1
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Samadi M, Salimi V, Haghshenas MR, Miri SM, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent. Virol J 2022; 19:41. [PMID: 35264187 PMCID: PMC8905790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to be lymphotropic and connected to the viral group that infects T and B lymphocytes. HPgV-1 infection is not persuasively correlated to any known human disease; nevertheless, multiple studies have reported a connection between chronic HPgV-1 infection and improved survival in HPgV-1/HIV co-infected patients with a delayed and favorable impact on HIV infection development. While the process has not been thoroughly clarified, different mechanisms for these observations have been proposed. HPgV-1 is categorized into seven genotypes and various subtypes. Infection with HPgV-1 is relatively common globally. It can be transferred parenterally, sexually, and through vertical ways, and thereby its co-infection with HIV and HCV is common. In most cases, the clearance of HPgV-1 from the body can be achieved by developing E2 antibodies after infection. Main body In this review, we thoroughly discuss the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding distinct epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects of HPgV-1. Conclusion Due to the unique characteristics of the HPgV-1, so advanced research on HPgV-1, particularly in light of HIV co-infection and other diseases, should be conducted to explore the essential mechanisms of HIV clearance and other viruses and thereby suggest novel strategies for viral therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Samadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Valença IN, Santos RBD, Peronni KC, Sauvage V, Vandenbogaert M, Caro V, Silva Junior WAD, Covas DT, Silva-Pinto AC, Laperche S, Kashima S, Slavov SN. Deep sequencing applied to the analysis of viromes in patients with beta-thalassemia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e40. [PMID: 34037156 PMCID: PMC8149102 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, blood banks apply routine diagnosis to a specific spectrum of
transfusion-transmitted viruses. Even though this measure is considered highly
efficient to control their transmission, the threat imposed by emerging viruses
is increasing globally, which can impact transfusion safety, especially in the
light of the accelerated viral discovery by novel sequencing technologies. One
of the most important groups of patients, who may indicate the presence of
emerging viruses in the field of blood transfusion, is the group of individuals
who receive multiple transfusions due to hereditary hemoglobinopathies. It is
possible that they harbor unknown or unsuspected parenterally-transmitted
viruses. In order to elucidate this, nucleic acids from 30 patients with
beta-thalassemia were analyzed by Illumina next-generation sequencing and
bioinformatics analysis. Three major viral families:
Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae and
Hepadnaviridae were identified. Among
them, anelloviruses were the most representative, being detected with high
number of reads in all tested samples. Human Pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1, or GBV-C),
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) were also identified. HBV
and HCV detection was expected due to the high seroprevalence in patients with
beta thalassemia. Our results do not confirm the presence of emerging or
unsuspected viruses threatening the transfusion safety at present, but can be
used to actively search for viruses that threaten blood transfusion safety. We
believe that the application of viral metagenomics in multiple-transfused
patients is highly useful to monitor possible viral transfusion threats and for
the annotation of their virome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Nunes Valença
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Mestrado em Oncologia Clínica, Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bezerra Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Mestrado em Oncologia Clínica, Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Chagas Peronni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginie Sauvage
- Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Institut National de la Transfusion Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Vandenbogaert
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva Junior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva-Pinto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Syria Laperche
- Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Institut National de la Transfusion Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Paris, France
| | - Simone Kashima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Yang N, Dai R, Zhang X. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2019; 115:107-119. [PMID: 31845353 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The local prevalence of HPgV-1 has been reported from different countries worldwide, but the global prevalence of HPgV-1 remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather data from the literature to estimate the prevalence of HPgV-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors in the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for records up to January 2019 and included studies reporting HPgV-1 virus prevalence amongst healthy volunteer blood donors based on the detection of HPgV-1 RNA. RESULTS In all, we included 79 studies for the systematic review and 63 for the meta-analysis. Based on the random effect meta-analysis of 35 468 volunteer blood donors, we found the global prevalence of HPgV-1 to be 3·1% (95% CI, 2·4-4·1). The pooled prevalences of HPgV-1 were 1·7% (95% CI, 1·1-2·6) in North America, 9·1% (95% CI, 6·4-12·7) in South America, 2·3% (95% CI, 2%, 2·8) in Europe and 2·4% (95% CI, 1·4-4) in Asia. Subgroup analyses based on age, gender or risk factors were not possible. CONCLUSION Approximately 3 in 100 blood donations worldwide are positive for HPgV-1 increasing the risk of infection from transfusion of their components to subsequent recipients. Further research on virus pathogenicity is required before recommending routine screening of HPgV-1 for healthy volunteer blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
| | - Run Dai
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
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4
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Lau P, Cordey S, Brito F, Tirefort D, Petty TJ, Turin L, Guichebaron A, Docquier M, Zdobnov EM, Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Lecompte T, Kaiser L, Preynat-Seauve O. Metagenomics analysis of red blood cell and fresh-frozen plasma units. Transfusion 2017; 57:1787-1800. [PMID: 28497550 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the risk of transmitting infectious agents by blood transfusion is dramatically reduced after donor selection, leukoreduction, and laboratory testing, some could still be present in donor's blood. A description of metagenomes in blood products eligible for transfusion represents relevant information to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission by transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Detection of viruses, bacteria, and fungi genomes was made by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of 600 manufactured blood products eligible for transfusion: 300 red blood cell (RBC) and 300 fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) units. RESULTS Anelloviruses and human pegivirus, frequent in the blood of healthy individuals, were found. Human papillomavirus type 27 and Merkel cell polyomavirus, present on the skin, were also detected. Unexpectedly, astrovirus MLB2 was identified and characterized in a FFP unit. The presence of astrovirus MLB2 was confirmed in donor's blood and corresponded to an asymptomatic acute viremia. Sequences of bacteria and fungi were also detected; they are likely the result of environmental contamination. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that HTS is a promising tool for detecting common and less frequent infectious pathogens in blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lau
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva.,Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Cordey
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Francisco Brito
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diderik Tirefort
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Thomas J Petty
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Turin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Arthur Guichebaron
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva.,Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Docquier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel-Abramowski
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Thomas Lecompte
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva.,Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Wu H, Padhi A, Xu J, Gong X, Tien P. Evidence for Within-Host Genetic Recombination among the Human Pegiviral Strains in HIV Infected Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161880. [PMID: 27560699 PMCID: PMC4999292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-pathogenic Human Pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C/HGV), the most prevalent RNA virus worldwide, is known to be associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Although previous studies documented its ubiquity and important role in HIV-infected individuals, little is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms that maintain high genetic diversity of HPgV within the HIV-infected individuals. To assess the within-host genetic diversity of HPgV and forces that maintain such diversity within the co-infected hosts, we performed phylogenetic analyses taking into account 229 HPgV partial E1-E2 clonal sequences representing 15 male and 8 female co-infected HIV patients from Hubei province of central China. Our results revealed the presence of eleven strongly supported clades. While nine clades belonged to genotype 3, two clades belonged to genotype 2. Additionally, four clades that belonged to genotype 3 exhibited inter-clade recombination events. The presence of clonal sequences representing multiple clades within the HIV-infected individual provided the evidence of co-circulation of HPgV strains across the region. Of the 23 patients, six patients (i.e., five males and one female) were detected to have HPgV recombinant sequences. Our results also revealed that while male patients shared the viral strains with other patients, viral strains from the female patients had restricted dispersal. Taken together, the present study revealed that multiple infections with divergent HPgV viral strains may have caused within-host genetic recombination, predominantly in male patients, and therefore, could be the major driver in shaping genetic diversity of HPgV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Abinash Padhi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, United States of America
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Hubei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (PT); (XG)
| | - Po Tien
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- * E-mail: (PT); (XG)
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6
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Bailey AL, Lauck M, Mohns M, Peterson EJ, Beheler K, Brunner KG, Crosno K, Mejia A, Mutschler J, Gehrke M, Greene J, Ericsen AJ, Weiler A, Lehrer-Brey G, Friedrich TC, Sibley SD, Kallas EG, Capuano S, Rogers J, Goldberg TL, Simmons HA, O'Connor DH. Durable sequence stability and bone marrow tropism in a macaque model of human pegivirus infection. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:305ra144. [PMID: 26378244 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly known as GB virus C and hepatitis G virus-is a poorly characterized RNA virus that infects about one-sixth of the global human population and is transmitted frequently in the blood supply. We create an animal model of HPgV infection by infecting macaque monkeys with a new simian pegivirus (SPgV) discovered in wild baboons. Using this model, we provide a high-resolution, longitudinal picture of SPgV viremia where the dose, route, and timing of infection are known. We detail the highly variable acute phase of SPgV infection, showing that the viral load trajectory early in infection is dependent on the infecting dose, whereas the chronic-phase viremic set point is not. We also show that SPgV has an extremely low propensity for accumulating sequence variation, with no consensus-level variants detected during the acute phase of infection and an average of only 1.5 variants generated per 100 infection-days. Finally, we show that SPgV RNA is highly concentrated in only two tissues: spleen and bone marrow, with bone marrow likely producing most of the virus detected in plasma. Together, these results reconcile several paradoxical observations from cross-sectional analyses of HPgV in humans and provide an animal model for studying pegivirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mariel Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Eric J Peterson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kerry Beheler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kevin G Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - James Mutschler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Matthew Gehrke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Justin Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Adam J Ericsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Andrea Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lehrer-Brey
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01310-911, Brazil
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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7
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Karimi G, Gharehbaghian A, Tafti MF, Vafaiyan V. Emerging infectious threats to the blood supply: seroepidemiological studies in iran - a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:210-7. [PMID: 23922546 DOI: 10.1159/000351540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The risk of transfusion-transmitted infections has been greatly reduced by improvements in donor screening and testing. However, newly recognized blood-borne infectious agents can be threats to blood safety. In order to evaluate the prevalence some of these agents in blood donors, a systematic review was conducted. Data were obtained from published papers related to HGV, Torque Teno virus (TTV), HTLV, West Nile virus (WNV) and SEN virus (SEN-V). Based on these studies, the prevalence of HGV varied from 1 to 8.6% for anti-E2 and from 0 to 4.8% for HGV RNA. The prevalence of TTV DNA and HTLV-I varied from 2.7 to 79.5% and from 0.013 to 2.3%, respectively. The WNV-specific IgM antibody and WNV RNA are negative in blood donors. Prevalence rates of SEN-V in Iranian blood donors range from 23 to 90.8%. Consequences of these infectious agents for blood safety are different. Thus, the need to perform laboratory screening as well as effectiveness and efficiency of laboratory tests depend on pathogenicity level and epidemiological conditions of emerging infections. However, being prepared based on the current level of risk and interventions to reduce the risk can be effective in reducing the potential threat for blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gharib Karimi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Abstract
Viral metagenomics has recently yielded numerous previously uncharacterized viral genomes from human and animal samples. We review some of the metagenomics tools and strategies to determine which orphan viruses are likely pathogens. Disease association studies compare viral prevalence in patients with unexplained symptoms versus healthy individuals but require these case and control groups to be closely matched epidemiologically. The development of an antibody response in convalescent serum can temporarily link symptoms with a recent infection. Neutralizing antibody detection require often difficult cell culture virus amplification. Antibody binding assays require proper antigen synthesis and positive control sera to set assay thresholds. High levels of viral genetic diversity within orphan viral groups, frequent co-infections, low or rare pathogenicity, and chronic virus shedding, can all complicate disease association studies. The limited availability of matched cases and controls sample sets from different age groups and geographic origins is a major block for estimating the pathogenic potential of recently characterized orphan viruses. Current limitations on the practical use of deep sequencing for viral diagnostics are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Nicolosi Guidicelli S, Lopez-Guillermo A, Falcone U, Conconi A, Christinat A, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Grisanti S, Lobetti-Bodoni C, Piffaretti JC, Johnson PW, Mombelli G, Cerny A, Montserrat E, Cavalli F, Zucca E. Hepatitis C virus and GBV-C virus prevalence among patients with B-cell lymphoma in different European regions: a case-control study of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. Hematol Oncol 2011; 30:137-42. [PMID: 22105737 DOI: 10.1002/hon.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with some B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B cell-NHLs). Patients with HCV infection frequently show co-infections with GB virus C (GBV-C, formerly known as hepatitis G virus), and some studies have suggested a higher incidence of GBV-C infection in patients with B cell-NHLs. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the association between HCV and/or GBV-C infection and B cell-NHLs in different geographic areas. One hundred thirty-seven lymphoma cases and 125 non-lymphoma matched controls were enrolled in an international case-control study conducted in Switzerland (Bellinzona), Spain (Barcelona) and England (Southampton) on samples collected from 2001 to 2002. In Bellinzona (41 cases and 81 controls), the overall prevalence of HCV was 3.3% (4.9% in NHLs), and the overall prevalence of GBV-C was 24% (22% in NHLs). In Barcelona (46 cases and 44 controls), the prevalence of HCV was 10% (8.7% in NHLs) and the prevalence of GBV-C 20% (13% in NHLs). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of both infections between patients with NHL and controls. In Southampton, 50 NHL cases were analysed, none of them was found to be HCV-positive; therefore, no control group was analysed and GBV-C analysis was not performed, too. Both in Bellinzona and in Barcelona, the seropositivity rate was significantly lower for HCV than for GBV-C, suggesting that their transmission can be independent. The incidence of HCV was significantly higher in Barcelona than that in Bellinzona. This study confirmed the existence of marked geographic differences in the prevalence of HCV in NHL but cannot provide any significant evidence for an association between HCV and/or GBV-C and B-cell NHLs.
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10
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Nishiya A, Neto RA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Virol J 2011; 8:345. [PMID: 21745373 PMCID: PMC3142244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. METHODS Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogotá and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. RESULTS Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Botelho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raymundo A Neto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Pontificia Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flair J Carrilho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João RR Pinho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E. Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. Transfusion 2010; 50:2474-83. [PMID: 20497515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Bernardin
- Blood Systems Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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Heuft HG, Mende W, Blasczyk R. A general change of the platelet transfusion policy from apheresis platelet concentrates to pooled platelet concentrates is associated with a sharp increase in donor exposure and infection rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 35:106-13. [PMID: 21512637 DOI: 10.1159/000117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compare the actual with the potential donor exposure and possible infection rates in the Hanover Medical School (MHH) platelet (PLT) transfusion recipients if the current MHH standard of apheresis PLT concentrate (A-PC) supply would be replaced by a pooled PLT concentrate (P-PC) transfusion regimen. DONORS PATIENTS AND METHODS The electronic records of the MHH Institute of Transfusion Medicine and the MHH Department of Medical Controlling were evaluated to assess the development of PLT needs and supply at MHH from 2003-2006. For 2006, we evaluated all PLT transfusion recipients with respect to their overall transfusion needs, classified them for low and high PLT transfusion needs, and related them to the diagnostic groups that underlie their PLT demands. We assumed a P-PC preparation procedure using 4 whole blood-derived buffy coats for all calculations for potential donor exposure. To predict the possible infection rates of an unrecognized viral infection with low prevalence in the general population to A-PC or to P-PC recipients and the influence of neutralizing agent specific antibodies (NAB), we established a mathematical contamination/infection model based on the current PLT transfusion mode and data about GBV-C virus infection among Hanover blood donors. RESULTS From 2003 to 2006, the 1,300-1,400 persons comprising MHH apheresis donor pool covered a 36% increase in PC transfusions. The exclusive use of P-PCs instead of A-PC would require a total of 36,240-49,276 whole blood donations to meet MHH demands, corresponding to a more than 1 log step increase in donor exposure. For individual hematological patients, the change to P-PCs would imply an 80-125%, for individual surgical patients a 40-50% higher donor exposure. Our infection model revealed an approximately 4 times higher infection. CONCLUSIONS A change to P-PC would imply a more than one log step higher donor exposure, and an unrecognized infection with a prevalence around 1% leads to an up to 4 times higher infection rate. A general change in the PC transfusion policy that favors P-PCs is dangerous and must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Heuft
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Kupfer B, Ruf T, Matz B, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Rockstroh JK, Brackmann HH, Blümel J, Tacke M, Kaiser R. Comparison of GB virus C, HIV, and HCV infection markers in hemophiliacs exposed to non-inactivated or inactivated factor concentrates. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:42-7. [PMID: 16087123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until the mandatory introduction of viral inactivation techniques of blood plasma products in the early 1980s many recipients of these products were infected with various viral pathogens. OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of transmission of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) HCV, and HIV through non-virus-inactivated clotting factor concentrates in hemophiliacs, as well as the relation between amount of administered clotting factor and risk for GBV-C/HGV infection. STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, we determined retrospectively the rates of infection markers for GBV-C/HGV, HCV, and HIV in a German cohort of hemophiliacs treated with documented amounts of non-virus-inactivated clotting factor concentrates (group A) and in a second group of hemophiliacs who were treated exclusively with virus-inactivated clotting factor (group B). The presence of anti-virus antibodies was determined by ELISA. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR. Markers for viral infections were compared to amounts of administered non-virus-inactivated clotting factor. RESULTS Among hemophiliacs treated with documented amounts of non-virus-inactivated clotting factor the prevalence for GBV-C/HGV, HCV, and HIV was 40.3%, 98.6%, and 56.3%, respectively. In contrast to HIV, the rate of GBV-C/HGV infections did not increase with increasing amounts of consumed non-inactivated clotting factor. Even in the subgroup of heavily treated hemophiliacs the rate of GBV-C/HGV infection markers did not exceed 45%. CONCLUSIONS The amount of non-virus-inactivated clotting factor is not predictive for the risk of GBV-C/HGV infection in hemophiliacs. Despite repeated parenteral exposure more than 55% of hemophiliacs were not infected with GBV-C/HGV. Our findings indicate a high frequency of host factors preventing parenteral transmission of GBV-C/HGV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kupfer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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Vogt M, Klostermann B, Braun S, Busch R, Hess J, Frösner G, Lang T. Prevalence and clinical role of GBV-C infection after cardiac surgery in childhood: a study on 414 patients. J Infect 2005; 53:43-8. [PMID: 16253334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES GB-virus C (GBV-C) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share similar modes of transmission. We, therefore, examined the prevalence and clinical role of GBV-C and HCV in patients after cardiac surgery in childhood. METHODS We analysed blood samples of 414 patients and compared them to 487 controls. Evidence of liver disease and risk factors for infection was analysed. RESULTS Overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 22.5% in the patients, compared to 6.2% in the controls (HCV infection 11.3 vs. 0.7%). GBV-C RNA was detected in 8.2% of the patients vs. 3.7% in the controls (HCV RNA in 6 and 0%, respectively). Eleven patients had detectable RNA of GBV-C and HCV. 63.4% of patients infected with GBV-C and 46.8% of patients infected with HCV cleared the virus from circulation. GBV-C infection was not associated with hepatitis. Liver disease was not more frequent in patients co-infected with HCV and GBV-C. CONCLUSIONS before 1991 have a substantial risk for HCV and GBV-C infection. However, GBV-C infection seems not to be associated with a liver disease. Co-infection with GBV-C and HCV has no influence on long-term clinical outcome or viral clearance of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Vogt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, D-80636 Munich, Germany.
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Berzsenyi MD, Bowden DS, Roberts SK. GB virus C: insights into co-infection. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:257-66. [PMID: 15922655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus, which is a member of the Flaviviridae. It has a close sequence homology and genomic organisation to hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, unlike HCV it is not hepatotrophic. GBV-C replicates within cells of the haemopoietic lineage, in particular lymphocytes. No disease has been associated with GBV-C infection but co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to improved morbidity and mortality for the HIV infected individual and slows progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This potential benefit of GBV-C has been demonstrated in the pre and post highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) eras. GBV-C has been found to decrease HIV replication in in vitro models. The mechanism of the beneficial effect of GBV-C appears to be mediated by alterations in the cellular immune response, the details of which remain unclear. Despite this, there continues to be controversy regarding the influence of GBV-C on HIV as several reports have questioned the beneficial effect. GBV-C does not appear to influence liver related disease in subjects co-infected with HCV or hepatitis B virus (HBV). Combination of HIV and HCV leads to accelerated liver disease. The influence of GBV-C in this situation is yet to be determined. Elucidation of the putative protective effect of GBV-C in HIV co-infection could potentially identify novel targets for anti-HIV therapeutics and lead to the development of disease modifying vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Berzsenyi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
AIM: To explore the pathogenicity and infectivity of hepatitis G virus (HGV) by observing replication and expression of the virus, as well as the serological and histological changes of Macaca mulatta infected with HGV genomic RNA or HGV RNA-positive serum.
METHODS: Full-length HGV cDNA clone (HGVqz) was constructed and proved to be infectious, from which HGV genomic RNA was transcribed in vitro. Macaca mulatta BY1 was intra-hepatically inoculated with HGV genomic RNA, HGV RNA-positive serum from BY1 was intravenously inoculated into Macaca mulatta BM1, and then BB1 was infected with serum from BM1. Serum and liver tissue were taken regularly, and checked with RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and other immunological, serological, histological assays.
RESULTS: Serum HGV RNA was detectable in all the 3 Macaca mulattas, serological and histological examinations showed the experimental animals had slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and developed HGV viremia during the infectious period. The histology, immunohis-tochemistry, and in situ hybridization in liver tissues of the inoculated animals demonstrated a very mild hepatitis with HGV antigen expression in cytoplasm of hepatocytes. RT-PCR and quantitative PCR results showed that HGV could replicate in liver.
CONCLUSION: The genomic RNA from full-length HGV cDNA is infectious to the Macaca mulatta and can cause mild hepatitis. HGV RNA-positive serum, from HGV RNA inoculated Macaca mulatta, is infectious to other Macaca mulattas. Macaca mulatta is susceptible to the inoculated HGV, and therefore can be used as an experimental animal model for the studies of HGV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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