Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:1112-1119. [PMID: 30532631 PMCID: PMC6260491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE First, to determine benzodiazepines prevalence (BDZs) among Saudi older adults (SOA); Second, to quantify the association between BDZs use and falls among SOA. Third, to determine falls effect on all-cause mortality among SOA. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that used the Saudi National Survey for Elderly Health; a nationally-representative, population-based survey. Participants were asked about BDZs use and falls history during the 12 months prior to the interview. Demographics, medications, comorbidities and housing conditions were used as covariates. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data. Modified poisson multivariable regression was used to study the association between BDZs and falls. Cox- proportional hazard regression was used to determine falls effect on mortality over nine years period. RESULTS Among 2946 SOA, BDZs prevalence was 4%. Around 13% reported falls. In the multivariable regression, relative risk (RR) of falls was 2 comparing BDZs users to non-users (95CI%: 1.02-3.99). Antidepressants (RR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.10-2.74), laxatives (RR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.11-1.7), low body mass index (RR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.33-2.84), mild cognitive impairment (RR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.21-2.03), high door steps (RR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.23-1.93) and insufficient illumination (RR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.11-1.71) increased falls risk. Lastly, the hazard ratio of falls on death was 1.48 (95%CI: 1.17, 1.89) over nine years. CONCLUSION Despite the recommendation against BDZs use among older adults, still there were subjects who were prescribed these drugs. falls are common among SOA. Preventive strategies such medication therapy management, nutrition improvement, elderly-friendly housing structures can reduce the prevalence of falls and consequent increase in mortality among SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Aljawadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah T. Khoja
- Public Health and Family Medicine Departments, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alhammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azzam D. AlOtaibi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman A. Al-Shammari
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfik A. Khoja
- Executive Board, Health Ministers’ Council for the Cooperation Council States, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Bronskill SE, Campitelli MA, Iaboni A, Herrmann N, Guan J, Maclagan LC, Watt J, Rochon PA, Morris AM, Jeffs L, Bell CM, Maxwell CJ. Low-Dose Trazodone, Benzodiazepines, and Fall-Related Injuries in Nursing Homes: A Matched-Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66:1963-1971. [PMID: 30247773 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether risk of fall-related injuries differs between nursing home (NH) residents newly dispensed low-dose trazodone and those newly dispensed benzodiazepines. DESIGN Retrospective, matched cohort study in linked, population-based administrative data. Matching was based on propensity score ( ± 0.2 standard deviations of the score as a caliper), age ( ± 1 year), sex, frailty status, and history of dementia. The derived propensity score included demographic characteristics, clinical comorbidities, cognitive and functional status, and risk factors for falls. SETTING All NHs in Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Propensity score-matched pairs of residents aged 66 and older who received a full clinical assessment between April 1, 2010, and March 31, 2015 (N=7,791). MEASUREMENTS Hospitalization (emergency department visit or acute care admission) for a fall-related injury within 90 days of exposure. Subdistribution hazard functions accounted for competing risk of death. Sensitivity analyses were used to examine falls resulting in hip or wrist fracture only, as well as different lengths of follow-up at 30, 60, and 180 days. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of a fall-related injury in the 90 days after index was 5.7% for low-dose trazodone users and 6.0% for benzodiazepine users (between-group change=-0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-1.02-0.44]; hazard ratio=0.94, 95% CI=0.83-1.08). Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION New use of low-dose trazodone was no safer with respect to a risk of a fall-related injury than new use of benzodiazepines. Additional studies to compare the effectiveness and risks of low-dose trazodone with those of a variety of psychotropic drug therapies are required in light of increasing trends in the use of trazodone in NHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Bronskill
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Iaboni
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry
| | - Jun Guan
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura C Maclagan
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula A Rochon
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lianne Jeffs
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaim M Bell
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen J Maxwell
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Schools of Pharmacy.,Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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26
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A Randomized Trial of Oral and Transdermal Rivastigmine for Postural Instability in Parkinson Disease Dementia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29537978 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral and transdermal rivastigmine for postural instability in patients with Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) who were candidates for a cholinesterase inhibitor. The primary outcome was the change in mean velocity of the center of pressure (CoP) after 6 months. Secondary outcomes included structural parameters of dynamic posturography, clinical rating scales, and adverse events requiring dose reduction. METHODS Patients with PDD were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to oral or transdermal rivastigmine with target doses of 6 mg twice daily and 9.5 mg/10 cm daily, respectively. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results were compared within and between groups. RESULTS Nineteen patients completed the study (n = 8 oral, n = 11 transdermal). Mean daily doses of 9.4 (±1.5 mg) and 16.4 (±3.6 mg) were achieved in the oral and transdermal groups, respectively. The transdermal group demonstrated a significant 15.8% decrease in mean velocity of CoP (patch: P < 0.05; oral: 10.0% decrease, P = 0.16) in the most difficult scenario (eyes closed with sway-referenced support). There was no difference between groups (P = 0.27). For structural parameters, significant improvements were seen in the mean duration of peaks (patch) and interpeak distance (oral) in the most difficult condition. No changes were observed in clinical rating scales. Six patients experienced nonserious adverse events requiring dose reduction (n = 5 oral; n = 1 transdermal). CONCLUSIONS Rivastigmine may improve certain elements of postural control, notably the mean velocity of CoP. Benefits appear to be more obvious under more taxing sensory conditions.
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27
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Common Medication Management Approaches for Older Adults in the Emergency Department. Clin Geriatr Med 2018; 34:415-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Jamieson HA, Nishtala PS, Scrase R, Deely JM, Abey-Nesbit R, Hilmer SN, Abernethy DR, Berry SD, Mor V, Lacey CJ, Schluter PJ. Drug Burden Index and Its Association With Hip Fracture Among Older Adults: A National Population-Based Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 74:1127-1133. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A Jamieson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Older Persons Health Specialist Service, Burwood Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard Scrase
- Department of Nursing, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Deely
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah N Hilmer
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Darrell R Abernethy
- Drug Safety Office of Clinical Pharmacology, U.S. FDA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah D Berry
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent Mor
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Cameron J Lacey
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- West Coast District Health Board, Greymouth
| | - Philip J Schluter
- School of Health Sciences, College of Education, Health and Human Development University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D 2018; 17:493-507. [PMID: 28865038 PMCID: PMC5694420 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-017-0207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various adverse events resulting from, or associated with, benzodiazepine and/or Z-drug use have been extensively reported on and discussed in great detail within the biomedical literature. It is widely accepted that motor vehicle accidents and falls leading to fractures in older adults are major adverse events that have been shown to occur more frequently in users of sedative-hypnotic medication, especially of the benzodiazepine and related Z-drug variety. However, the last few years have seen increasing reports in the literature raising the issue of benzodiazepine and Z-drug exposure in the development of other serious medical issues including dementia, infections, respiratory disease exacerbation, pancreatitis, and cancer. This article provides an overview and interpretation on the current state of evidence regarding each of these associations and proposes what gaps in the evidence for drug-exposure–harm associations need to be addressed in the future for the purpose of evaluating causality of harm as it relates to these drugs.
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Abstract
The National Health Service (NHS) spent £10 billion (40%) of its total budget on people aged 65 and over in 1998/1999. The profile of the health and social care of older people has been raised recently by the publication of the National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People (Department of Health, 2001). The NSF contains standards that older people can expect when they receive health and social care (Box 1). The document also discusses in detail medication management issues in older people. Its two aims in this area are to ensure that older people gain the maximum benefit from their medication in order to maintain or improve quality and duration of life, and do not suffer unnecessarily from illness caused by excessive, inappropriate or inadequate consumption of medicines.
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31
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Drug Burden and its Association with Falls Among Older Adults in New Zealand: A National Population Cross-Sectional Study. Drugs Aging 2017; 35:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Yusupov E, Chen D, Krishnamachari B. Medication use and falls: Applying Beers criteria to medication review in Parkinson's disease. SAGE Open Med 2017; 5:2050312117743673. [PMID: 29201368 PMCID: PMC5700784 DOI: 10.1177/2050312117743673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Our goal was to assess the association between potentially inappropriate medication use and risk of falls in the Parkinson’s disease population. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at an outpatient Parkinson’s Disease Treatment Center. Individuals 65 years of age or older, diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease who attended at least three visits in 2015 for physical, occupational therapy, or physician’s visits were included in the study. Electronic medical records were utilized to perform chart reviews, and medications were analyzed to identify prescription medications, combination preparations, over-the-counter medications, and dietary supplements. The goal of this study was to test the following hypothesis: elderly individuals with Parkinson’s disease who take multiple potentially inappropriate medications are more likely to experience a fall compared to elderly individuals with Parkinson’s disease who do not take multiple potentially inappropriate medications. Results: A higher mean number of prescription medications were associated with falls in elderly Parkinson’s disease patients (6.53 vs 5.21, p < 0.01). Polypharmacy (taking five or more prescription and nonprescription medications) was not significantly associated with falls. Patients taking potentially inappropriate medications specifically contraindicated for those with a history of falls and fractures were more likely to report falls (p < 0.04). Analysis of the specific therapeutic medication categories demonstrated no significant differences between those who did and did not report falls. Conclusion: A future prospective study at Parkinson’s disease center should include an electronic medical record–based intervention to reduce the total number of medications, as well as to minimize the use of high-risk medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Yusupov
- Department of Clinical Specialties, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT COM), Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Davina Chen
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT COM), Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Bhuma Krishnamachari
- Department of Clinical Specialties, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT COM), Old Westbury, NY, USA
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33
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Drake CL, Durrence H, Cheng P, Roth T, Pillai V, Peterson EL, Singh M, Tran KM. Arousability and Fall Risk During Forced Awakenings From Nocturnal Sleep Among Healthy Males Following Administration of Zolpidem 10 mg and Doxepin 6 mg: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Four-Way Crossover Trial. Sleep 2017; 40:3860054. [PMID: 28575467 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives To examine and compare the arousability threshold and fall risk upon awakening of doxepin (6 mg) versus zolpidem (10 mg). Methods A total of 52 healthy adult males were included in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover study. The experimental procedure included four nights with polysomnography in the lab (zolpidem, doxepin, and their respective placebo conditions). Arousability was measured using an auditory awakening threshold delivered at the peak-plasma concentration for the active hypnotics and at matched times for the respective placebo conditions. Fall risk during the night was measured following awakening using the Berg Balance Scale and the Tandem Walk Task. Results Both arousability and fall risk were lower in the doxepin condition compared to the zolpidem condition. Furthermore, arousability and fall risk for doxepin did not differ significantly from the placebo conditions. A significantly greater proportion of participants in the zolpidem condition (63.5%) did not wake until receiving the loudest tone (110 dB) as compared to the doxepin (17.6%) and placebo conditions (17.3%, 5.8%). Conclusions Results suggest that zolpidem has greater risks for balance and awakening threshold compared with low-dose doxepin. Future prospective studies should extend results to clinical samples with population-level risk of injury and arousability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Drake
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Philip Cheng
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Thomas Roth
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Vivek Pillai
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Meeta Singh
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
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34
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Moniz-Cook E, Hart C, Woods B, Whitaker C, James I, Russell I, Edwards RT, Hilton A, Orrell M, Campion P, Stokes G, Jones RSP, Bird M, Poland F, Manthorpe J. Challenge Demcare: management of challenging behaviour in dementia at home and in care homes – development, evaluation and implementation of an online individualised intervention for care homes; and a cohort study of specialist community mental health care for families. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundDementia with challenging behaviour (CB) causes significant distress for caregivers and the person with dementia. It is associated with breakdown of care at home and disruption in care homes. Challenge Demcare aimed to assist care home staff and mental health practitioners who support families at home to respond effectively to CB.ObjectivesTo study the management of CB in care homes (ResCare) and in family care (FamCare). Following a conceptual overview, two systematic reviews and scrutiny of clinical guidelines, we (1) developed and tested a computerised intervention; (2) conducted a cluster randomised trial (CRT) of the intervention for dementia with CB in care homes; (3) conducted a process evaluation of implementation of the intervention; and (4) conducted a longitudinal observational cohort study of the management of people with dementia with CB living at home, and their carers.Review methodsCochrane review of randomised controlled trials; systematic meta-ethnographic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.DesignResCare – survey, CRT, process evaluation and stakeholder consultations. FamCare – survey, longitudinal cohort study, participatory development design process and stakeholder consultations. Comparative examination of baseline levels of CB in the ResCare trial and the FamCare study participants.SettingsResCare – 63 care homes in Yorkshire. FamCare – 33 community mental health teams for older people (CMHTsOP) in seven NHS organisations across England.ParticipantsResCare – 2386 residents and 861 staff screened for eligibility; 555 residents with dementia and CB; 277 ‘other’ residents; 632 care staff; and 92 staff champions. FamCare – every new referral (n = 5360) reviewed for eligibility; 157 patients with dementia and CB, with their carer; and 26 mental health practitioners. Stakeholder consultations – initial workshops with 83 practitioners and managers from participating organisations; and 70 additional stakeholders using eight group discussions and nine individual interviews.InterventionAn online application for case-specific action plans to reduce CB in dementia, consisting of e-learning and bespoke decision support care home and family care e-tools.Main outcome measuresResCare – survey with the Challenging Behaviour Scale; measurement of CB with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and medications taken from prescriptions; implementation with thematic views from participants and stakeholders. FamCare – case identification from all referrals to CMHTsOP; measurement of CB with the Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist and NPI; medications taken from prescriptions; and thematic views from stakeholders. Costs of care calculated for both settings. Comparison of the ResCare trial and FamCare study participants used the NPI, Clinical Dementia Rating and prescribed medications.ResultsResCare – training with group discussion and decision support for individualised interventions did not change practice enough to have an impact on CB in dementia. Worksite e-learning opportunities were not readily taken up by care home staff. Smaller homes with a less hierarchical management appear more ready than others to engage in innovation. FamCare – home-dwelling people with dementia and CB are referred to specialist NHS services, but treatment over 6 months, averaging nine contacts per family, had no overall impact on CB. Over 60% of people with CB had mild dementia. Families bear the majority of the care costs of dementia with CB. A care gap in the delivery of post-diagnostic help for families supporting relatives with dementia and significant CB at home has emerged. Higher levels of CB were recorded in family settings; and prescribing practices were suboptimal in both care home and family settings.LimitationsFunctionality of the software was unreliable, resulting in delays. This compromised the feasibility studies and undermined delivery of the intervention in care homes. A planned FamCare CRT could not proceed because of insufficient referrals.ConclusionsA Cochrane review of individualised functional analysis-based interventions suggests that these show promise, although delivery requires a trained dementia care workforce. Like many staff training interventions, our interactive e-learning course was well received by staff when delivered in groups with facilitated discussion. Our e-learning and decision support e-tool intervention in care homes, in its current form, without ongoing review of implementation of recommended action plans, is not effective at reducing CB when compared with usual care. This may also be true for staff training in general. A shift in priorities from early diagnosis to early recognition of dementia with clinically significant CB could bridge the emerging gap and inequities of care to families. Formalised service improvements in the NHS, to co-ordinate such interventions, may stimulate better opportunities for practice models and pathways. Separate services for care homes and family care may enhance the efficiency of delivery and the quality of research on implementation into routine care.Future workThere is scope for extending functional analysis-based interventions with communication and interaction training for carers. Our clinical workbooks, video material of real-life episodes of CB and process evaluation tool resources require further testing. There is an urgent need for evaluation of interventions for home-dwelling people with dementia with clinically significant CB, delivered by trained dementia practitioners. Realist evaluation designs may illuminate how the intervention might work, and for whom, within varying service contexts.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN02553381 (the ResCare trial) and ISRCTN58876649 (the FamCare study).FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full inProgramme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 5, No. 15. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
- Research and Development, Humber NHS Foundation Trust, Hull and East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Cathryn Hart
- Research and Development, Humber NHS Foundation Trust, Hull and East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Chris Whitaker
- North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Ian James
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Russell
- Swansea Trials Unit, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Andrea Hilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Martin Orrell
- Institute of Mental Health, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Campion
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Robert SP Jones
- North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Mike Bird
- Dementia Services Development Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Fiona Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jill Manthorpe
- Social Care Workforce Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
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Díaz-Gutiérrez MJ, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, Sáez de Adana E, Cano AI, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa MT, Besga A, Segarra R, González-Pinto A. Relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and falls in older adults: A systematic review. Maturitas 2017; 101:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications: a cross-sectional analysis among 451 nursing homes in France. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:601-608. [PMID: 28093640 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The quality of drug therapy is an important issue for nursing homes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in a large sample of nursing home residents by using the data recorded during the preparation of pill dispensers. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that included 451 nursing homes across France. Information about the medications received by the 30,702 residents (73.8% women) living in these nursing homes was extracted from the system that assists in the preparation of pill dispensers in pharmacies. The anonymized database included age, sex, and medications prescribed to residents, as well as nursing home characteristics (capacity, legal status). Factors associated with excessive polypharmacy (≥10 different drugs) and PIMs according to the Laroche list were studied using multilevel regression models. RESULTS The average number of drugs prescribed was 6.9 ± 3.3, and excessive polypharmacy concerned 21.1% of the residents (n = 6468). According to the Laroche list, 47.4% of residents (n = 14,547) received at least one PIM. Benzodiazepines (excessive doses, long-acting benzodiazepines, and combination of benzodiazepines) and anticholinergic medications (hydroxyzine, cyamemazine, alimemazine) accounted for a large part of PIMs. Individual characteristics (age, gender) influenced the risk of receiving PIMs whereas nursing home characteristics (capacity, legal status) influenced the risk of excessive polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that polypharmacy and PIMs remain highly prevalent among nursing home residents. Main PIMs concerned psychotropic and anticholinergic medications.
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Munson JC, Bynum JPW, Bell JE, Cantu R, McDonough C, Wang Q, Tosteson TD, Tosteson ANA. Patterns of Prescription Drug Use Before and After Fragility Fracture. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176:1531-1538. [PMID: 27548843 PMCID: PMC5048505 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Patients who have a fragility fracture are at high risk for subsequent fractures. Prescription drugs represent 1 factor that could be modified to reduce the risk of subsequent fracture. OBJECTIVE To describe the use of prescription drugs associated with fracture risk before and after fragility fracture. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective cohort study conducted between February 2015 and March 2016 using a 40% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 2007 through 2011 in general communities throughout the United States. A total of 168 133 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries who survived a fracture of the hip, shoulder, or wrist were included. Cohort members were required to be enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare with drug coverage (Parts A, B, and D) and to be community dwelling for at least 30 days in the immediate 4-month postfracture period. EXPOSURES Prescription drug use during the 4-month period before and after a fragility fracture. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prescription fills for drug classes associated with increased fracture risk were measured using Part D retail pharmacy claims. These were divided into 3 categories: drugs that increase fall risk; drugs that decrease bone density; and drugs with unclear fracture risk mechanism. Drugs that increase bone density were also tracked. RESULTS A total of 168 133 patients with a fragility fracture (141 569 women; 84.2%) met the inclusion criteria for this study; 91.8% were white. Across all fracture types, the mean (SD) age was 80.0 (7.7) years, and 53.2% of the fracture cohort was hospitalized at the time of the index fracture, although this varied significantly depending on fracture type (100% of hip fractures, 8.2% of wrist fractures, and 15.0% of shoulder fractures). The frequency of discharge to an institution for rehabilitation following hospitalization also varied by fracture type, but the mean (SD) duration of acute rehabilitation did not: 28.1 (19.8) days. Most patients were exposed to at least 1 nonopiate drug associated with increased fracture risk in the 4 months before fracture (77.1% of hip, 74.1% of wrist, and 75.9% of shoulder fractures). Approximately 7% of these patients discontinued this drug exposure after the fracture, but this was offset by new users after fracture. Consequently, the proportion of the cohort exposed following fracture was unchanged (80.5%, 74.3%, and 76.9% for hip, wrist, and shoulder, respectively). There was no change in the average number of fracture-associated drugs used. This same pattern of use before and after fracture was observed across all 3 drug mechanism categories. Use of drugs to strengthen bone density was uncommon (≤25%) both before and after fracture. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Exposure to prescription drugs associated with fracture risk is infrequently reduced following fragility fracture occurrence. While some patients eliminate their exposure to drugs associated with fracture, an equal number initiate new high-risk drugs. This pattern suggests there is a missed opportunity to modify at least one factor contributing to secondary fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Munson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire2Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Julie P W Bynum
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire2Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - John-Erik Bell
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire3Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Robert Cantu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Qianfei Wang
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tor D Tosteson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire5Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Anna N A Tosteson
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire2Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Tóth K, Csukly G, Sirok D, Belic A, Kiss Á, Háfra E, Déri M, Menus Á, Bitter I, Monostory K. Optimization of Clonazepam Therapy Adjusted to Patient's CYP3A Status and NAT2 Genotype. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw083. [PMID: 27639091 PMCID: PMC5203763 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortcomings of clonazepam therapy include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and adverse effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion leading to increased risk of falls. Inter-individual variability in the incidence of adverse events in patients partly originates from the differences in clonazepam metabolism due to genetic and nongenetic factors. METHODS Since the prominent role in clonazepam nitro-reduction and acetylation of 7-amino-clonazepam is assigned to CYP3A and N-acetyl transferase 2 enzymes, respectively, the association between the patients' CYP3A status (CYP3A5 genotype, CYP3A4 expression) or N-acetyl transferase 2 acetylator phenotype and clonazepam metabolism (plasma concentrations of clonazepam and 7-amino-clonazepam) was evaluated in 98 psychiatric patients suffering from schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. RESULTS The patients' CYP3A4 expression was found to be the major determinant of clonazepam plasma concentrations normalized by the dose and bodyweight (1263.5±482.9 and 558.5±202.4ng/mL per mg/kg bodyweight in low and normal expressers, respectively, P<.0001). Consequently, the dose requirement for the therapeutic concentration of clonazepam was substantially lower in low-CYP3A4 expresser patients than in normal expressers (0.029±0.011 vs 0.058±0.024mg/kg bodyweight, P<.0001). Furthermore, significantly higher (about 2-fold) plasma concentration ratio of 7-amino-clonazepam and clonazepam was observed in the patients displaying normal CYP3A4 expression and slower N-acetylation than all the others. CONCLUSION Prospective assaying of CYP3A4 expression and N-acetyl transferase 2 acetylator phenotype can better identify the patients with higher risk of adverse reactions and can facilitate the improvement of personalized clonazepam therapy and withdrawal regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katalin Monostory
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ms Tóth, Mr Sirok, Mr Kiss, Ms Háfra, Mr Déri, and Dr Monostory); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Drs Csukly, Menus, and Bitter); Toxi-Coop Toxicological Research Center, Budapest, Hungary (Mr Sirok); University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Dr Belic). .,K.T. and G.C. contributed equally to the content of the work.
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Cox CA, van Jaarsveld HJ, Houterman S, van der Stegen JCGH, Wasylewicz ATM, Grouls RJE, van der Linden CMJ. Psychotropic Drug Prescription and the Risk of Falls in Nursing Home Residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:1089-1093. [PMID: 27650670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falling is a common and serious problem in the elderly. Previous studies suggest that the use of psychotropic drugs increases the risk of falling. However, the contribution of these drugs on fall risk has not been quantified on a daily basis among the general population of nursing homes until now. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between fall incidence and the prescription of psychotropic drugs and different categories of psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines) among a general nursing home population. DESIGN Retrospective observational study, data collection per person-day. SETTING 9 nursing homes in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 2368 nursing home residents, resulting in 538,575 person-days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Association between the prescription of psychotropic drugs and falls. RESULTS A total of 2368 nursing home residents were included, which resulted in a data set of 538,575 person-days. Prescription of at least 1 psychotropic drug per day occurred during a total of 318,128 person-days (59.1%). Scheduled prescriptions with or without an as-needed prescription were involved in a total of 270,781 person-days (50.3%). The prescription of psychotropic drugs on a scheduled basis was found to be associated with almost a 3-fold increase in fall incidence (OR 2.88; 95% CI 1.52-5.44). An increase in fall incidence was found following the prescription of antipsychotics (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.51-2.59) and antidepressants (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.73-2.95). This increased fall risk was found for prescriptions on a scheduled basis as well as for prescriptions on an as-needed basis. CONCLUSION The prescription of psychotropic drugs is associated with a strongly increased risk of falling among nursing home residents. To our knowledge, this is the first study among the general nursing home population in which the association between daily falls and daily prescriptions of psychotropic drugs and groups of psychotropic drugs was specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Cox
- Department of Geriatrics, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia Houterman
- Department of Education and Research, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rene J E Grouls
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Hillmer MP, Wodchis WP, Gill SS, Anderson GM, Rochon PA. Nursing Home Profit Status and Quality of Care: Is There Any Evidence of an Association? Med Care Res Rev 2016; 62:139-66. [PMID: 15750174 DOI: 10.1177/1077558704273769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article critically reviews the association between the profit status of North American nursing homes and the quality of care. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (January 1990-October 2002), reference lists, letters, commentaries, and editorials. The quality indicator(s) used to measure quality of care, and its relationship to profit status, was extracted from each publication. The study design and risk-adjustment methodologies used were also extracted. The interrater reliability for the extraction of these three items was determined to be 1.0, 0.6, and 0.8, respectively. Aqualitative systematic review was performed using Donabedian’s framework of structure, process, and outcome for analyzing medical quality of care. Empirical research in the past 12 years has found that systematic differences exist between for-profit and not-for-profit nursing homes. Forprofit nursing homes appear to provide lower quality of care in many important areas of process and outcome.
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Liu SW, Sri-On J, Tirrell GP, Nickel C, Bingisser R. Serious conditions for ED elderly fall patients: a secondary analysis of the Basel Non-Specific Complaints study. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wilson SJ, Garner JC, Loprinzi PD. The influence of multiple sensory impairments on functional balance and difficulty with falls among U.S. adults. Prev Med 2016; 87:41-46. [PMID: 26896633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have looked at the individual associations of sensory impairment on balance, but no population-based studies have examined their combined association on balance and difficulty with falls. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine both the independent associations and combined associations of visual impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and self-reported hearing loss with the odds of reporting difficulty with falls and functional balance. METHODS Data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Vision and peripheral neuropathy were objectively measured, and hearing was self-reported. Balance testing consisted of a modified Romberg test. After exclusions, 1662 (40-85years of age) participants provided complete data on the study variables. RESULTS Sensory impairment was associated with perceived difficulty of falls and functional balance. Participants who presented a single sensory impairment had 29% reduced odds of having functional balance (95% CI=0.54-0.93, p=0.01) and increased odds of reporting difficulty with falls by 61% (95% CI=0.99-2.60, p=0.05). Moreover, our multisensory models showed some evidence of a dose-response relationship, in that sensory impairment of multiple sensory systems was associated with worse balance (OR =0.59, CI=0.35-1.00, p=0.05) and perceived difficulty of falls (OR =5.02, 95% CI=1.99-12.66, p=0.002) when compared to those with less sensory impairment. CONCLUSION Multiple sensory impairment is associated with significantly higher odds of both reporting difficulty with falls and balance dysfunction, which may lead to a subsequent fall, ultimately compromising the individual's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Wilson
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS. 38677, United States
| | - John C Garner
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS. 38677, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS. 38677, United States.
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Malhi GS, Bassett D, Boyce P, Bryant R, Fitzgerald PB, Fritz K, Hopwood M, Lyndon B, Mulder R, Murray G, Porter R, Singh AB. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:1087-206. [PMID: 26643054 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415617657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide guidance for the management of mood disorders, based on scientific evidence supplemented by expert clinical consensus and formulate recommendations to maximise clinical salience and utility. METHODS Articles and information sourced from search engines including PubMed and EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were supplemented by literature known to the mood disorders committee (MDC) (e.g., books, book chapters and government reports) and from published depression and bipolar disorder guidelines. Information was reviewed and discussed by members of the MDC and findings were then formulated into consensus-based recommendations and clinical guidance. The guidelines were subjected to rigorous successive consultation and external review involving: expert and clinical advisors, the public, key stakeholders, professional bodies and specialist groups with interest in mood disorders. RESULTS The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders (Mood Disorders CPG) provide up-to-date guidance and advice regarding the management of mood disorders that is informed by evidence and clinical experience. The Mood Disorders CPG is intended for clinical use by psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and others with an interest in mental health care. CONCLUSIONS The Mood Disorder CPG is the first Clinical Practice Guideline to address both depressive and bipolar disorders. It provides up-to-date recommendations and guidance within an evidence-based framework, supplemented by expert clinical consensus. MOOD DISORDERS COMMITTEE Professor Gin Malhi (Chair), Professor Darryl Bassett, Professor Philip Boyce, Professor Richard Bryant, Professor Paul Fitzgerald, Dr Kristina Fritz, Professor Malcolm Hopwood, Dr Bill Lyndon, Professor Roger Mulder, Professor Greg Murray, Professor Richard Porter and Associate Professor Ajeet Singh. INTERNATIONAL EXPERT ADVISORS Professor Carlo Altamura, Dr Francesco Colom, Professor Mark George, Professor Guy Goodwin, Professor Roger McIntyre, Dr Roger Ng, Professor John O'Brien, Professor Harold Sackeim, Professor Jan Scott, Dr Nobuhiro Sugiyama, Professor Eduard Vieta, Professor Lakshmi Yatham. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND EXPERT ADVISORS Professor Marie-Paule Austin, Professor Michael Berk, Dr Yulisha Byrow, Professor Helen Christensen, Dr Nick De Felice, A/Professor Seetal Dodd, A/Professor Megan Galbally, Dr Josh Geffen, Professor Philip Hazell, A/Professor David Horgan, A/Professor Felice Jacka, Professor Gordon Johnson, Professor Anthony Jorm, Dr Jon-Paul Khoo, Professor Jayashri Kulkarni, Dr Cameron Lacey, Dr Noeline Latt, Professor Florence Levy, A/Professor Andrew Lewis, Professor Colleen Loo, Dr Thomas Mayze, Dr Linton Meagher, Professor Philip Mitchell, Professor Daniel O'Connor, Dr Nick O'Connor, Dr Tim Outhred, Dr Mark Rowe, Dr Narelle Shadbolt, Dr Martien Snellen, Professor John Tiller, Dr Bill Watkins, Dr Raymond Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia CADE Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl Bassett
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Boyce
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Fritz
- CADE Clinic, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm Hopwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bill Lyndon
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Mood Disorders Unit, Northside Clinic, Greenwich, NSW, Australia ECT Services Northside Group Hospitals, Greenwich, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Greg Murray
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago-Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ajeet B Singh
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Nursing Home Registered Nurses' and Licensed Practical Nurses' Knowledge of Causes of Falls. J Nurs Care Qual 2015; 31:153-60. [PMID: 26421775 DOI: 10.1097/ncq.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reducing falls in nursing homes requires a knowledgeable nursing workforce. To test knowledge, 8 validated vignettes representing multifactorial fall causes were administered to 47 nurses from 3 nursing homes. Although licensed practical nurses scored higher than registered nurses in individual categories of falls, when we computed the average score of all 8 categories between groups of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses, registered nurses scored higher (F = 4.106; P < .05) in identifying 8 causal reasons for older adults to fall.
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Berry SD, Placide SG, Mostofsky E, Zhang Y, Lipsitz LA, Mittleman MA, Kiel DP. Antipsychotic and Benzodiazepine Drug Changes Affect Acute Falls Risk Differently in the Nursing Home. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:273-8. [PMID: 26248560 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotropic drugs increase the risk of falls, but they are still frequently prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms associated with dementia in the nursing home. We examined whether there is an acute increased risk of falls in the days following a change to an antipsychotic or benzodiazepine drug prescription. METHODS We collected information on 594 long-stay nursing home residents from two facilities who fell at least once between September 1, 2010 and May 31, 2013. Psychotropic drug changes were ascertained from the facilities' computerized medication administration log. We used the case-crossover design to compare the frequency of antipsychotic and benzodiazepine drug changes during the days before a fall with the frequency of drug changes at more remote times. RESULTS Mean age was 87.5 years, and 75.1% were female. The risk of falls was higher in the 24 hours following benzodiazepine initiation compared with other times (odds ratio [OR] 3.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 13.00). There was no clear difference in risk following antipsychotic initiation (OR 2.42, CI 0.58, 10.06), but this could be due to the small sample size. Stopping a benzodiazepine was associated with a significantly reduced fall risk (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepines pose an immediate threat to fall risk, whereas it is less clear if antipsychotics also pose an immediate risk. Nursing home staff should be particularly vigilant in the days following the new prescription for a benzodiazepine in an effort to prevent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Berry
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Elizabeth Mostofsky
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis A Lipsitz
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Woodward
- Aged & Residential Care Services; Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital; Heidelberg Victoria
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48
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Williams LJ, Pasco JA, Stuart AL, Jacka FN, Brennan SL, Dobbins AG, Honkanen R, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Rauma PH, Berk M. Psychiatric disorders, psychotropic medication use and falls among women: an observational study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 25884941 PMCID: PMC4394398 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotropic agents known to cause sedation are associated with an increased risk of falls, but the role of psychiatric illness as an independent risk factor for falls is not clear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between psychiatric disorders, psychotropic medication use and falls risk. METHODS This study examined data collected from 1062 women aged 20-93 yr (median 50 yr) participating in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study, a large, ongoing, population-based study. Depressive and anxiety disorders for the preceding 12-month period were ascertained by clinical interview. Current medication use and falls history were self-reported. Participants were classified as fallers if they had fallen to the ground at least twice during the same 12-month period. Anthropometry, demographic, medical and lifestyle factors were determined. Logistic regression was used to test the associations, after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Fifty-six women (5.3%) were classified as fallers. Those meeting criteria for depression within the past 12 months had a 2.4-fold increased odds of falling (unadjusted OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.5). Adjustment for age and mobility strengthened the relationship (adjusted OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.2) between depression and falling, with results remaining unchanged following further adjustment for psychotropic medication use (adjusted OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.6). In contrast, past (prior to 12-month) depression were not associated with falls. No association was observed between anxiety and falls risk. Falling was associated with psychotropic medication use (unadjusted OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.2), as well as antidepressant (unadjusted OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.8) and benzodiazepine use (unadjusted OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-7.3); associations remained unchanged following adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION The likelihood of falls was increased among those with depression within the past 12 months, independent of psychotropic medication use and other recognised confounders, suggesting an independent effect of depression on falls risk. Psychotropic drug use was also confirmed as an independent risk factor for falls, but anxiety disorders were not. Further research into the underlying mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana J Williams
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - Julie A Pasco
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,NorthWest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Western Health, St Albans, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Stuart
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - Felice N Jacka
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Sharon L Brennan
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,NorthWest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Western Health, St Albans, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Amelia G Dobbins
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - Risto Honkanen
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, South-Savonia Hospital District, Mikkeli, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, SOSTERI, Savonlinna, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, SOTE, Iisalmi, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland.
| | - Päivi H Rauma
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland, Finland.
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Ballokova A, Peel NM, Fialova D, Scott IA, Gray LC, Hubbard RE. Use of benzodiazepines and association with falls in older people admitted to hospital: a prospective cohort study. Drugs Aging 2014; 31:299-310. [PMID: 24566878 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-014-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypnosedatives are commonly prescribed for anxiety and sleep problems. Changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines (BZDs) during ageing may increase their potential to cause adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the use of BZDs in acute care settings and explore their association with falls. METHODS A prospective cohort study was undertaken of patients aged over 70 years consecutively admitted to 11 acute care hospitals in Australia. Data were collected using the interRAI Acute Care assessment tool. Falls were recorded prospectively (in hospital) and retrospectively (in the 90 days prior to admission). RESULTS Of 1,412 patients, 146 (10.3 %) were taking BZDs at admission and 155 (11.3 %) at discharge. Incidence rates of in-hospital fallers for users and non-users of BZDs were not statistically different [incidence rate ratio 1.03, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.82]. There was also no significant association between benzodiazepine use at admission and history of falls in the previous 90 days compared with non-users. However, patients on diazepam were significantly more likely to have a history of falls than all other benzodiazepine users (70.8 vs. 36.1 %; p = 0.002), particularly when compared with oxazepam users (70.8 vs. 25.0 %; p < 0.001). Adjusting for confounders, use of diazepam at admission was positively associated with a history of falls compared with all other benzodiazepine users (odds ratio 3.0; 95 % CI 1.1-8.5; p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Different BZDs may vary in their propensity to predispose to falls, with diazepam having the strongest association. The selection of particular BZDs for older patients should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ballokova
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Londýnská 15, 128 08, Prague, Czech Republic,
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Prescripciones inconvenientes en el tratamiento del paciente con deterioro cognitivo. Neurologia 2014; 29:523-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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