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McCready E, Easley JT, Risch M, Troyer KL, Johnson JW, Gadomski BC, McGilvray KC, Kisiday JD, Nelson BB. Biomechanical, Morphological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage of the Ovine Humeral Head. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221081465. [PMID: 35225009 PMCID: PMC9137309 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221081465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shoulder pain is commonly attributed to rotator cuff injury or osteoarthritis. Ovine translational models are used to investigate novel treatments aimed at remedying these conditions to prevent articular cartilage degeneration and subsequent joint degradation. However, topographical properties of articular cartilage in the ovine shoulder are undefined. This study investigates the biomechanical, morphological, and biochemical attributes of healthy ovine humeral head articular cartilage and characterizes topographical variations between surface locations. DESIGN Ten humeral heads were collected from healthy skeletally mature sheep and each was segregated into 4 quadrants using 16 regions of interest (ROIs) across the articular surface. Articular cartilage of each ROI was analyzed for creep indentation, thickness, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen quantity. Comparisons of each variable were made between quadrants and between ROIs within each quadrant. RESULTS Percent creep, thickness, and sGAG content, but not collagen content, were significantly different between humeral head quadrants. Subregion analysis of the ROIs within each surface quadrant revealed differences in all measured variables within at least one quadrant. Percent creep was correlated with sGAG (r = -0.32, P = 0.0001). Collagen content was correlated with percent creep (r = 0.32, P = 0.0009), sGAG (r = -0.19, P = 0.049), and thickness (r = -0.19, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Topographical variations exist in mechanical, morphologic, and biochemical properties across the articular surface of the ovine humeral head. Recognizing this variability in ovine humeral head cartilage will provide researchers and clinicians with accurate information that could impact study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McCready
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeremiah T. Easley
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Makayla Risch
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kevin L. Troyer
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James W. Johnson
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Gadomski
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kirk C. McGilvray
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John D. Kisiday
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brad B. Nelson
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Risch M, Easley JT, McCready EG, Troyer KL, Johnson JW, Gadomski BC, McGilvray KC, Kisiday JD, Nelson BB. Mechanical, biochemical, and morphological topography of ovine knee cartilage. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:780-787. [PMID: 32833239 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The knee is the most common site for translational cartilage research in sheep, though topographic features of articular cartilage across surfaces are unspecified. We aimed to characterize the mechanical, morphological, and biochemical properties of articular cartilage across ovine knee surfaces and document variations between and within surface locations. Regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated across surfaces of 10 healthy ovine knees. Articular cartilage at each ROI was measured for creep indentation, thickness, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. Variables were compared between surface locations (trochlea, and lateral [LFC] and medial [MFC] femoral condyles) and between ROIs within each surface location. Correlations between variables were also assessed. Articular surface location had a significant effect on creep (P < .0001), thickness (P < .0001), and collagen (P = .0007), but not GAG (P = .28). Significant differences in percent creep between ROIs were found within the LFC (P < .0001), MFC (P < .0001), and trochlea (P = .0002). Cartilage thickness was different between ROIs within the LFC, MFC, and trochlea (all P < .0001). The LFC (P = .002) and trochlea (P = .01) each had significant differences in GAG between ROIs. Collagen content between ROIs was different within the LFC (P = .0003), MFC (P = .0005), and trochlea (P < .0001). Collagen content was correlated with thickness (r = -.55), percent creep (r = .47), and GAG (r = -.21). Percent creep was correlated with thickness (r = -.64) and GAG (r = -.19). Topographic variations in mechanical, morphological, and biochemical properties exist across knee cartilage surfaces in sheep. Recognition of this variability is important to optimize study protocols and improve accuracy of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla Risch
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeremiah T Easley
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin G McCready
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kevin L Troyer
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Woodward, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James W Johnson
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Benjamin C Gadomski
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kirk C McGilvray
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John D Kisiday
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Nelson BB, Stewart RC, Kawcak CE, Freedman JD, Patwa AN, Snyder BD, Goodrich LR, Grinstaff MW. Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Articular Cartilage Using Cationic Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Cartilage 2021; 12:211-221. [PMID: 33722083 PMCID: PMC7970376 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518812562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diffusion trajectory of a cationic contrast medium (CA4+) into equine articular cartilage, and to assess normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage using cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). DESIGN In the first experiment (Exp1), equine osteochondral specimens were serially imaged with cationic CECT to establish the diffusion time constant and time to reach equilibrium in healthy articular cartilage. In a separate experiment (Exp2), articular cartilage defects were created on the femoral trochlea (defect joint) in a juvenile horse, while the opposite joint was a sham-operated control. After 7 weeks, osteochondral biopsies were collected throughout the articular surfaces of both joints. Biopsies were analyzed for cationic CECT attenuation, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, mechanical stiffness (Eeq), and histology. Imaging, biochemical and mechanical data were compared between defect and control joints. RESULTS Exp1: The mean diffusion time constant was longer for medial condyle cartilage (3.05 ± 0.1 hours) than lateral condyle cartilage (1.54 ± 0.3 hours, P = 0.04). Exp2: Cationic CECT attenuation was lower in the defect joint than the control joint (P = 0.005) and also varied by anatomic location (P = 0.045). Mean cationic CECT attenuation from the lateral trochlear ridge was lower in the defect joint than in the control joint (2223 ± 329 HU and 2667 ± 540 HU, respectively; P = 0.02). Cationic CECT attenuation was strongly correlated with both GAG (ρ = 0.79, P < 0.0001) and Eeq (ρ = 0.61, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The equilibration time of CA4+ into equine articular cartilage is affected by tissue volume. Quantitative cationic CECT imaging reflects the biochemical, biomechanical and histological state of normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan D. Freedman
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Brian D. Snyder
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Small-Diameter Subchondral Drilling Improves DNA and Proteoglycan Content of the Cartilaginous Repair Tissue in a Large Animal Model of a Full-Thickness Chondral Defect. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061903. [PMID: 32570841 PMCID: PMC7356183 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantified changes in the DNA content and extracellular matrix composition of both the cartilaginous repair tissue and the adjacent cartilage in a large animal model of a chondral defect treated by subchondral drilling. Content of DNA, proteoglycans, and Type II and Type I collagen, as well as their different ratios were assessed at 6 months in vivo after treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects in the femoral trochlea of adult sheep with six subchondral drill holes, each of either 1.0 mm or 1.8 mm in diameter by biochemical analyses of the repair tissue and the adjacent cartilage and compared with the original cartilage. Only subchondral drilling which were 1.0 mm in diameter significantly increased both DNA and proteoglycan content of the repair tissue compared to the original cartilage. DNA content correlated with the proteoglycan and Type II collagen content within the repair tissue. Significantly higher amounts of Type I collagen within the repair tissue and significantly increased DNA, proteoglycan, and Type I collagen content in the adjacent cartilage were identified. These translational data support the use of small-diameter bone-cutting devices for marrow stimulation. Signs of early degeneration were present within the cartilaginous repair tissue and the adjacent cartilage.
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Maier F, Lewis CG, Pierce DM. The evolving large-strain shear responses of progressively osteoarthritic human cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:810-822. [PMID: 30660720 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The composition and structure of articular cartilage evolves during the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) resulting in changing mechanical responses. We aimed to assess the evolution of the intrinsic, large-strain mechanics of human articular cartilage-governed by collagen and proteoglycan and their interactions-during the progression of OA. DESIGN We completed quasi-static, large-strain shear tests on 64 specimens from ten donors undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and quantified the corresponding state of OA (OARSI grade), structural integrity (PLM score), and composition (glycosaminoglycan and collagen content). RESULTS We observed nonlinear stress-strain relationships with distinct hystereses for all magnitudes of applied strain where stiffnesses, nonlinearities, and hystereses all reduced as OA advanced. We found a reduction in energy dissipation density up to 80% in severely degenerated (OARSI grade 4, OA-4) vs normal (OA-1) cartilage, and more importantly, we found that even cartilage with a normal appearance in structure and composition (OA-1) dissipated 50% less energy than healthy (control) load-bearing cartilage (HL0). Changes in stresses and stiffnesses were in general less pronounced and did not allow us to distinguish between healthy load-bearing controls and very early-stage OA (OA-1), or to distinguish consistently among different levels of degeneration, i.e., OARSI grades. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reductions in energy dissipation density can be detected by bulk-tissue testing, and that these reductions precede visible signs of degeneration. We highlight the potential of energy dissipation, as opposed to stress- or stiffness-based measures, as a marker to diagnose early-stage OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maier
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - C G Lewis
- Hartford Healthcare, Bone & Joint Institute, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D M Pierce
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Nelson B, King M, Frisbie D. Assessment of a novel equine tarsocrural experimental joint disease model using recombinant interleukin-1β and arthroscopic articular sampling of the medial malleolus of the tibia on the standing sedated horse. Vet J 2017; 229:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Delco ML, Kennedy JG, Bonassar LJ, Fortier LA. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle: A distinct clinical entity requiring new research approaches. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:440-453. [PMID: 27764893 PMCID: PMC5467729 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing as a result of advancements in non-invasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, improved arthroscopic surgical technology and heightened awareness among clinicians. Unlike OA of the knee, primary or age-related ankle OA is rare, with the majority of ankle OA classified as post-traumatic (PTOA). Ankle trauma, more specifically ankle sprain, is the single most common athletic injury, and no effective therapies are available to prevent or slow progression of PTOA. Despite the high incidence of ankle trauma and OA, ankle-related OA research is sparse, with the majority of clinical and basic studies pertaining to the knee joint. Fundamental differences exist between joints including their structure and molecular composition, response to trauma, susceptibility to OA, clinical manifestations of disease, and response to treatment. Considerable evidence suggests that research findings from knee should not be extrapolated to the ankle, however few ankle-specific preclinical models of PTOA are currently available. The objective of this article is to review the current state of ankle OA investigation, highlighting important differences between the ankle and knee that may limit the extent to which research findings from knee models are applicable to the ankle joint. Considerations for the development of new ankle-specific, clinically relevant animal models are discussed. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:440-453, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Delco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York
| | - John G. Kennedy
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Lisa A. Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York
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Maier F, Drissi H, Pierce DM. Shear deformations of human articular cartilage: Certain mechanical anisotropies apparent at large but not small shear strains. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:53-65. [PMID: 27552599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has pronounced through-the-thickness heterogeneity in both ultrastructure and mechanical function. The tissue undergoes a combination of large deformations in vivo, where shear is critical in both failure and chondrocyte death. Yet the microstructure mechanical response of cartilage to multi-axial large shear deformations is unknown. We harvested a total of 42 cartilage specimens from seven matched locations across the lateral femoral condyles and patellofemoral grooves of six human male donors (30.2±8.8yrs old, M±SD). With each specimen we applied a range of quasi-static, multi-axial large (simple) shear displacements both parallel and perpendicular to the local split-line direction (SLD). Shear stresses in cartilage specimens from the patellofemoral grooves were higher, and more energy was dissipated, at all applied strains under loading parallel to the local SLD versus perpendicular, while specimens from the lateral condyles were mechanically anisotropic only under larger strains of 20% and 25%. Cartilage also showed significant intra-donor variability at larger shear strains but no significant inter-donor variability. Overall, shear strain-energy dissipation was almost constant at 5% applied shear strain and increased nonlinearly with increasing shear magnitude. Our results suggest that full understanding of cartilage mechanics requires large-strain analyses to account for nonlinear, anisotropic and location-dependent effects not fully realized at small strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Maier
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Nebelung S, Brill N, Müller F, Tingart M, Pufe T, Merhof D, Schmitt R, Jahr H, Truhn D. Towards Optical Coherence Tomography-based elastographic evaluation of human cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 56:106-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Novakofski K, Berg L, Bronzini I, Bonnevie E, Poland S, Bonassar L, Fortier L. Joint-dependent response to impact and implications for post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1130-7. [PMID: 25725390 PMCID: PMC4778978 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) varies between joints. Cartilage in eight different joints was evaluated to elucidate the disparate susceptibilities between joints to post-traumatic OA (PTOA) and provide evidence for joint-specific clinical treatments. The hypothesis was that cartilage in different joints would have varying cell death and anabolic gene expression profiles after injury. METHODS Adult equine cartilage explants were harvested from shoulder (SH), elbow (EL), carpal (CA), metacarpophalangeal (MC), patellofemoral (FP), tarsal (TA), metatarsophalangeal (MT), and proximal interphalangeal (PP) joints, and injured by loading with 30 MPa within 1 s. Fractional dissipated energy, cell density, cell death, and gene expression were quantified. RESULTS PP had the highest fractional dissipated energy (94%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 88 to 101%). Cell density was highest in the superficial zone in all samples, with MC and MT having the highest peak density. Injured samples had significantly increased cell death (13.5%, 95% CI 9.1 to 17.9%) than non-injured samples (6.8%, 95% CI 2.5 to 11.1%, P = 0.016); however, cell death after injury was not significantly different between joints. Gene expression was significantly different between joints. CD-RAP expression in normal cartilage was lowest in FP (Cp = 21, 95% CI -80 to 122). After injury, the change in CD-RAP expression increased and was highest in FP (147% relative increase after injury, 95% CI 64 to 213). CONCLUSION Different joints have different baseline characteristics, including cell density and gene expression, and responses to injury, including energy dissipation and gene expression. These unique characteristics may explain differences in OA prevalence and suggest differences in susceptibility to PTOA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding differences in the response to injury and potential susceptibility to OA can lead to the development of preventative or treatment strategies. KEY TERMS Gene expression, cartilage injury, chondrocyte, multiphoton microscopy, cartilage biomechanical properties, PTOA. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT The prevalence of OA is variable among joints; however, most laboratory studies are performed on a single joint - most commonly the knee, and extrapolated to other joints such as the ankle or shoulder. A small number of studies have compared knee and ankle cartilage and reported differences in mechanical properties and gene expression. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE There are differences in baseline cell density and gene expression, and differences in response to injury, including gene expression and cell death. This suggests that there are inherent differences leading to varying susceptibilities in OA prevalence among joints. Joint-specific treatments may improve OA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.D. Novakofski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L.C. Berg
- Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - I. Bronzini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E.D. Bonnevie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S.G. Poland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L.J. Bonassar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L.A. Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: L.A. Fortier, C3-181 Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Tel: 1-607-253-3102; Fax: 1-607-253-3497. (L.A. Fortier)
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Trachtenberg JE, Vo TN, Mikos AG. Pre-clinical characterization of tissue engineering constructs for bone and cartilage regeneration. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:681-96. [PMID: 25319726 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical animal models play a crucial role in the translation of biomedical technologies from the bench top to the bedside. However, there is a need for improved techniques to evaluate implanted biomaterials within the host, including consideration of the care and ethics associated with animal studies, as well as the evaluation of host tissue repair in a clinically relevant manner. This review discusses non-invasive, quantitative, and real-time techniques for evaluating host-materials interactions, quality and rate of neotissue formation, and functional outcomes of implanted biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Specifically, a comparison will be presented for pre-clinical animal models, histological scoring systems, and non-invasive imaging modalities. Additionally, novel technologies to track delivered cells and growth factors will be discussed, including methods to directly correlate their release with tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Trachtenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, 77251-1892, USA
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Cook JL, Kuroki K, Visco D, Pelletier JP, Schulz L, Lafeber FPJG. The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the dog. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S66-79. [PMID: 20864024 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The dog is a common model for study of osteoarthritis (OA). Subjective histologic scoring systems have often served as the reference standard for presence and severity of OA. However, these scoring systems have perceived shortcomings. The system developed for this report attempts to address these shortcomings by providing a standardized methodology for global assessment of the joint, versatility and the potential for relative weighting of pathology, allowing for comparison among time points, studies, and centers, and critical analysis of the system's reliability. The proposed system for assessment of canine tissues appears to provide an effective method for global assessment of articular pathology in OA. The system is versatile, comprehensive, and reliable and appears to have advantages over conventional scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- University of Missouri, Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Arthroscopic visualisation of the third metacarpal and metatarsal condyles in the horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:526-33. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x386976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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JANICEK JOHNC, COOK JAMESL, WILSON DAVIDA, KETZNER KARISSAM. Multiple Osteochondral Autografts for Treatment of a Medial Trochlear Ridge Subchondral Cystic Lesion in the Equine Tarsus. Vet Surg 2010; 39:95-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Julkunen P, Harjula T, Marjanen J, Helminen HJ, Jurvelin JS. Comparison of single-phase isotropic elastic and fibril-reinforced poroelastic models for indentation of rabbit articular cartilage. J Biomech 2009; 42:652-6. [PMID: 19193381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Classically, single-phase isotropic elastic (IE) model has been used for in situ or in vivo indentation analysis of articular cartilage. The model significantly simplifies cartilage structure and properties. In this study, we apply a fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) model for indentation to extract more detailed information on cartilage properties. Specifically, we compare the information from short-term (instantaneous) and long-term (equilibrium) indentations, as described here by IE and FRPE models. Femoral and tibial cartilage from rabbit (age 0-18 months) knees (n=14) were tested using a plane-ended indenter (diameter=0.544 mm). Stepwise creep tests were conducted to equilibrium. Single-phase IE solution for indentation was used to derive instantaneous modulus and equilibrium (Young's) modulus for the samples. The classical and modified Hayes' solutions were used to derive values for the indentation moduli. In the FRPE model, the indentation behavior was sample-specifically described with three material parameters, i.e. fibril network modulus, non-fibrillar matrix modulus and permeability. The instantaneous and fibril network modulus, and the equilibrium Young's modulus and non-fibrillar matrix modulus showed significant (p<0.01) linear correlations of R(2)=0.516 and 0.940, respectively (Hayes' solution) and R(2)=0.531 and 0.960, respectively (the modified Hayes' solution). No significant correlations were found between the non-fibrillar matrix modulus and instantaneous moduli or between the fibril network modulus and the equilibrium moduli. These results indicate that the instantaneous indentation modulus (IE model) provides information on tensile stiffness of collagen fibrils in cartilage while the equilibrium modulus (IE model) is a significant measure for stiffness of PG matrix. Thereby, this study highlights the feasibility of a simple indentation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Julkunen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Stenhamre H, Slynarski K, Petrén C, Tallheden T, Lindahl A. Topographic variation in redifferentiation capacity of chondrocytes in the adult human knee joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1356-62. [PMID: 18472284 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the topographic variation in matrix production and cell density in the adult human knee joint. Additionally, we have examined the redifferentiation potential of chondrocytes expanded in vitro from the different locations. METHOD Full thickness cartilage-bone biopsies were harvested from seven separate anatomical locations of healthy knee joints from deceased adult human donors. Chondrocytes were isolated, expanded in vitro and redifferentiated in a pellet mass culture. Biochemical analysis of total collagen, proteoglycans and cellular content as well as histology and immunohistochemistry were performed on biopsies and pellets. RESULTS In the biochemical analysis of the biopsies, we found lower proteoglycan to collagen (GAG/HP) ratio in the non-weight bearing (NWB) areas compared to the weight bearing (WB) areas. The chondrocytes harvested from different locations in femur showed a significantly better attachment and proliferation ability as well as good post-expansion chondrogenic capacity in pellet mass culture compared with the cells harvested from tibia. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that there are differences in extra cellular content within the adult human knee in respect to GAG/HP ratio. Additionally, the data show that clear differences between chondrocytes harvested from femur and tibia from healthy human knee joints exist and that the differences are not completely abolished during the process of de- and redifferentiation. These findings emphasize the importance of the understanding of topographic variation in articular cartilage biology when approaching new cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stenhamre
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Sawamura C, Takahashi M, McCarthy KJ, Shen Z, Fukai N, Rodriguez EK, Snyder BD. Effect of in ovo immobilization on development of chick hind-limb articular cartilage: An evaluation using micro-MRI measurement of delayed gadolinium uptake. Magn Reson Med 2006; 56:1235-41. [PMID: 17089363 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of immobilization on the development of articular cartilage, we assessed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the chick articular surface by delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). Chick embryos were paralyzed by decamethonium bromide (DMB) from day 10 to either day 13 or day 16. The GAG content of the chick knee was compared with that of nonparalyzed chick embryos. Histologic analysis was unable to quantify GAG content; however, dGEMRIC demonstrated that GAG content was higher in the femoral condyles of the nonparalyzed embryos on day 13, and on day 16 the GAG content was lower in both the femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of the nonparalyzed embryos. These results suggest that paralysis delays embryonic hind-limb development. Osteoblastic activity at the cartilage canal, as demonstrated by staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was present only in the nonparalyzed chick embryos on day 16. The GAG content of the cartilage decreased when the cartilage canals began to form on day 16. The effect of immobilization on hind-limb development was indicated by the differences in the GAG content of the cartilage anlage measured by dGEMRIC in the developing knee joint of paralyzed and nonparalyzed embryonic chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigusa Sawamura
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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