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Braczkowski MJ, Kufel KM, Kulińska J, Czyż DŁ, Dittmann A, Wiertelak M, Młodzik MS, Braczkowski R, Soszyński D. Pleiotropic Action of TGF-Beta in Physiological and Pathological Liver Conditions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:925. [PMID: 38672279 PMCID: PMC11048627 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review and analyze the pleiotropic effects of TGF-β in physiological and pathological conditions of the liver, with particular emphasis on its role in immune suppression, wound healing, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and liver cell apoptosis. A literature review was conducted, including 52 studies, comprising review articles, in vitro and in vivo studies, and meta-analyses. Only studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals were included in the analysis. TGF-β is a pleiotropic growth factor that is crucial for the liver, both in physiology and pathophysiology. Although its functions are complex and diverse, TGF-β plays a constant role in immune suppression, wound healing, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. In concentrations exceeding the norm, it can induce the apoptosis of liver cells. Increased TGF-β levels are observed in many liver diseases, such as fibrosis, inflammation, and steatosis. TGF-β has been shown to play a key role in many physiological and pathological processes of the liver, and its concentration may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Jakub Braczkowski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Maria Kufel
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Julia Kulińska
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel Łukasz Czyż
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Aleksander Dittmann
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michał Wiertelak
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Sławomir Młodzik
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
| | | | - Dariusz Soszyński
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87100 Torun, Poland
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Yousefi A, Zare Bidoki A, Shafioyoun A, Sadr M, Varzaneh FN, Shabani M, Motamed F, Farahmand F, Khodadad A, Fallahi G, Najafi M, Rezaei N. Association of IL-10 and TGF-beta cytokine gene polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:45-50. [PMID: 30143451 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic immune-mediated liver injury caused by dysregulated immune response to liver antigens. Genetic susceptibility is affected by multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes. There are few reports on the association of TGF-β and IL-10 genetic variants with autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS Allele frequency and genotype status of IL-10 -1082, -819, -592 and TGF-β +869 and +915 polymorphisms were investigated in 57 unrelated patients with autoimmune hepatitis and 140 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. RESULTS IL-10 -592 and -819 allele frequencies and genotypes were not associated with autoimmune hepatitis in our population, while IL-10 -1082 genotypes were. IL-10 -1082/-819/-592 "high-producing" haplotype GCC was significantly less frequent in patients. TGF-β +869 "high-producing" allele C and genotype CC were significantly more in autoimmune hepatitis, compared to controls; whereas, TGF-β +915 "low-producing" allele C and genotype CC were significantly more in autoimmune hepatitis compared to control. TGF-β +869/+915 haplotype TG was significantly less frequent in patients while CC haplotype was significantly more frequently observed in patients. CONCLUSION We identified a significant association between IL-10 -1082/-819 and TGF-β +869/+915 genotypes and haplotypes with autoimmune hepatitis in Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizollah Yousefi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hazrat-e-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zare Bidoki
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Shafioyoun
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadr
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Shabani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Motamed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farahmand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khodadad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Fallahi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Najafi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Robinson RT, Wang J, Cripps JG, Milks MW, English KA, Pearson TA, Gorham JD. End-organ damage in a mouse model of fulminant liver inflammation requires CD4+ T cell production of IFN-gamma but is independent of Fas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3278-84. [PMID: 19234226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant inflammation in the liver is often accompanied by the accumulation of IFN-gamma-producing T cells. The BALB/c-Tgfb1(-/-) mouse exhibits extensive, spontaneously developing necroinflammation in the liver, accompanied by the accumulation of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Liver damage depends on the presence of an intact Ifng gene. We determined the relevant cellular source(s) of IFN-gamma. In Tgfb1(-/-) liver, CD4(+) T cells were more numerous than CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, and produced more IFN-gamma. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells eliminated both the elevation in plasma IFN-gamma and aspartate aminotransferase, whereas depletion of CD8(+) T cells did not. Rag1(-/-)Tgfb1(-/-) mice exhibited neither IFN-gamma elevation nor tissue damage, indicating that NK cells are not sufficient. IFN-gamma was required for strong overexpression of class II genes but not for CD4(+) T cell activation, oligoclonal expansion, or accumulation in the liver. The T cell inhibitory molecule PD-L1 was strongly expressed in Tgfb1(-/-) livers, ruling out a lack of PD-L1 expression as an explanation for aberrant liver T cell activation. Finally, whereas Tgfb1(-/-) CD4(+) T cells overexpressed Fas ligand, hepatocellular damage was observed in Fas(lpr/lpr)Tgfb1(-/-) mice, indicating that liver pathology is Fas independent. We conclude that liver damage in this model of fulminant autoimmune hepatitis is driven by CD4(+) T cell production of IFN-gamma, is independent of both CD8(+) T cells and the Fas ligand/Fas pathway, and is not explained by a lack of PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
The transfusion of radiolabeled red cells and platelets (PLTs) allows for the accurate determination of in vivo recovery and survival after subjecting the cells to an experimental collection, processing, or storage system. The techniques utilized in these protocols have undergone refinement over the past several decades, and these improvements have reduced interlaboratory variability and improved the accuracy of the techniques. At present, the field is evolving toward new applications of these radiolabeling techniques, including, for PLTs, the use of freshly collected autologous PLTs as the standard-setting PLTs against which the "test" PLTs can be compared. The contribution of the National Blood Foundation in supporting research in these fields is acknowledged with appreciation because its efforts have helped advance not only the science involved but also the scientists engaged in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P AuBuchon
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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