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Gillen A, Catherine Archer D. Epidemiology of Colic: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00017-2. [PMID: 37268523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies are essential for the generation of evidence-based, preventive health care strategies. This includes ways to minimize colic risk and assist informed decision making concerning diagnosis, treatment, and likely outcomes. It is important to consider that colic is not a simple "disease" but is a syndrome of abdominal pain that encompasses multiple different disease processes, and which is multifactorial in nature. This review focuses on prevention and diagnosis of colic, including specific forms of colic, communications with owners/carers concerning colic risk and management, and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gillen
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Catherine Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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2
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Martens A, Haardt H. Role of Laparoscopy in Diagnosis and Management of Equine Colic. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00015-9. [PMID: 37198055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Laparoscopy can be valuable in the diagnosis and treatment of specific types of colic in horses. Most commonly, it is used for horses with chronic recurrent colic for further diagnosis, such as by taking biopsies or to perform treatment. Laparoscopy is also often used for prevention of colic, for example, by closing the nephrosplenic space or epiploic foramen. There are fewer indications for laparoscopy in acute colic, though in some cases the technique can be useful for diagnosis, after which the procedure is converted to a hand-assisted laparoscopy. However, manipulation of the intestine is limited compared with an open laparotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Martens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hanna Haardt
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Aitken MR. Colic Surgery: Recent Updates. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00021-4. [PMID: 37169619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The following article provides an overview of the last 5 years of research and innovation within the field of equine colic surgery, focusing on new techniques, new or recently described lesions, prevention of lesion recurrence or postoperative complications, and updates in prognoses. Early surgical intervention is an important factor in horse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia R Aitken
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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4
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Wanstrath MA, Bauck AG, Smith AD, Freeman DE. Surgical enlargement of the epiploic foramen in horses. Vet Surg 2023; 52:308-314. [PMID: 36537220 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and efficacy of a method for digitally enlarging the caudal aspect of the epiploic foramen (EF). STUDY DESIGN Healthy horses and clinical cases of EF entrapment (EFE). ANIMALS Fourteen healthy horses and three clinical cases. METHODS Through a ventral midline celiotomy under general anesthesia, the EF was enlarged by digital separation of the caudal attachments of the caudate lobe of the liver from right dorsal colon, right kidney, gastropancreatic fold, and pancreas. Healthy horses were euthanized under anesthesia, and the enlarged EF was measured at necropsy. RESULTS The method used for enlarging the EF did not cause clinically relevant hemorrhage, as determined by visual inspection of the EF in 14 horses at necropsy and by vital parameters under anesthesia in all horses. In clinical cases, EFE was reduced following enlargement of the EF, and no intraoperative complications were encountered. In one clinical case, necropsy at 30 days confirmed partial closure of the enlarged EF. CONCLUSION The method proposed enlarged the EF safely and effectively. Limitations of the study include the small number of clinical cases and the lack of postoperative follow-up on the healthy horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Enlargement of the EF at its caudal extent should be considered in selected cases of EFE in which manual reduction is difficult or protracted. Although the procedure was safe in this study, knowledge of the anatomy, practice on cadavers, and careful selection of cases with greatest need are recommended before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Wanstrath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anje G Bauck
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Peterson Smith Equine Hospital + Complete Care, Ocala, Florida, USA
| | - David E Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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van Bergen T, Wiemer P, Martens A. Equine colic associated with small intestinal epiploic foramen entrapment. Vet J 2021; 269:105608. [PMID: 33593497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) is an important differential diagnosis in horses with colic, but disappointing short- and long-term outcomes are reported in the scientific literature. Many horses are euthanased during surgery due to a predicted poor prognosis or due to uncontrollable intraoperative haemorrhage. The ileum is involved in the majority of cases. Several risk factors for the development of EFE are described; crib-biting/windsucking being the most important one. The recurrence rate of EFE is low despite the described risk factors, probably due to spontaneous closure of the EF after EFE colic surgery in about 40% of the cases. Safe laparoscopic techniques to obliterate the EF preventively in horses at risk or as part of surgical management of EFE at laparotomy are described. Methods for improved outcomes including utilising recently gained anatomical insights of the region while manipulating entrapped intestines, critical revision of anastomosis techniques and avoiding the occurrence of post-operative reflux are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wiemer
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde, Lienden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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6
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Bont MP. Standing surgery versus general anaesthesia for resolution of acute abdomen; useful enough to become routine? EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Grulke S, Salciccia A, Arévalo Rodríguez JM, Sandersen C, Caudron I, Serteyn D, de la Rebière de Pouyade G. Mesh closure of epiploic foramen by ventral laparotomy in 17 horses with entrapment. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e43. [PMID: 32414910 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) of small intestine is a severe cause of strangulating small intestinal obstruction (SSI) with long-term survival seeming lower than for other causes of SSI in horses. Different techniques via laparoscopy or laparotomy for epiploic foramen (EF) closure have been developed. METHODS This study describes a technique of peroperative mesh closure of the EF in clinical cases and their long-term follow up. RESULTS In the study period of 5.5 years, 36 horses were admitted to the clinic with EFE. Of these, 17 horses had peroperative mesh closure, with resection anastomosis in 4 cases and enterotomy in 4 other cases. Fifteen of these survived to discharge. Long-term follow-up (one to three years, median three years) was favourable in all 15 horses not showing recurrence of EFE nor other related signs of colic. Laparoscopic evaluation of the EF was performed in two cases and showed integration of the mesh. One horse was euthanased 3.5 years after mesh placement for an unrelated cause and the mesh was well adherent obliterating the EF. CONCLUSION Mesh closure of EF during emergency coeliotomy did not cause short-term complications even in horses with resection or enterotomy and may reduce the risk of recurrence of EFE in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Grulke
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium .,FARAH Research Unit, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Salciccia
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,FARAH Research Unit, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Arévalo Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,FARAH Research Unit, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Caudron
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,FARAH Research Unit, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Geoffroy de la Rebière de Pouyade
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,FARAH Research Unit, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
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Williams J. Mesoduodenal rents: An uncommon cause of colic. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Williams
- Large Animal Medicine University of Georgia Athens USA
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9
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Bergen T, Martens A. Epiploic foramen entrapment colic in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bergen
- Clinique Equine Acy-Romance Acy-Romance France
| | - A. Martens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Surgery Department Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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10
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Bergen T, Haspeslagh M, Wiemer P, Swagemakers M, van Loon G, Martens A. Surgical treatment of epiploic foramen entrapment in 142 horses (2008–2016). Vet Surg 2019; 48:291-298. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bergen
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Peter Wiemer
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde Lienden The Netherlands
| | - Michaël Swagemakers
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University Merelbeke Belgium
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11
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Freeman DE. Fifty years of colic surgery. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:423-435. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
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12
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Bergen T, Rötting A, Wiemer P, Schauvliege S, Vanderperren K, Ugahary F, Martens A. Foramen epiploicum mesh closure (
FEMC
) through a ventral midline laparotomy. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:235-240. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bergen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Rötting
- Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Klinik für Pferde Hannover Germany
| | - P. Wiemer
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde Lienden The Netherlands
| | - S. Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - F. Ugahary
- Consultant in General Surgery MD Surgeon n.p. Tiel The Netherlands
| | - A. Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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van Bergen T, Wiemer P, Schauvliege S, Paulussen E, Ugahary F, Martens A. Laparoscopic Evaluation of the Epiploic Foramen after Celiotomy for Epiploic Foramen Entrapment in the Horse. Vet Surg 2016; 45:596-601. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Bergen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Peter Wiemer
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde; Lienden The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Ellen Paulussen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Franz Ugahary
- MD Surgeon n.p., Consultant in General Surgery; Tiel The Netherlands
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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14
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Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: Current evidence. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:143-51. [PMID: 26440916 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in management of the surgical colic patient over the last 30 years have resulted in considerable improvement in post operative survival rates. However, post operative complications remain common and these impact negatively on horse welfare, probability of survival, return to previous use and the costs of treatment. Multiple studies have investigated risk factors for post operative complications following surgical management of colic and interventions that might be effective in reducing the likelihood of these occurring. The findings from these studies are frequently contradictory and the evidence for many interventions is lacking or inconclusive. This review discusses the current available evidence and identifies areas where further studies are necessary and factors that should be taken into consideration in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - C J Proudman
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - D C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
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van Bergen T, Wiemer P, Bosseler L, Ugahary F, Martens A. Development of a new laparoscopic Foramen Epiploicum Mesh Closure (FEMC) technique in 6 horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:331-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. van Bergen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - P. Wiemer
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde; Lienden The Netherlands
| | - L. Bosseler
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - F. Ugahary
- MD Surgeon n.p.; Consultant in General Surgery; Tiel The Netherlands
| | - A. Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
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