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House JK, Izzo MM, Page SW, Browning GF, Norris JM. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for dairy cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:143-186. [PMID: 38317437 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M M Izzo
- Smithton Veterinary Service, Smithton TAS, Australia
| | - S W Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Comparison between chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine solutions for flushing the preputial cavity on penile mucosa and semen bacterial counts in beef bulls. Theriogenology 2022; 193:114-119. [PMID: 36156423 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to estimate the number of colonies forming units (CFU) from penile mucosa and semen, the effect of two antiseptic solutions used to flush the preputial cavity to reduce the bacterial counts from those sites, and compare them. Six clinically healthy bulls between 15 and 16 mo old declared satisfactory potential breeders were used. A prospective, randomized, and controlled cross-over design was performed, in which each bull was first sampled from the penile mucosa and semen without treatment (control group) and 24 h later, after antiseptic preputial flushing (treated group). In the treated group, the preputial area was cleaned, the preputial hair was cut, urination was stimulated, prepuce area was scrubbed twice, and the preputial cavity was flushed with either 1% of povidone-iodine solution (POI; 500 mL) or 0.05% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG; 500 mL), maintained for 10 min. Then, the preputial cavity was emptied and flushed with 500 mL of sterile saline solution. Next, the accessory sexual glands were massaged per rectum. Finally, protrusion, erection, and ejaculation were obtained by electroejaculation, and samples from penile mucosa and semen were collected for microbiological culture. The number of CFU was determined for each sample by enumerate total aerobic bacteria using Standard Plate Surface Count cultured for 48 h. In the first replicate, half of the bulls were treated with CHG, and the other half were treated with POI. After 58.8 ± 5.3 days (x ± SD) of wash-out period, the treatments were reverted, and the same protocols were applied again. In the control group, the median number of CFUs from the penile mucosa was 750,000 (range from 60,000 to 1,800,000) and the median number of CFUs in semen was 8,000,000 (700,000-45,000,000). The CFU in semen was higher than the penile mucosa (P = 0.005). Both antiseptic solutions reduced the median number of CFUs on the penile mucosa to 915 (P = 0.002) and in semen to 1,680 (P = 0.002). The antiseptic effect on the penile mucosa was higher for CHG solution (490) than for POI solution (6,650; P = 0.05). The antiseptic effect on semen of CHG was also greater (200) than for the POI solution (31,000; P = 0.05). It can be concluded that the median number of CFU was higher in semen compared with penile mucosa, and flushing the preputial cavity either with 0.05% CHG or 1% POI maintained for 10 min reduced the number of CFUs from penile mucosa and semen. The level of antiseptic activity was higher for CHG than for POI.
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Marchionatti E, Constant C, Steiner A. Preoperative skin asepsis protocols using chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in veterinary surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Surg 2022; 51:744-752. [PMID: 35437786 PMCID: PMC9321991 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic assessment of the efficacy of preoperative skin asepsis using chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine based protocols for surgical site infection (SSI) prevention in veterinary surgery. STUDY DESIGN Systematic meta-analytical review according to PRISMA-P guidelines. SAMPLE POPULATION Studies comparing preoperative skin asepsis protocols using chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in veterinary surgery identified by systematic search between 1990 and 2020. METHODS A search using MEDLINE/Pubmed, Web of Science and CAB Abstracts was performed, followed by secondary searches of Google Scholar, Proquest Dissertation and Theses, and relevant bibliographic articles. Primary and secondary outcome measures were the efficacy of skin asepsis protocols using chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine on SSI incidence and skin bacterial colonization, respectively. A meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model, with effect size calculated as risk ratio (RR) or mean standard deviation (MSD) with 95% CI. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS Among 1067 publications that met the initial search criteria, 9 relevant studies were eligible for analysis. No difference in the incidence of postoperative SSI or skin bacterial colonization between preoperative asepsis protocols using chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine was found. Insufficient information and detail were frequent among studies and precluded a clear assessment of bias. CONCLUSION This study showed that asepsis protocols using chlorhexidine were comparable to povidone-iodine in preventing postoperative SSI and reducing skin bacterial colonization. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the limitations of the studies that were included in terms of both quality and quantity, more high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian Steiner
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Altenbrunner-Martinek B, Thiele T, Tichy A, Wittek T. [Surgery site healing disorder following laparotomy in cattle: a retrospective study]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:157-166. [PMID: 34157745 DOI: 10.1055/a-1477-7931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wound healing processes in consequence to bovine abdominal surgery performed from 2007 to 2016 at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna were retrospectively assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of wound healing complications following abdominal surgery in cattle during this 10-year-period as well as to identify possible risk factors such as elevated temperatures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Surgical procedures finding inclusion comprised ileus, left and right abomasal displacement, caecal dilation or displacement (right flank laparotomies), foreign body syndrome (left flank laparotomy), and umbilical surgery. Additionally, weather data during the study period were collected in order to investigate the possible association between ambient temperatures and wound healing disorders. RESULTS During this period 1365 abdominal surgical procedures were performed. The majority (68.6 %) of the cattle were Simmental cows, followed by 19.6 % Holstein Friesians. Female animals were overrepresented (73.0 %), and 24.0 % of the patients were calves. In 156 cases (11.7 %), a postoperative wound healing disorder (WHD) occurred. The majority of the laparotomies were performed from the right side; of these 21.4 % were left abomasal displacements and 21.7 % ileus surgeries. Left abomasal displacements (24.4 %) and surgery in the umbilical region (21.2 %) were associated with a higher occurrence of WHDs than other abdominal surgical procedures. Animals with right abomasal displacement developing WHDs were significantly younger than those without a WHD. A significant association between WHD frequency and higher temperatures could not be demonstrated. A total of 34.6 % WHD occurred during the summer months (June-September). However, the probability of developing WHDs increased significantly starting at an environmental temperature of 12.5 °C. Most WHD were observed in May (17.1 %) followed by July (15.6 %) and June (15.3 %). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The occurrence of WHDs is influenced by numerous different factors such as age of the animal, disease, and type of the surgical procedure. The environmental temperature may increase the risk to develop a WHD but is only one parameter of a multifactorial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Altenbrunner-Martinek
- Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Department für Nutztiere und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Tanja Thiele
- Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Department für Nutztiere und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatik und Biostatistik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Department für Nutztiere und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
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Colloidal Iron Oxide Formulation for Equine Hoof Disinfection. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030766. [PMID: 33801981 PMCID: PMC8000413 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bacteria of various origins on horse hoofs enables the onset of infections following trauma or even post-surgical wounds. Thus, the analysis of new antibacterial substances is of fundamental importance. In this study, the antibacterial efficacy of Iron Animals (IA), a stable colloidal suspension of iron oxide, organic acids, and detergents, was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays were performed to test the unspecific inhibitory effect of IA on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria monitoring the microorganism growth by spectrophotometry (optical density OD600) at 37 °C for 24 h. In vivo test consists on the quantification of the bacterial load in colony forming units per gram (CFU/g) of specimens collected from the frog region of the anterior hooves of 11 horses. Sampling followed the application of four disinfectant protocols consisting of two consecutive 3 min scrubs with 50 mL of 10% Povidone-iodine (PI) or 4% Chlorhexidine (CHx), with or without an additional application for 15 min of 10 mL of Iron Animals (PI+IA and CHx+IA). In vitro, IA completely suppressed the bacterial growth of all the tested microorganisms, resulting in effectiveness also against CHx-resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo, PI emerged as an ineffective protocol; CHx was effective in 18% of cases, but with the addition of IA (CHx + IA) its use emerged as the best disinfectant protocol for horse hoof, achieving the lowest bacterial load in 55% of cases. The addition of IA, after PI or CHx, improves the effectiveness of both disinfectants leading to the highest bactericidal activity in 82% of cases.
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Ferraro S, Desrochers A, Nichols S, Francoz D, Babkine M, Lardé H, Roy JP, Fecteau G. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome for cattle that developed retroperitoneal abscesses following paralumbar fossa laparotomy: 32 cases (1995-2017). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:814-821. [PMID: 32176576 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.7.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment, and outcome for cattle that developed a retroperitoneal abscess (RA) following paralumbar fossa laparotomy (PFL). ANIMALS 32 Holstein cows with RA. PROCEDURES The record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched to identify cattle that were treated for an RA between January 1995 and March 2017. Cattle with an RA > 30 cm in diameter located 3.5 cm subjacent to the skin that had undergone a PFL < 3 months before examination for the RA were evaluated. Information extracted from the record of each cow included signalment; physical examination, clinicopathologic, and transabdominal ultrasonographic findings; treatments administered; and outcome. Milk production data were analyzed for the lactations before, during, and after RA treatment. RESULTS Common physical examination findings were rumen hypomotility, anorexia, and fever, and common clinicopathologic findings were anemia and neutrophilia. Abdominal palpation per rectum and transabdominal ultrasonography facilitated RA diagnosis and identification of the optimal location for drainage. Thirty of 32 cows underwent surgical drainage of the RA and prolonged administration of systemic antimicrobials. Two cows were euthanized because of concurrent peritonitis, including 1 that underwent surgical RA drainage. Thirty cows were discharged from the hospital alive, and most returned to their previous level of milk production. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although uncommon, RA should be suspected in cows that develop anorexia and fever within 3 months after PFL. Cows with RA often returned to their previous level of milk production, but treatment was generally prolonged and costly.
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Constant C, Nichols S, Marchionatti E, Babkine M, Lardé H, Fecteau G, Desrochers A. Cheek teeth apical infection in cattle: Diagnosis, surgical extraction, and prognosis. Vet Surg 2019; 48:760-769. [PMID: 30957258 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of cattle undergoing surgical extraction of apically infected cheek teeth (CT). STUDY DESIGN Short case series. ANIMALS Nine adult cattle. METHODS Medical records were searched for cattle having a diagnosis of apical infection of CT that were treated with surgical extraction between 2005 and 2017. Data retrieved included clinical examination, ancillary tests, surgical procedure, and outcomes. RESULTS The main presenting complaints were mandibular swelling and decreased appetite and milk production. In total, 7 mandibular and 3 maxillary CT were extracted, 7 molars and 3 premolars that were distributed more frequently on the left dental arcades (n = 7 CT). Two cattle had no visible external lesions. Radiograph images revealed that lucency surrounded all affected tooth roots. Mandibular teeth were removed by lateral buccotomy with removal of alveolar bone plate or retrograde repulsion, and maxillary teeth were removed by repulsion through a maxillary sinus flap. Most common bacterial isolates consisted of anaerobic bacteria (6/11 isolates) and Truperella pyogenes (3/11 isolates). The most common complications included inability to remove the tooth intact (n = 4 cattle) and surgical site infection (n = 5). All cattle remained in their herd after treatment. CONCLUSION Surgical extraction of CT was achieved in all 9 cattle. The postoperative morbidity was high but without long-term consequences on animal productivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surgical extraction of CT is a successful treatment for apical infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Constant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Emma Marchionatti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Babkine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Département of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Tannahill VJ, Cogan T, Allen K, Acutt E, Busschers E. Efficacy and dermal tolerance of a novel alcohol-based skin antiseptic in horses. Vet Surg 2018; 47:572-577. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan Cogan
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Kate Allen
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Acutt
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Evita Busschers
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
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Nichols S, Fecteau G. Surgical Management of Abomasal and Small Intestinal Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 34:55-81. [PMID: 29249602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A bovine practitioner should master abdominal exploratory surgery (laparotomy). Several gastrointestinal (GI) problems require surgical correction to save the animal's life and to keep it in production. This article reviews the surgical preparation, procedures, and the postoperative care of several conditions affecting the GI tract of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Nichols
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Dumas SE, French HM, Lavergne SN, Ramirez CR, Brown LJ, Bromfield CR, Garrett EF, French DD, Aldridge BM. Judicious use of prophylactic antimicrobials to reduce abdominal surgical site infections in periparturient cows: part 1 - a risk factor review. Vet Rec 2017; 178:654-60. [PMID: 27339926 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSI) are an uncommon, but significant, consequence of surgical interventions. There are very few studies investigating SSI risk in veterinary medicine, and even fewer in cattle, despite the fact that major surgeries are commonly conducted on livestock. Furthermore, the suboptimal conditions under which such surgeries are frequently performed on livestock could be considered an important risk factor for the development of SSIs. With increasing public concern over the contribution of veterinary-prescribed antimicrobials to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in people, there is widespread scrutiny and criticism of antimicrobial use in livestock production medicine systems. While the causal link between antimicrobial resistance in livestock and people is heavily debated, it is clear that the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, in any population, is closely correlated with the antimicrobial 'consumption' within that population. As the veterinary profession explores ways of addressing the emergence and selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food-producing animals, there is a need for veterinarians and producers to carefully consider all areas of antimicrobial use, and employ an evidence-based approach in designing appropriate clinical protocols. This paper aims to review current knowledge regarding the risk factors related to abdominal SSI in periparturient cows, and to encourage practitioners to judiciously evaluate both their standard operating procedures and their use of antimicrobials in these situations. In a second paper, to be published in a subsequent issue of Veterinary Record, these principles will be used to provide specific evidence-based recommendations for antimicrobial use in bovine abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dumas
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - H M French
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - S N Lavergne
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - C R Ramirez
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - L J Brown
- Agricultural Animal Care and Use Program, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illnois - Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA Dr Dumas's current address is the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Dr H. M. French is also at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - C R Bromfield
- Agricultural Animal Care and Use Program, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illnois - Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA Dr Dumas's current address is the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Dr H. M. French is also at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - E F Garrett
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - D D French
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - B M Aldridge
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems (IFAMS), Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
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Abstract
Diseases of the bovine digit remain the major cause of painful lameness in cattle and commonly constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Prompt surgical wound revision is critical in acute injuries. Deep infections may be treated with debridement, resection of tendons, synovioscopy, joint lavage, arthrotomy and facilitated joint ankylosis. Postoperative care is more involved, lameness persists longer, and cost of treatment is higher after salvage techniques than after amputation of the digit. Luxations and fractures of the digits often are amenable to conservative treatment but may be treated surgically if indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Nuss
- Farm Animal Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cockcroft PD, Redfern HE. Bacterial Loads on Skin of Unclipped Gluteal Sites Following Treatment with 70% Isopropyl Alcohol-Soaked Swabs in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2015; 2:206-209. [PMID: 29061941 PMCID: PMC5644639 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial load of unclipped gluteal skin in dairy cows following either no treatment or treatment with a standard 70% isopropyl alcohol-based skin treatment protocol. Twenty Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from a commercial dairy herd in Cambridgeshire, England, were used in this randomised, blinded, controlled study. On each of the experimental cows an area of unclipped gluteal skin on one side of the pelvis was treated with swabs soaked in 70% isopropyl alcohol-based using a standard protocol and a contra-lateral area of skin was left untreated as a control. All the experimental skin sites were sampled using a swab followed by bacterial culture and quantitative analysis of bacterial load. There was a statistically significant decrease in the bacterial colony forming units per mL for the isopropyl-alcohol treatment group when compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.01). There was a 58% reduction in the median bacterial load of the treated sites when compared to the bacterial load of the untreated sites. This study has demonstrated that the treatment protocol will reduce the skin bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cockcroft
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Helen E Redfern
- Glenthorne Veterinary Centre, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire ST148EB, UK.
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Cattet MRL. Falling through the cracks: shortcomings in the collaboration between biologists and veterinarians and their consequences for wildlife. ILAR J 2014; 54:33-40. [PMID: 23904530 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biologists and veterinarians have shown considerable success in working together to address wildlife-related issues, including disease, chemical immobilization, reproductive biology, and conservation biology, examples of shared efforts to evaluate and ensure the welfare of study animals are mostly absent. I present the case that this deficiency arises primarily from a lack of mutual understanding between fields with respect to the other's training and experience in addressing animal welfare issues. In effect, each assumes that the final word on animal welfare rests with the other. The reality is, however, that neither field contains the knowledge and skills required to address animal welfare concerns alone. Nevertheless, wildlife researchers are increasingly encountering difficulties conducting research on wild animals because of opposition from stakeholders on the basis of animal welfare concerns. Further, a growing number of articles in the peer-reviewed scientific literature are reporting on potential biases in research results developing from the welfare impacts of widely used techniques, including methods of capturing and marking wildlife. By viewing animal welfare as a shared responsibility and combining their knowledge and skills, wildlife biologists and veterinarians have an opportunity to reform "invasive" wildlife research in a manner that is less harmful to the animals being studied, less likely to bias research results, and less objectionable to the stakeholders who ultimately influence or make decisions on how wildlife research is conducted.
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Bourel C, Buczinski S, Desrochers A, Harvey D. Comparison of Two Surgical Site Protocols for Cattle in a Field Setting. Vet Surg 2013; 42:223-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bourel
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec; Canada
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec; Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec; Canada
| | - Denis Harvey
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec; Canada
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15
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Ultrasonographic assessment of standing laparotomy wound healing in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Neihaus SA, Hathcock TL, Boothe DM, Goring RL. Presurgical Antiseptic Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Providone-Iodine in the Canine Preputial Cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:406-12. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiseptic flushing of the canine prepuce and its exclusion from the surgical field are recommended before abdominal surgery to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. The authors cultured the preputial cavity of 60 dogs prior to and following flushing with 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate, 1% povidone-iodine, or 0.9% saline control. Bacterial growth was evaluated using a semiquantitative method, and bacterial organisms were subsequently identified. There were no significant differences between povidone-iodine and the saline control in any of the variables assessed. Chlorhexidine resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of positive postflush cultures compared with povidone-iodine. Although not significant, the difference in adverse reactions between povidone-iodine (25%) and chlorhexidine diacetate (5%) suggests clinical relevance. Based on the results of this study, a 2 min flush with 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate is recommended for presurgical preparation of the preputial cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Neihaus
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orange Park, FL (S.N., R.G.); and Department of Pathobiology (T.H.), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (D.B.), Auburn University, AL
| | - Terri L. Hathcock
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orange Park, FL (S.N., R.G.); and Department of Pathobiology (T.H.), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (D.B.), Auburn University, AL
| | - Dawn M. Boothe
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orange Park, FL (S.N., R.G.); and Department of Pathobiology (T.H.), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (D.B.), Auburn University, AL
| | - Robert L. Goring
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orange Park, FL (S.N., R.G.); and Department of Pathobiology (T.H.), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (D.B.), Auburn University, AL
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Wilson DG, Hartmann F, Carter VR, Klohnen A, MacWilliams PS. Comparison of three preoperative skin preparation techniques in ponies. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Smith LJ, Mellor DJ, Marr CM, Reid SWJ, Mair TS. Incisional complications following exploratory celiotomy: does an abdominal bandage reduce the risk? Equine Vet J 2010; 39:277-83. [PMID: 17520982 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x193963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Post operative complications following exploratory laparotomy can be potentially life-threatening, increase post operative morbidity and result in an increase in the length of hospitalisation of the affected individual. No study has evaluated the efficacy of specific strategies to reduce the incidence of post operative incisional complications. HYPOTHESIS The use of an abdominal bandage following colic surgery through a celiotomy incision would significantly reduce the prevalence of post operative incisional complications. METHODS A controlled, randomised clinical trial to test the hypothesis was devised. Horses eligible for inclusion in the study were assigned randomly either to the study or control group following recovery from general anaesthesia. Any post operative incisional complications occurring during hospitalisation were recorded. Long-term follow-up was obtained via telephone questionnaires. Absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated. Multivariable analyses were conducted for all outcomes of interest. RESULTS There was an ARR of the likelihood of developing a post operative incisional complication of 45% when using compared to not using an abdominal bandage in the post operative period. Therefore, it would be necessary to treat 2.2 horses with an abdominal bandage in order to prevent one horse developing any post operative incisional complications. CONCLUSIONS Although incisional complications continue to be a problem following an exploratory celiotomy for colic, the proportion of horses affected was significantly reduced by use of a bandage. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Using an abdominal bandage following an exploratory laparotomy may help reduce the prevalence of post operative incisional complications, and prevent the development of potentially life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Smith
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
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19
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Dorey-Phillips CL, Murison PJ. Comparison of two techniques for intravenous catheter site preparation in dogs. Vet Rec 2008; 162:280-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.9.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Dorey-Phillips
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - P. J. Murison
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
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20
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Mair TS, Smith LJ, Sherlock CE. Evidence-Based Gastrointestinal Surgery in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007; 23:267-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility and outcome of a technique for laparoscopic abomasopexy in cattle with displaced abomasum (DA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Dairy cattle (n=18). METHODS Retrieved data included signalment, clinical findings, treatments, and outcome. Laparoscopic abomasopexy was performed with the sedated cow in dorsal recumbency. The pexy site was determined after identification of the antrum and the greater curvature of the abomasum. Three or 4 absorbable sutures were passed through the body wall and abomasal wall for abomasal fixation. Wound complications, DA recurrence, food consumption, owner satisfaction, and long-term survival were assessed. RESULTS Left DA was diagnosed in 17 cows and right DA in 1 cow. Abomasal decompression was performed in 12 cows and abomasopexy was achieved in all cows. Surgical wounds healed without complication, except in 4 cows that had mild periportal swelling. Postoperative return to normal appetite occurred quickly except for 2 cows with concurrent diseases. Owner satisfaction varied from good to excellent. DA did not recur. CONCLUSION Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy was successfully performed in 18 cows with DA. Abomasal decompression was necessary for adequate abomasal manipulation and identification of landmarks for pexy. An adequate return to food consumption and no recurrence of DA occurred (mean follow-up, 15.5 months). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy is technically feasible and an effective method for surgical treatment of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
Although underrepresented compared with infectious diseases, calves' surgical abdomen diseases and abdominal surgery are a part of daily veterinary practice. Clinical presentations may differ from adult cattle and change rapidly. The decision whether to perform abdominal surgery or refer the animal has to take into consideration the condition and its prognosis for the calf. This article discusses clinical presentation of calves and focuses on specific situations with a detailed description of the surgical techniques, atresia coli, and umbilical remnants infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200, Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 6K9, Canada.
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Abstract
The goals of the cesarean section are preservation of the dam and calf and the future reproductive efficiency of the dam. The outcome of the cesarean section is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Numerous variables may affect the successful outcome of this procedure. Case selection is the most important and often overlooked variable. In addition, skin preparation,surgical technique, calf viability at the time of surgery, and exteriorizing the uterus can affect outcome. Minimizing excessive adhesion formation is equally important because it may affect reproductive efficiency adversely. Good surgical technique, including gentle tissue handling, appropriate suture materials and patterns, and adequate infolding of the uterine incision to prevent leakage, combined with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories when indicated can help minimize detrimental adhesions that may affect adversely the future reproductive efficiency of the cow. When dealing with anemphysematous fetus, intensive medical management perioperatively isa crucial determining factor of cow survival. Anti-inflammatories, high doses of intravenous antibiotics, and a ventral midline approach that permits adequate uterine exteriorization and reduces abdominal contamination also are likely key elements that contribute to the high survival rates of cows with emphysematous fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Newman
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Basic principles of surgery are important to review, even for experienced surgeons. Although aseptic surgical principles are not always applicable in the field, we have to respect some guidelines. Recent research will influence the way that we do things, based on what we have been taught and our experience. Respecting those simple principles can make a big difference in the final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Desrochers
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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25
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Zubrod CJ, Farnsworth KD, Oaks JL. Evaluation of Arthrocentesis Site Bacterial Flora before and after 4 Methods of Preparation in Horses with and without Evidence of Skin Contamination. Vet Surg 2004; 33:525-30. [PMID: 15362992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of four methods of povidone-iodine preparation on skin bacterial flora of arthrocentesis sites, in horses, with and without evidence of skin contamination. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized study. ANIMALS Twenty-four adult horses. METHODS Horses were assigned to either the clean or contaminated group based on housing environment and visual evidence of contamination. Using a moist sterile swab, microbial culture samples were obtained from the skin over the distal interphalangeal joints immediately before and after preparation. Each site was aseptically prepared with 1 of 4 povidone-iodine techniques: 10-minutes scrub, 5-minutes scrub, three 30-second scrubs, or commercial one-step iodophor surgical solution. Colony forming units (CFUs) were determined for each sample, 24 hours after inoculation, on blood agar plates. RESULTS Mean (+/-SD) pre-scrub CFUs/mL was significantly higher in the contaminated group (9588.33+/-1223.65) compared with the clean group (4489.00+/-3842.03) (P<.01). After preparation of the arthrocentesis sites, there were no significant differences in post-scrub CFUs/mL among the 10 minutes (mean clean, 46.00+/-64.36; mean contaminated, 28.67+/-18.04), 5 minutes (mean clean, 84.17+/-109.80; mean contaminated, 40.33+/-44.52), three 30 seconds povidone-iodine scrubs (mean clean, 95.50+/-172.29; mean contaminated, 46.67+/-56.94), or application of a commercial one-step iodophor surgical solution (mean clean, 102.17+/-161.78; mean contaminated 117.67+/-143.78); or between the clean (81.96+/-131.69) and contaminated groups (58.33+/-85.90) (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS Preparation of the distal interphalangeal joint arthrocentesis site with each of these techniques significantly reduces the bacterial flora to a similar level for arthrocentesis in horses with and without evidence of skin contamination. Clinical Relevance- Aseptic preparation of the skin over the distal interphalangeal joint may be accomplished with any of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Zubrod
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA
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Hernandez-Divers SM. Principles of wound management of small mammals: hedgehogs, prairie dogs, and sugar gliders. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2004; 7:1-18, v. [PMID: 14768377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The management of wounds is a common scenario for the exotic animal practitioner. When presented with such cases, the practitioner must first adhere to the firmly established principles of wound healing, and then modify available treatment modalities to fit the needs of the species at hand. Practicing wound management on exotic patients can be challenging due to their small size, unusual anatomy, difficult behaviors, and tendency for developing secondary stress-related health problems. A review of the stages of wound healing as well as traditional wound management techniques is provided here. This review is followed by a summary of typical wounds encountered in hedgehogs, prairie dogs, and sugar gliders, as well anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral characteristics that should be taken into consideration when managing wounds on such species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Hernandez-Divers
- Exotic Animal, Wildlife and Zoological College of Zoological Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Hennig GE, Kraus BH, Fister R, King VL, Steckel RR, Kirker-Head CA. Comparison of two methods for presurgical disinfection of the equine hoof. Vet Surg 2001; 30:366-73. [PMID: 11443598 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2001.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine for equine hooves the normal resident aerobic bacterial population and the efficacy of 2 methods of disinfection. Study Design-Measurement of total bacterial, gram-positive bacterial, and gram-negative bacterial surface populations from the frog, sole, and hoof wall after each step of 2 different preoperative surgical disinfection techniques. ANIMALS Six adult horses. METHODS Hoof wall, sole, and frog samples were collected for quantitative bacteriology before, during, and after 2 multistep antiseptic preparation techniques: Method A-6-minute scrub with povidone-iodine soap, followed by 24-hour submersion in povidone-iodine solution-soaked cotton; and Method B-initial removal of superficial layer of hoof capsule before completing Method A disinfection procedures. RESULTS Removal of the superficial hoof layer, application of the povidone iodine scrub, and completion of the povidone-iodine soak all significantly (P < .0008) decreased total bacterial numbers. Method B had significantly lower bacterial counts than method A at each consecutive step. Final total bacterial counts remained greater than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue regardless of preparation method. CONCLUSIONS The hoof surface hosts a broad spectrum of aerobic gram-positive and -negative bacteria, many of which are potential pathogens. Bacterial numbers can be significantly reduced by removal of the superficial hoof surface, by application of a povidone-iodine scrub, and by use of a 24-hour povidone-iodine soak. However, bacterial populations >10(5) g per tissue persist after these disinfection procedures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Regardless of the preparation methods used in this study, bacterial populations capable of inducing wound infection remain on the hoof capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hennig
- Department of Surgery, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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