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Crowder LA, Haynes JM, Notari EP, Dodd RY, Stramer SL. Low risk of human T-lymphotropic virus infection in U.S. blood donors; Is it time to consider a one-time selective testing approach? Transfusion 2023; 63:764-773. [PMID: 36794656 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND U.S. blood donors are tested at each donation for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) antibodies. Depending on donor incidence and other mitigation/removal technologies, a strategy of one-time selective donor testing should be considered. METHODS Antibody seroprevalence was calculated for HTLV-confirmed-positive American Red Cross allogeneic blood donors from 2008 to 2021. Incidence was estimated for seven 2-year time periods using confirmed-positive repeat donors having seroconverted in 730 days. Leukoreduction failure rates were obtained from internal data from July 1, 2008-June 30, 2021. Residual risks were calculated using a 51-day window period. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2021, >75 million donations (>18 million donors) yielded 1550 HTLV seropositives. HTLV seroprevalence was 2.05 antibody-positives per 100,000 donations (0.77 HTLV-1, 1.03 HTLV-2, 0.24 HTLV-1/2), and 10.32 per 100,000 among >13.9 million first-time donors. Seroprevalence differed significantly by virus type, sex, age, race/ethnicity, donor status, and U.S. census region. Over 14 years and 24.8 million person-years of observation, 57 incident donors were identified (25 HTLV-1, 23 HTLV-2, and 9 HTLV-1/2). Incidence decreased from 0.30 (13 cases) in 2008-2009 to 0.25 (7 cases) in 2020-2021. Female donors accounted for most incident cases (47 vs. 10 males). In the last 2-year reporting period, the residual risk was 1 per 2.8 million donations and 1 per 3.3 billion donations when coupled with successful leukoreduction (0.085% failure rate). CONCLUSIONS HTLV donation seroprevalence for the years 2008-2021 varied by virus type and donor characteristics. Low HTLV residual risk and use of leukoreduction processes support the conclusion that a selective one-time donor testing strategy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Crowder
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Haynes
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward P Notari
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Y Dodd
- Medical and Scientific Office, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan L Stramer
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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2
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Gupta VK, El-Jawahri A, Orkev G, Johnson MH, Weinberg J, Goodrich C, Janakiram M, Sloan JM. Impact of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and 2 Infection on Survival Following Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:276.e1-276.e5. [PMID: 35123118 PMCID: PMC9969520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) are delta retroviruses. HTLV-1 may lead to complications, including adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Immunosuppression may result in progression from an asymptomatic carrier state to ATLL. Data on the safety of stem cell transplantation (SCT) in patients with HTLV-1/2 infection are lacking. The Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database was queried for patients who tested positive for HTLV infection in the pretransplantation workup and underwent either autologous SCT (autoSCT) or allogeneic SCT (alloSCT). Patients were excluded if they underwent SCT for ATLL. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) at 3 years and 4 years post-SCT. In those who underwent autoSCT, 54 patients were HTLV-positive and 9836 were HTLV-negative. In those who underwent alloSCT, 105 patients were HTLV-positive and 18,077 were HTLV-negative. No difference in OS was noted between the HTLV-positive and HTLV-negative patients at 3 years post-autoSCT (76% versus 77%; P = .916). Inferior OS (32% versus 46%; P = .017) and nonrelapse mortality (35% versus 27%; P = .030) were observed in HTLV-positive patients at 4 years post-alloSCT. Future work should examine the mechanism by which HTLV-1/2 impact survival in alloSCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA
| | - Areej El-Jawahri
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
| | - Grigori Orkev
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota; Minneapolis, MN
| | - Miriam H. Johnson
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research Statistical Center, Milwaukee Campus; Milwaukee, WI
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston, MA
| | - Courtney Goodrich
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health; Boston, MA
| | - Murali Janakiram
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota; Minneapolis, MN
| | - John Mark Sloan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Sarker T, Katz LM, Bloch EM, Goel R. Blood Product (Donor) Noninfectious and Infectious Testing and Modification. Clin Lab Med 2021; 41:579-598. [PMID: 34689966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion begins with safe donor selection and testing. In the United States, the blood supply and transfusion are highly regulated. Blood transfusion safety is multifaceted, whereby each of the elements of the blood safety value chain, spanning donor recruitment and qualification, to collection, blood processing, testing, transfusion practice, and posttransfusion surveillance, must be optimized to minimize risk. Pathogen inactivation is a promising approach to decrease bacterial contamination of platelets, inactivate parasites and viruses, and decrease risks associated with emerging and unidentified pathogens. This article offers an overview of blood donor infectious and noninfectious testing in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sarker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Louis M Katz
- Mississippi Valley Regional Blood Center, Davenport, IA, USA; Carver College of Medicine, UIHC, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street/Carnegie 446 D1, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Mississippi Valley Regional Blood Center, Davenport, IA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Simmons Cancer Institute at SIU SOM; Division of Transfusion Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Miller L. Profile of the MP Diagnostics HTLV Blot 2.4 test: a supplemental assay for the confirmation and differentiation of antibodies to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:135-45. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Berlot G, Pozzato G. Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critically Ill Patients. HEMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS IN THE CRITICALLY ILL 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122237 DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5301-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although transfusion therapy in the past 30 years has achieved high levels of safety, severe adverse reactions can still complicate a red blood cell, plasma, or platelet transfusion. Adverse events can be either of infectious nature (Infectious Adverse Reactions to Transfusion–IARTs) or noninfectious (NIARTs). The former are due to viruses, bacteria, or protozoa present in the transfused component. Medical doctors faced with an infectious disease in a hospitalized patient should always collect an accurate clinical history that must include transfusion of blood components and take into consideration that the viral/bacterial/protozoan infection could be related to a transfusion event. If a transfusion-transmitted infection is suspected, the clinician must contact the transfusion center that will provide a look-back of the blood products and a follow-up of the involved donors. NIARTs may be of immunological and nonimmunological nature. This chapter provides an overview of pathogenesis, presentation, therapy, and prevention of the main NIARTs. Finally, organizational measures for the management of NIARTs are presented, in order to ensure the highest possible level of safety for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Berlot
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Trieste, University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Haematology, University of Trieste, University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
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O'Brien SF, Goldman M, Scalia V, Yi QL, Fan W, Xi G, Dines IR, Fearon MA. The epidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II in Canadian blood donors. Transfus Med 2013; 23:358-66. [PMID: 23859527 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood donors in Canada have been tested for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) since 1990. We report the epidemiology, risk factors and lookback/traceback of HTLV-positive donors/recipients. METHODS The annual HTLV rate was calculated from 1990 to 2010. Residual risk was estimated as the product of incidence and window period. Twenty-nine HTLV-positive donors and 116 matched controls (ratio 1 : 4) were interviewed about risk factors. For HTLV-positive donations, lookback investigations involved identification of all previous donations, and attempting to locate and test recipients. Traceback was initiated when transfusion transmission was queried for HTLV-positive blood recipients. All donors of products that the recipient received were identified, with an attempt to locate and test them. RESULTS The HTLV rate decreased from 9.35 per 100,000 donations in 1990 to 1.11 in 2010. The residual risk of infection was 1 in 7.6 million donations. In logistic regression birth overseas (OR 18.7), history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR 32.9), sex with unknown background (OR 5.4) and blood transfusion (OR 8.9) were significant predictors. In the lookback study, of 109 HTLV-positive donors, 508 components were transfused, of whom 147 recipients were tested and 18 (12%) were positive. All were transfused prior to the implementation of donor testing. Twenty-three traceback investigations were requested involving 324 transfused untested products,of whom 219 (67.6%) of donors were tested and 13 (6%) were positive for HTLV. CONCLUSIONS With testing of the blood supply, the risk from HTLV is very low and while most HTLV-positive donors have risk factors, deferrable risk is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F O'Brien
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology & Community Medicine
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Hewitt PE, Davison K, Howell DR, Taylor GP. Human T-lymphotropic virus lookback in NHS Blood and Transplant (England) reveals the efficacy of leukoreduction. Transfusion 2013; 53:2168-75. [PMID: 23384161 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoreduction of blood components was introduced in the United Kingdom during 1998. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) screening of blood donations was introduced in 2002. NHS Blood and Transplant conducted an HTLV lookback on blood components issued before 2002. A proportion of included components were nonleukoreduced, although the majority were subject to white blood cell reduction measures. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A standard lookback was conducted on untested cellular blood components from donors later confirmed to be HTLV positive, for the 4 to 5 years before 2002, and on the last tested negative donation from donors who had seroconverted. RESULTS A total of 437 red blood cell and platelet components were included and an outcome was reported for 84% of these. Just over half of identified recipients were dead at the time of lookback; blood samples for testing were obtained from 77% of identified living recipients. HTLV infection was confirmed in seven recipients, but one was discounted as not transfusion transmitted. CONCLUSION Although numbers are small, our results provide evidence of the efficacy of leukoreduction in reducing the likelihood of HTLV transmission through transfusion of cellular blood components. The HTLV-positive rate in recipients of leukoreduced components was 3.7%, a reduction of 93% compared with nonleukoreduced components. Importantly, the one infected recipient of a leukoreduced component had existing risk factors for HTLV infection. HTLV lookback was much less efficient in identifying infected recipients than was hepatitis virus C lookback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Hewitt
- NHSBT, Colindale Centre, London, UK; NHSBT/HPA Epidemiology Team, Colindale, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Zou S, Stramer SL, Dodd RY. Donor Testing and Risk: Current Prevalence, Incidence, and Residual Risk of Transfusion-Transmissible Agents in US Allogeneic Donations. Transfus Med Rev 2012; 26:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Prinsze FJ, Zaaijer HL. The outcome of donor screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus infection in the Netherlands. Vox Sang 2011; 102:198-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Byrne L, Brant LJ, Davison K, Hewitt P. Transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from seroconverting donors is rare in England and Wales: results from HIV lookback, October 1995 through December 2008. Transfusion 2010; 51:1339-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Perkins HA, Busch MP. Transfusion-associated infections: 50 years of relentless challenges and remarkable progress. Transfusion 2010; 50:2080-99. [PMID: 20738828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert A Perkins
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Blood Centers of the Pacific, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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12
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Stramer SL, Notari IV EP, Zou S, Krysztof DE, Brodsky JP, Tegtmeier GE, Dodd RY. Human T-lymphotropic virus antibody screening of blood donors: rates of false-positive results and evaluation of a potential donor reentry algorithm. Transfusion 2010; 51:692-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:577-89. [PMID: 20610824 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00063-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.
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Namen-Lopes MSS, Martins ML, Drummond PC, Lobato RR, Carneiro-Proietti ABF. Lookback study of HTLV-1 and 2 seropositive donors and their recipients in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Transfus Med 2009; 19:180-8. [PMID: 19706135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform lookback study in recipients of blood components from human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) seropositive donors. HTLV-1/2 may be transmitted by blood transfusion. Brazil is an endemic area for the virus and its screening in blood donors is mandatory since 1993. Hemominas Foundation (HF) is the public transfusion centre in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data on HTLV-1/2 seropositive donors and recipients from 1993 to 2004 were obtained at HF and 24 contracting hospitals. From 1993 to 2004, HTLV-1/2 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was performed in 918 678 donations of approximately 422 600 blood donor candidates. Of these, 456 donors (0.1%) were reactive and confirmed by Western blot (WB): 449 HTLV-1 and 7 HTLV-2. Sixty-six (14.5%) were repeat donors and had 194 blood cellular components produced from their previous donations. Of the distributed components, 119/146 (81.5%) had the recipient traced, with a total of 114 individuals. Of these, only 13 recipients were tested: six (46%) were HTLV-1 positive (four recipients of red cell units, two of platelets) and seven (54%) were negative (six of red cell units and one of platelets). Eleven did not respond and 62/114 (54.0%) were deceased. Another 28/114 (25.0%) could not be located. All six seropositive HTLV-1 recipients identified had no symptoms suggestive of HTLV-1-associated diseases. Acellular components, when used alone, were not associated with HTLV seropositivity. HTLV-1 transmission by cellular blood components occurred before screening for the virus was introduced. Haemovigilance was difficult to perform due to unavailability of computer systems before 1999 and to inadequate medical records at hospitals.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the various diseases transmitted by blood transfusion. This transfusion transmitted diseases (TTD) can be caused by viruses, protozoa and prions. The mitigation of transfusion transmission of infectious agents is mentioned to be based on donor selection and donor testing. A table is presented that illustrates the potential transfusion transmitted agents. Hepatitis viruses are transmitted through transfusion and result in inflammation of the liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly and anorexia and both hepatitis B and hepatitis C typical hepatitis viruses transmitted through transfusion. Several other viruses transmitted through transfusion of infected blood include human immunodeficiency virus, human t-cell lymphotropic virus and herpesviruses. The protozoans transmitted due to transfusion include Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Prion diseases results from the benign form of the prion protein changing to an insoluble protease-resistant form, which leads to the formation of plagues in the brain. Another transfusion transmitted disease called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is described.
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16
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Kwon SY, Lim AH, Park JY, Han SH, Cho NS. Seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 in Korean blood donors. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1864-7. [PMID: 18712809 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The seroprevalence rate of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) among the Korean blood donor population was studied to determine whether screening for HTLV should be implemented. A total of 15,173 serum samples collected from June to July 2006 at five Blood Centers which are located closely to Japan geographically, where the prevalence of HTLV is known to be high, were tested. Serological screening was done by a chemiluminescence method. Samples reactive repeatedly on serological screening were confirmed further by Western blot, line immunoassay, nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of proviral DNA. Six samples tested reactive with the serological assay showing a reactive rate of 0.004%. Among the six samples, one sample was confirmed as HTLV-1 positive, giving a confirmed reactive rate of 0.007%. Based on the results of this study, an extended study will be conducted to evaluate whether introduction of HTLV screening is necessary in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yong Kwon
- Blood Transfusion Research Institute, Korean Red Cross, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Comparison of four commercial screening assays for the diagnosis of human T-cell Lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. J Virol Methods 2008; 147:322-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Blood safety is a topic of continuing concern, and much effort is expended on measures to decrease the risk for transmission of infectious agents via transfusion. At the same time, emerging infections may threaten this safety. A periodic review of risk is therefore appropriate. RECENT FINDINGS The risk for major transfusion transmissible infections continues to decline as a result of continually strengthening interventions and because of more general improvements in public health. More attention is being paid to emerging infections, and recently donor testing has been implemented for West Nile virus and Trypanosoma cruzi. Within the period covered by this review, the transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by transfusion has been confirmed. Our understanding of other agents is improving. SUMMARY The estimated risk for transfusion transmitted hepatitis viruses and retroviruses is now vanishingly small, but clinicians should be alert to the possibility of infection with emerging infectious agents, because preventive measures may not be available in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Dodd
- Research and Development, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Bihl F, Castelli D, Marincola F, Dodd RY, Brander C. Transfusion-transmitted infections. J Transl Med 2007; 5:25. [PMID: 17553144 PMCID: PMC1904179 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections today is lower than ever, the supply of safe blood products remains subject to contamination with known and yet to be identified human pathogens. Only continuous improvement and implementation of donor selection, sensitive screening tests and effective inactivation procedures can ensure the elimination, or at least reduction, of the risk of acquiring transfusion transmitted infections. In addition, ongoing education and up-to-date information regarding infectious agents that are potentially transmitted via blood components is necessary to promote the reporting of adverse events, an important component of transfusion transmitted disease surveillance. Thus, the collaboration of all parties involved in transfusion medicine, including national haemovigilance systems, is crucial for protecting a secure blood product supply from known and emerging blood-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bihl
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damiano Castelli
- Swiss Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Y Dodd
- American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Griffiths PD. Transmission of viruses with human allografts. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:147-9. [PMID: 17471600 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Busch MP. Lessons and opportunities from epidemiologic and molecular investigations of infected blood donors. Transfusion 2006; 46:1663-6. [PMID: 17002621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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