Patient blood transfusion management: discharge hemoglobin level as a surrogate marker for red blood cell utilization appropriateness

A Potential Indicator for Assessing Patient Blood Management Standard Implementation

(1) Background: Patient blood management (PBM) program as a multidisciplinary practice and a standard of care for the anemic surgical patient has an increasingly important role in reducing transfusions and optimizing both clinical outcomes and costs. Documented success of PBM implementation is not sufficient for implementation of recommendations and correct use at hospital level. The primary objective of our study was to define a composite patient blood management process safety index-Safety Index in PBM (SIPBM)-that measures the impact of screening and treating anemic patients on the efficiency and effectiveness of the patient care process undergoing elective surgery. (2) Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative study in a tertiary hospital by collecting data and analyzing the Safety Index in PBM (SIPBM) in patients undergoing major elective surgical procedures. (3) Results: The percentage of patients from the total of 354 patients (178 in 2019 and 176 in 2022) included in the study who benefited from preoperative iron treatment increased in 2022 compared to 2019 from 27.40% to 36.71%. The median value of the SIPBM was 1.00 in both periods analyzed, although there is a significant difference between the two periods (p < 0.005), in favor of 2022. (4) Conclusions: Measuring the effectiveness of PBM implementation and providing ongoing feedback through the Safety Index in PBM (SIPBM) increases the degree to which opportunities to improve the PBM process are identified. The study represents a first step for future actions and baselines to develop tools to measure the safety and impact of the patient blood management process in the surgical field.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Usage of Blood for Transfusions: A 2-Year Experience from a Tertiary Center in Korea

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected the utilization and management of blood products in hospitals. Blood shortages occurred owing to social distancing policies and reduction in blood donors. However, only a few studies examined whether these changes affected blood usage and transfusion patterns. We retrospectively reviewed blood component usage according to hospital departments and phases of surgery in transfused patients admitted between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021, in a single center in Anyang, Korea. We also analyzed the length of hospital stay and mortality to determine prognosis. In 2020, 32,050 blood components were transfused to 2877 patients, corresponding to 15.8% and 11.8% less than the rates in 2019, respectively. Postoperative usage of blood products significantly decreased in 2020 (3.87 ± 6.50) compared to 2019 (7.12 ± 21.71) (p = 0.047). The length of hospital stay of the patients who underwent postoperative transfusion in 2019 (n = 197) was 13.97 ± 11.95 days, which was not significantly different from that in 2020 (n = 167), i.e., 16.44 ± 17.90 days (p = 0.118). Further, 9 of 197 postoperative transfusion patients died in 2019, while 8 of 167 patients died in 2020 (p = 0.920). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in limited blood supply and reduced postoperative transfusions; however, patient prognosis was not affected.

Appropriateness of Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Transfusions in Non-Bleeding Patients in a Large Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Study

In hemodynamically stable patients, both anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may be detrimental to patients; hence, a decision regarding RBC transfusion should be based on thorough risk-benefit assessment. According to hematology and transfusion medicine organizations, RBC transfusion is indicated when recommended hemoglobin (Hb) triggers are met, and symptoms of anemia are present. The aim of our study was to examine the appropriateness of RBC transfusions in non-bleeding patients at our institution. We performed a retrospective analysis of all RBC transfusions performed between January 2022 and July 2022. The appropriateness of RBC transfusion was based on the most recent Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB) guidelines and some additional criteria. The overall incidence of RBC transfusions at our institution was 10.2 per 1000 patient-days. There were 216 (26.1%) RBC units appropriately transfused and 612 (73.9%) RBC units that were transfused with no clear indications. The incidence of appropriate and inappropriate RBC transfusions were 2.6 and 7.5 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The most frequent clinical situations when RBC transfusion was classified as appropriate were: Hb < 70 g/L plus cognitive problems/headache/dizziness (10.1%), Hb < 60 g/L (5.4%), and Hb < 70 g/L plus dyspnea despite oxygen therapy (4.3%). The most frequent causes of inappropriate RBC transfusions were: no Hb determination pre-RBC transfusion (n = 317) and, among these, RBC transfused as a second unit in a single-transfusion episode (n = 260); absence of anemia sings/symptoms pre-transfusion (n = 179); and Hb concentration ≥80 g/L (n = 80). Although the incidence of RBC transfusions in non-bleeding inpatients in our study was generally low, the majority of RBC transfusions were performed outside recommended indications. Red blood cell transfusions were evaluated as inappropriate mainly due to multiple-unit transfusion episodes, absence of anemia signs and/or symptoms pre- transfusion, and liberal transfusion triggers. There is still the need to educate physicians on appropriate indications for RBC transfusion in non-bleeding patients.

Engaging Pathology Residents in Clinical Chemistry: The Essential Ingredient Is a Committed Teacher

BACKGROUND

Pathology residents are thought to show a lack of interest in clinical chemistry, therefore potentially graduating from training programs unprepared to function as laboratory directors and clinical consultants.

METHODS

A structured program of tutorials based primarily on Henry's textbook, supplemented by recent review articles; a question bank of about 600 questions to emphasize key concepts; requirement for performing and presenting quality improvement projects; participation in on-site CAP inspections; review of reference laboratory test requests; and involving residents in scholarly activity have resulted in sustained, transferable, and significant improvements in engagement, knowledge, competence, and examination scores.

RESULTS

The primary parameter for measuring change in resident competence and engagement were improvements in resident in-service examination (RISE) scores, publications in peer-reviewed journals, and receipt of awards. The revised program produced significant improvement in RISE scores in clinical chemistry, over and above the improvements in the general residency program. The residents were authors on 12 publications in peer-reviewed PubMed listed journals in the 5-year period since revision in the clinical chemistry curriculum compared to no publications in clinical chemistry in the 5-year period before the new curriculum. Over the past 2 years, 6 of the 11 publications by graduating residents were in clinical chemistry, and 6 of 7 awards for research were garnered by residents engaged in clinical chemistry investigations. All of the residents passed their clinical pathology boards on first attempt since the change compared to 2 failures in the prior 5-year period.

CONCLUSIONS

The structured program described here is important as a template that could be adopted by any pathology training program. The question bank developed by this program is a valuable and transferable aid. However, success of such a program is dependent on the commitment of a knowledgeable, dedicated, and passionate teacher.

Joint effect of pre-operative anemia and perioperative blood transfusion on outcomes of colon-cancer patients undergoing colectomy

Background

Both pre-operative anemia and perioperative (intra- and/or post-operative) blood transfusion have been reported to increase post-operative complications in patients with colon cancer undergoing colectomy. However, their joint effect has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the joint effect of pre-operative anemia and perioperative blood transfusion on the post-operative outcome of colon-cancer patients after colectomy.

Methods

We identified patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database 2006-2016 who underwent colectomy for colon cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the independent and joint effects of anemia and blood transfusion on patient outcomes.

Results

A total of 35,863 patients-18,936 (52.8%) with left-side colon cancer (LCC) and 16,927 (47.2%) with right-side colon cancer (RCC)-were identified. RCC patients were more likely to have mild anemia (62.7%) and severe anemia (2.9%) than LCC patients (40.2% mild anemia and 1.4% severe anemia). A total of 2,661 (7.4%) of all patients (1,079 [5.7%] with LCC and 1,582 [9.3%] with RCC) received a perioperative blood transfusion. Overall, the occurrence rates of complications were comparable between LCC and RCC patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95-1.07; P = 0.750). There were significant joint effects of anemia and transfusion on complications and the 30-day death rate (P for interaction: 0.010). Patients without anemia who received a transfusion had a higher risk of any complications (LCC, OR = 3.51; 95% CI = 2.55-4.85; P < 0.001; RCC, OR = 3.74; 95% CI = 2.50-5.59; P < 0.001), minor complications (LCC, OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.63-3.97; P < 0.001; RCC, OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.24-4.15; P = 0.008), and major complications (LCC, OR = 5.31; 95% CI = 3.68-7.64; P < 0.001; RCC, OR = 5.64; 95% CI = 3.61-8.79; P < 0.001), and had an increased 30-day death rate (LCC, OR = 6.97; 95% CI = 3.07-15.80; P < 0.001; RCC, OR = 4.91; 95% CI = 1.88-12.85; P = 0.001) than patients without anemia who did not receive a transfusion.

Conclusions

Pre-operative anemia and perioperative transfusion are associated with an increased risk of post-operative complications and increased death rate in colon-cancer patients undergoing colectomy.

Bone marrow harvest in donors with anaemia

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow harvest (BMH) for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a well-established procedure. The guidelines of World Marrow Donor Association provide information on donor selection. However, some of the guidelines regarding donors with anaemia prior to harvest lack in supporting data from clinical studies. With this study, we aimed to provide such data.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this retrospective, single-centre study, we analysed the interplay between haemoglobin levels and BMH and BMH impact on haemoglobin levels in a cohort of 149 unrelated BM donors, including 13 subjects with mild anaemia.

RESULTS

The BMH led to significantly lower decrease in haemoglobin levels in donors with anaemia than in control group (1·79 g/dl vs. 2·56 g/dl, P < 0·0001). The following parameters: BMH volume (ml), BMH volume/donor body weight (ml/kg), total nucleated cells (TNC) in product (×10⁸ ) and TNC/kg recipient body weight in product (×10⁸ /kg) did not differ significantly between those two analysed groups (P > 0·05). Median BM volume harvested from anaemic donors was 16·34 ml/kg; none of them required blood transfusion after BMH.

CONCLUSION

Mild anaemia prior to BMH does not significantly impact the collection results. The BMH is safe and feasible in donors with mild anaemia.

Discharge hemoglobin and outcome in patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Many patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding present with anemia and frequently require red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. A restrictive transfusion strategy and a low hemoglobin (Hb) threshold for transfusion had been shown to produce acceptable outcomes in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, most patients are discharged with mild anemia owing to the restricted volume of packed RBCs (pRBCs). We investigated whether discharge Hb influences the outcome in patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who had received pRBCs during hospitalization between January 2012 and January 2014. Patients with variceal bleeding, malignant lesion, stroke, or cardiovascular disease were excluded. We divided the patients into 2 groups, low (8 g/dL ≤ Hb < 10 g/dL) and high (Hb ≥ 10 [g/dL]) discharge Hb, and compared the clinical course and Hb changes between these groups.

RESULTS

A total of 102 patients met the inclusion criteria. Fifty patients were discharged with Hb levels < 10 g/dL, whereas 52 were discharged with Hb levels > 10 g/dL. Patients in the low Hb group had a lower consumption of pRBCs and shorter hospital stay than did those in the high Hb group. The Hb levels were not fully recovered at outpatient follow-up until 7 days after discharge; however, most patients showed Hb recovery at 45 days after discharge. The rate of rebleeding after discharge was not significantly different between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a discharge Hb between 8 and 10 g/dL was linked to favorable outcomes on outpatient follow-up. Most patients recovered from anemia without any critical complication within 45 days after discharge.

Perioperative red blood cell transfusion for patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery: an audit at a Chinese tertiary hospital

Perioperative blood transfusion still takes a large proportion in inappropriate blood transfusion. As the data are limited in China, we reported a perioperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices in a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, China. In 2008-2009, patients who underwent elective surgeries receiving RBC transfusions were recorded and the rate of overtransfusion was analyzed. Overtransfusion was defined as discharge hemoglobin (Hb) exceeding 10 g/dL. The median amount of RBC transfused perioperatively was four units in all 2572 patients. The overall rate of overtransfusion was 48.6% and the Department of Neurosurgery had the highest overtransfusion rate. These results are of great use for the future management of blood resource.

Monitoring compliance with transfusion guidelines in hospital departments by electronic data capture

BACKGROUND

The practice of transfusing red blood cells is still liberal in some centres suggesting a lack of compliance with guidelines recommending transfusion of red blood cells at haemoglobin levels of 6-8 g/dL in the non-bleeding patient. Few databases provide ongoing feedback of data on pre-transfusion haemoglobin levels at the departmental level. In a tertiary care hospital, no such data were produced before this study. Our aim was to establish a Patient Blood Management database based on electronic data capture in order to monitor compliance with transfusion guidelines at departmental and hospital levels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hospital data on admissions, diagnoses and surgical procedures were used to define the populations of patients. Data on haemoglobin measurements and red blood cell transfusions were used to calculate pre-transfusion haemoglobin, percentage of transfused patients and transfusion volumes.

RESULTS

The model dataset include 33,587 admissions, of which 10% had received at least one unit of red blood cells. Haemoglobin measurements preceded 96.7% of the units transfused. The median pre-transfusion haemoglobin was 8.9 g/dL (interquartile range 8.2-9.7) at the hospital level. In only 6.5% of the cases, transfusion was initiated at 7.3 g/dL or lower as recommended by the Danish national transfusion guideline. In 27% of the cases, transfusion was initiated when the haemoglobin level was 9.3 g/dL or higher, which is not recommended. A median of two units was transfused per transfusion episode and per hospital admission. Transfusion practice was more liberal in surgical and intensive care units than in medical departments.

DISCUSSION

We described pre-transfusion haemoglobin levels, transfusion rates and volumes at hospital and departmental levels, and in surgical subpopulations. Initial data revealed an extensive liberal practice and low compliance with national transfusion guidelines, and identified wards in need of intervention.

The need to label red blood cell units with their haemoglobin content: a single centre study on haemoglobin variations due to donor-related factors

BACKGROUND

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are given as "number of units" without considering the haemoglobin (Hb) content of these units. Donor factors influencing Hb level in whole blood donors and, ultimately, in RBC units have not been studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Donor data for a period of 1.5 years were retrospectively analysed and the effects of age, gender and weight on the Hb level of the donors were determined. The correlation between donor's Hb concentration with total Hb in the RBC unit was analysed. Additionally, actual Hb content of 125 RBC units was determined. The total Hb content of these RBC units was also mathematically calculated based on the blood donors' Hb. The ability of this mathematically calculated Hb to predict actual Hb content per RBC unit was then analysed.

RESULTS

The mean Hb level in female donors was 1.79 g/dL lower than in the male donors (p<0.001). Increasing age was associated with a lower mean Hb in the donors (p<0.01), while a higher body weight correlated weakly (r=0.06) but significantly with increased mean Hb (p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that in blood donors, female gender had a stronger influence on lowering the mean Hb than either older age or lower weight. A variation of nearly 100% (42.3-80.8 g Hb per unit) was seen in the total Hb content of the RBC units tested. Mathematically calculated Hb content correlated well (r=0.6; p<0.01) with the actual Hb content of the RBC units.

DISCUSSION

We demonstrated the effect of gender, age and weight on Hb levels in whole blood donors. Dissimilarities in the donor Hb caused nearly 100% variations in the Hb content of the RBC units. It would, therefore, be prudent to label RBC units with their total Hb content. This total Hb content can be predicted fairly accurately from the donor's pre-donation Hb level.

Safety of poly (ethylene glycol)-coated perfluorodecalin-filled poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules following intravenous administration of high amounts in rats

The host response against foreign materials designates the biocompatibility of intravenously administered microcapsules and thus, widely affects their potential for subsequent clinical use as artificial oxygen/drug carriers. Therefore, body distribution and systemic parameters, as well as markers of inflammation and indicators of organ damage were carefully evaluated after administration of short-chained poly (vinyl alcohol, (PVA)) solution or poly (ethylene glycol (PEG))-shielded perfluorodecalin-filled poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, PFD-filled PLGA) microcapsules into Wistar rats. Whereas PVA infusion was well tolerated, all animals survived the selected dose of 1247 mg microcapsules/kg body weight but showed marked toxicity (increased enzyme activities, rising pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement factors) and developed a mild metabolic acidosis. The observed hypotension emerging immediately after start of capsule infusion was transient and mean arterial blood pressure restored to baseline within 70 min. Microcapsules accumulated in spleen and liver (but not in other organs) and partly occluded hepatic microcirculation reducing sinusoidal perfusion rate by about 20%.

Intravenous infusion of high amounts of PFD-filled PLGA microcapsules was tolerated temporarily but associated with severe side effects such as hypotension and organ damage. Short-chained PVA displays excellent biocompatibility and thus, can be utilized as emulsifier for the preparation of drug carriers designed for intravenous use.