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Li X, Guo K, Zhang R, Wang W, Sun H, Yagüe E, Hu Y. Exploration of the Mechanism of Salvianolic Acid for Injection Against Ischemic Stroke: A Research Based on Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:894427. [PMID: 35694259 PMCID: PMC9175744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.894427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is an acute neurological injury that occurs when a vessel supplying blood to the brain is obstructed, which is a leading cause of death and disability. Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for over thousands of years due to its effect activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis. However, the herbal preparation is chemically complex and the diversity of potential targets makes difficult to determine its mechanism of action. To gain insight into its mechanism of action, we analyzed “Salvianolic acid for injection” (SAFI), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with anti-IS effects, using computational systems pharmacology. The potential targets of SAFI, obtained from literature mining and database searches, were compared with IS-associated genes, giving 38 common genes that were related with pathways involved in inflammatory response. This suggests that SAFI might function as an anti-inflammatory agent. Two genes associated with inflammation (PTGS1 and PTGS2), which were inhibited by SAFI, were preliminarily validated in vitro. The results showed that SAFI inhibited PTGS1 and PTGS2 activity in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophages and BV-2 microglia. This approach reveals the possible pharmacological mechanism of SAFI acting on IS, and also provides a feasible way to elucidate the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Li
- Cloudphar Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaimin Guo
- Cloudphar Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Haihe Education Park, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Cloudphar Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - He Sun
- Tasly Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Cloudphar Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhui Hu,
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Dasilva G, Lois S, Méndez L, Miralles-Pérez B, Romeu M, Ramos-Romero S, Torres JL, Medina I. Fish Oil Improves Pathway-Oriented Profiling of Lipid Mediators for Maintaining Metabolic Homeostasis in Adipose Tissue of Prediabetic Rats. Front Immunol 2021; 12:608875. [PMID: 33968013 PMCID: PMC8097180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.608875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now recognized as an active organ with an important homeostatic function in glucose and lipid metabolism and the development of insulin resistance. The present research investigates the role of lipid mediators and lipid profiling for controlling inflammation and the metabolic normal function of white adipose tissue from rats suffering from diet-induced prediabetes. Additionally, the contribution to the adipose lipidome induced by the consumption of marine ω-3 PUFAs as potential regulators of inflammation is addressed. For that, the effects on the inflammatory response triggered by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diets were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Using SPE-LC-MS/MS-based metabolo-lipidomics, a range of eicosanoids, docosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) were measured in white adipose tissue. The inflammatory response occurring in prediabetic adipose tissue was associated with the decomposition of ARA epoxides to ARA-dihydroxides, the reduction of oxo-derivatives and the formation of prostaglandins (PGs). In an attempt to control the inflammatory response initiated, LOX and non-enzymatic oxidation shifted toward the production of the less pro-inflammatory EPA and DHA metabolites rather than the high pro-inflammatory ARA hydroxides. Additionally, the change in LOX activity induced the production of intermediate hydroxides precursors of SPMs as protectins (PDs), resolvins (Rvs) and maresins (MaRs). This compensatory mechanism to achieve the restoration of tissue homeostasis was significantly strengthened through supplementation with fish oils. Increasing proportions of ω-3 PUFAs in adipose tissue significantly stimulated the formation of DHA-epoxides by cytochrome P450, the production of non-enzymatic EPA-metabolites and prompted the activity of 12LOX. Finally, protectin PDX was significantly reduced in the adipose tissue of prediabetic rats and highly enhanced through ω-3 PUFAs supplementation. Taken together, these actively coordinated modifications constitute key mechanisms to restore adipose tissue homeostasis with an important role of lipid mediators. This compensatory mechanism is reinforced through the supplementation of the diet with fish oils with high and balanced contents of EPA and DHA. The study highlights new insides on the targets for effective treatment of incipient diet-induced diabetes and the mechanism underlying the potential anti-inflammatory action of marine lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dasilva
- Food Science Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Salomé Lois
- Food Science Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Food Science Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Bernat Miralles-Pérez
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Romeu
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep L Torres
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Food Science Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Silva DCPD, Carneiro FD, Almeida KCD, Fernandes-Santos C. Role of miRNAs on the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 111:738-746. [PMID: 30484515 PMCID: PMC6248252 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNA (or microRNA) is a subclass of non-coding RNAs that is responsible for
post-transcriptional gene regulation. It has approximately 22 nucleotides and
regulates gene expression in plants and animals at the post-transcriptional
level, by the cleavage of a target mRNA or by suppression of its translation.
Although many of the processes and mechanisms have not yet been fully
elucidated, there is a strong association between miRNA expression and several
diseases. It is known that miRNAs are expressed in the cardiovascular system,
but their role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has not been clearly
established. In this non-systematic review of the literature, we first present
the definition of miRNAs and their action at the cellular level. Afterward, we
discuss the role of miRNAs as circulating biomarkers of CVDs, and then their
role in cardiac remodeling and atherosclerosis. Despite the complexity and
challenges, it is crucial to identify deregulated miRNAs in CVDs, as it allows a
better understanding of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and helps
in the development of more accurate diagnostic and prognostic circulating
biomarkers, and new therapeutic strategies for different stages of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Demani Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Fernandes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brazil
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Gargiulo S, Rossin D, Testa G, Gamba P, Staurenghi E, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 by 27-hydroxycholesterol and 4-hydroxynonenal: A crucial role in atherosclerotic plaque instability. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:354-363. [PMID: 30312760 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is currently understood to be mainly the consequence of a complicated inflammatory process at the different stages of plaque development. Among the several inflammatory molecules involved, up-regulation of the functional cyclooxygenase 2/membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase 1 (COX-2/mPGES-1) axis plays a key role in plaque development. Excessive production of oxidized lipids, following low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Among the oxidized lipids of LDLs, the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) and the aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) substantially accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaque, contributing to its progression and instability through a variety of processes. This study shows that 27-OH and HNE promote up-regulation of both the inducible enzymes COX-2 and mPGES-1, leading to increased production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the subsequent release of nitric oxide in human promonocytic U937 cells. The study also examined the potential involvement of the functionally coupled COX-2/mPGES-1 in enhancing the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by U937 cells. This enhancement is presumably due to the induction of PGE2 synthesis, as a result of the up-regulation of the COX-2/mPGES-1, stimulated by the two oxidized lipids, 27-OH and HNE. Induction of PGE2 synthesis might thus be a mechanism of plaque instability and eventual rupture, contributing to matrix metalloproteinase production by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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Correlations between gene expression highlight a different activation of ACE/TLR4/PTGS2 signaling in symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques in atherosclerotic patients. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:657-662. [PMID: 29923152 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has a key role and translates the effects of many known risk factors for the disease in atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques. Aiming to look into the elements that induce the development of either a vulnerable or stable atherosclerotic plaque, and considering that inflammation has a central role in the progression of lesions, we analyzed the expression of genes involved in the ACE/TLR4/PTGS2 signaling in carotid plaques of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Patients with internal carotid artery stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy at Verona University Hospital were included in this study. A total of 71 patients was considered for gene expression analysis (29 atherothrombotic stroke patients and 42 asymptomatic patients). Total RNA was extracted from the excised plaques and expression of PTGS2, ACE, TLR4, PTGER4, PTGER3, EPRAP and ACSL4 genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. The correlation between the pair of genes was studied by Spearman coefficient. From the analyzed genes, we did not observe any individual difference in gene expression but the network of co-expressed genes suggests a different activation of pathways in the two groups of plaques.
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Rahman TA, Hassim NF, Zulkafli N, Muid S, Kornain NK, Nawawi H. Atheroprotective effects of pure tocotrienol supplementation in the treatment of rabbits with experimentally induced early and established atherosclerosis. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31525. [PMID: 27799085 PMCID: PMC5088347 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease -related deaths worldwide. The atheroprotective properties of pure tocotrienols (T3) in the absence of alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP) in vitamin E has not been extensively examined. Aim To determine the atheroprotective properties of T3 in early and established atherosclerosis rabbits. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups, B1 and B2 which represent early [fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 weeks] and established (fed 1% HCD for 8 weeks) atherosclerosis. Each group was subdivided into three intervention arms: 1) T3–4 mg/kg, 2) T3–15 mg/kg and 3) vehicle without T3 (T3 negative) for 8 weeks. Serial fasting blood samples were obtained for lipid profile, and whole lengths of aorta were used to determine tissue markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and plaque stability. Results In B1, atherosclerotic lesion in T3–4 mg/kg group was significantly reduced (p=0.008), while aortic tissue expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-12) was reduced in T3–4 mg/kg compared to T3-negative rabbits group (0.2±0.1 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 3.0±1.6 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 5.2±2.2 vs. 27.7±0.8%, respectively, p<0.05). T3–15 mg/kg group showed reduction in VCAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6 and MMP-12 (3.9±1.9 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 10.3±0.5 vs. 59.8±8.5%; 2.6±1.7 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 16.2±3.2 vs. 27.7 0.8%, respectively, p<0.05). In B2, T3–4 mg/kg group reduced aortic tissue expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 compared to T3-negative rabbits group (29.9±2.4 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 26.7±1.5 vs. 60.5±7.6%; 15.7±0.7 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 34.8±2.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 25.89±3.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively, p<0.05). T3–15 mg/kg group showed reduced VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 (20.5±3.3 vs. 35.6±2.5%; 24.9±1.3 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 29.9±6.7 vs. 60.5±7.6; 11.3±2.2 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 23.0±1.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 17.6±1.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively, p<0.05. Conclusion These findings suggest the possible atheroprotective role T3 plays as an adjunct supplementation to standard treatment in the prevention of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuhairah Abdul Rahman
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Suhaila Muid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Hapizah Nawawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Fulvic acid attenuates homocysteine-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human monocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:61. [PMID: 25888188 PMCID: PMC4369892 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Homocysteine and pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been linked to vascular dysfunction and risks of cardiovascular diseases. Fulvic acid (FA), a class of compounds of humic substances, possesses various pharmacological properties. However, the effect of FA on inflammatory responses of the monocytes remains unclear. We investigated the regulatory effect of FA on homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in human monocytes. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes and U937 cells were used for all experiments. Real-time PCR and ELISA assay were used to analyze the COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion, respectively. Specific inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanism of homocysteine-mediating COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion. Luciferase assay, transcription factor ELISA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to determine the role of nuclear factor-κB in FA-mediated inhibition of homocysteine effect on monocytes. Results The results show that pretreating monocytes with FA inhibited the homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Stimulation of U937 monocytes with homocysteine induced rapid increases in the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK; the inhibitor for ERK and JNK attenuated the homocysteine-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and COX-2 expression. Transcription factor ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that FA blocked the homocysteine-induced increases in the binding activity and in vivo promoter binding of nuclear factor-κB in monocytes. Conclusions Our findings provide a molecular mechanism by which FA inhibits homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in monocytes, and a basis for using FA in pharmaceutical therapy against inflammation.
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Santovito D, Mezzetti A, Cipollone F. MicroRNAs and atherosclerosis: new actors for an old movie. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:937-943. [PMID: 22748605 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To date, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, short, non-coding RNA sequences able to regulate gene expression principally at the post-transcriptional level. Initially, they were thought to be involved only in developmental timing of worms. Their involvement in human biology was recently discovered and many studies have been performed to demonstrate the role of miRNA in human cancer. Since the first observation in 2005 of their implication in cardiac biology, many studies have demonstrated their role in the genetic modulation of cardiovascular development and in cardiovascular diseases such as cardial remodeling and heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac ischaemia, cardiac fibrosis, atherosclerosis and stroke. Thus, the aim of this review is to describe the role of miRNA in atherosclerosis development and evolution and to individuate their role as potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santovito
- European Center of Excellence on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, and Clinical Research Center - Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Kuge Y, Takai N, Ogawa Y, Temma T, Zhao Y, Nishigori K, Ishino S, Kamihashi J, Kiyono Y, Shiomi M, Saji H. Imaging with radiolabelled anti-membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) antibody: potentials for characterizing atherosclerotic plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:2093-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang LX, Ye JS, Guo RW, Liu H, Wang XM, Qi F, Guo C. The effect of the expression of angiotensin II on extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in macrophages is mediated via the AT1/COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:1033-40. [PMID: 20563831 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in THP-1 macrophages induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and the mechanism of EMMPRIN expression. METHODS THP-1 cells were cultured and induced into macrophages, then stimulated with 10(-6) mol/L Ang II. Levels of EMMPRIN gene and its protein were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) expression was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antagonists of the angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT(1)R) and angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT(2)R) were used to inhibit the effect of Ang II, and PGE(2) added to detail the mechanism of Ang II-induced EMMPRIN expression. RESULTS Ang II clearly induced the expression of EMMPRIN mRNA and protein in macrophages; this expression peaked at 12 h and declined after 24 h. The tendency of enhancement of the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2) was coincident with EMMPRIN expression. AT(1)-receptor antagonists and COX-2 inhibitors inhibited the effect of Ang II, but AT(2)-receptor antagonists did not. CONCLUSION Ang II can up-regulate EMMPRIN expression in THP-1 macrophages via the AT(1)/COX-2/PGE(2) signal transduction pathway, and the effect can be inhibited by losartan and NS-398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, Yunnan, 650032, China.
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Kawabe JI, Ushikubi F, Hasebe N. Prostacyclin in Vascular Diseases - Recent Insights and Future Perspectives -. Circ J 2010; 74:836-43. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kawabe
- Departments of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical College
| | | | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Departments of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical College
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Neurology Division, Asahikawa Medical College
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12
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Cipollone F. Cox-2 polymorphisms and cardiovascular disease: elucidating the hidden side of the disease. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:348-9. [PMID: 19748096 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Ibebuogu UN, Nasir K, Gopal A, Ahmadi N, Mao SS, Young E, Honoris L, Nuguri VK, Lee RS, Usman N, Rostami B, Pal R, Flores F, Budoff MJ. Comparison of atherosclerotic plaque burden and composition between diabetic and non diabetic patients by non invasive CT angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 25:717-23. [PMID: 19633998 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic burden. However little data exists in regards to plaque distribution and plaque composition in these patients. To assess for differences in the coronary plaques burden and composition among symptomatic patients with and without type 2 DM using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA). The 416 symptomatic patients (64% males, mean age: 61 +/- 13 years) with 61 (15%) reporting type 2 DM, who underwent contrast-enhanced MDCTA were studied. Enrolled patients had an intermediate to high pre-test probability of obstructive coronary artery disease. Multivariate analysis was used to correct for differences in age and gender. Patients with type 2 DM were more likely to have significant stenosis >or=70% in at least one coronary segments (33% in type 2 DM vs. 18% in non diabetic, P = 0.013), whereas 11% of both type 2 DM and non diabetics had stenosis of 50-70% (P = NS). Also type 2 DM patients had a higher number of coronary segments with mixed plaques compared to nondiabetic patients (1.67 +/- 2.01 vs. 1.23 +/- 1.61, P = 0.05), whereas no such differences were observed for non-calcified or calcified plaques. Nearly half (43%) of type 2 DM had coronary artery calcium scores (CACS) >or=400 vs. 29% in non diabetic patients (P = 0.03). Patients with type 2 DM tend to have atherosclerotic plaques which are more likely to be mixed in nature. Future studies need to elucidate the prognostic value of differences in plaque characteristics observed according to type 2 diabetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzoma N Ibebuogu
- Section of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Iacobini C, Menini S, Ricci C, Scipioni A, Sansoni V, Cordone S, Taurino M, Serino M, Marano G, Federici M, Pricci F, Pugliese G. Accelerated lipid-induced atherogenesis in galectin-3-deficient mice: role of lipoxidation via receptor-mediated mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:831-6. [PMID: 19359660 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modified lipoproteins, particularly oxidized LDLs, are believed to evoke an inflammatory response which participates in all stages of atherosclerosis. Disposal of these particles is mediated through receptors which may trigger proinflammatory signaling pathways leading to vascular injury. This study was aimed at assessing the role in atherogenesis of one of these receptors, galectin-3. METHODS AND RESULTS Galectin-3-deficient and wild-type mice were fed an atherogenic diet or standard chow for 8 months. Lesion area and length were higher in galectin-3-deficient versus wild-type mice. At the level of the aortic sinus, wild-type animals showed only fatty streaks, whereas galectin-3-deficient mice developed complex lesions, associated with extensive inflammatory changes. This was indicated by the presence of T lymphocytes with activated Th1-phenotype and by more marked monocyte-macrophage infiltration, inflammatory mediator expression, vascular cell apoptosis, and proinflammatory transcription factor activation. Increased accumulation of oxidixed LDLs and lipoxidation products and upregulation of other receptors for these compounds, including the proinflammatory RAGE, were detected in galectin-3-deficient versus wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a unique protective role for galectin-3 in the uptake and effective removal of modified lipoproteins, with concurrent downregulation of proinflammatory pathways responsible for atherosclerosis initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Poitevin S, Garnotel R, Antonicelli F, Gillery P, Nguyen P. Type I collagen induces tissue factor expression and matrix metalloproteinase 9 production in human primary monocytes through a redox-sensitive pathway. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1586-94. [PMID: 18541003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF), the main trigger of coagulation cascade, is a major component of the atherosclerotic plaque. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are recognized as key mediators of extracellular matrix remodeling during inflammation. It was recently emphasized that both TF and MMP-9 were overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a role of both molecules in plaque instability and thrombogenicity. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to determine whether human monocytes could co-express TF and MMP-9 when the cells interact with type I collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix and atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS Human monocytes were isolated by elutriation and incubated in collagen I-coated plates. Tissue factor and MMP-9 expression were examined using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, western blot and zymography. The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TF and MMP-9 production was studied using gel shift experiments, antioxidants pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and apocynin (a specific inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase). RESULTS Type I collagen induced TF expression and increased MMP-9 production. In addition, the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), produced in response to collagen I, increased MMP-9 production. PDTC and NAC inhibited NF-kappaB activation during monocyte interaction with collagen I. Finally, both antioxidants and apocynin decreased the expression of TF, TNF-alpha, and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a new mechanism in the monocyte expression of TF and MMP-9 in response to collagen I involving a ROS-dependent pathway linked to the activation of the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poitevin
- EA3801, URCA and Laboratory of Haematology, CHU Robert Debré, Reims, France
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16
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Recommendations for use of selective and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An American College of Rheumatology white paper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:1058-73. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases in atherosclerosis: Recent insights and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:161-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Brune K, Katus HA, Moecks J, Spanuth E, Jaffe AS, Giannitsis E. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations predict the risk of cardiovascular adverse events from antiinflammatory drugs: a pilot trial. Clin Chem 2008; 54:1149-57. [PMID: 18451314 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND we investigated whether higher concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predicts cardiovascular adverse events (CV-AEs) in patients with osteoarthritis treated with antiinflammatory drugs. METHODS NT-proBNP was measured in baseline samples from 433 patients enrolled in a prospective randomized study designed to test the therapeutic effect of a novel metalloproteinase inhibitor. We monitored CV-AEs and retrospectively investigated their relationship to the concomitant use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs), traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs), and glucocorticoids. CV-AEs included myocardial infarction, stroke, new or worsening of preexisting arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, and several less severe CV-AEs. RESULTS we observed 82 mild to serious CV-AEs during an observational period of 200 days. The risk of such events was 1.95-fold higher in patients who were taking tNSAIDs, glucocorticoids, or coxibs (i.e., any inhibitor) and who had NT-proBNP concentrations > or = 100 ng/L than in patients taking any inhibitor who had NT-proBNP values <100 ng/L (P < 0.05). Patients taking coxibs (alone or in addition to tNSAIDs or glucocorticoids) with baseline NT-proBNP values > or = 100 ng/L had a 7.41-fold higher risk for CV-AEs than those with baseline values <100 ng/L (P < 0.01). Patients who were taking 2 or more antiinflammatory drugs and had NT-proBNP values > or = 100 ng/L had a 3.74-fold higher risk for CV-AEs than those with NT-proBNP values <100 ng/L (P < 0.05). An NT-proBNP value <100 ng/L was associated with negative predictive values of >85% across all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS NT-proBNP may be a useful marker for anticipating cardiovascular risk associated with the use of antiinflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Brune
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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COX-2, NSAIDs, and cardiovascular risk. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-007-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may modulate atherosclerotic plaque stability or instability according to the prostaglandin synthase coupled with it. Whereas upregulation of COX-2 and prostaglandin (PG) E synthase is associated with plaque instability, overexpression of COX-2 and lipocalin-type PGD synthase leads to plaque stability. Thus, the role of COX-2 in atherothrombosis appears to be quite complex. In this article we summarize our recent papers investigating mechanisms regulating the expression and pharmacologic modulation of COX-2 in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cuccurullo
- Centro Regionale per la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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21
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Antoniou K, Malamas M, Drosos AA. Clinical pharmacology of celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1719-32. [PMID: 17685888 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.11.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NSAIDs are extensively used worldwide; nonetheless, they are associated with adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects. COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) have been developed to reduce pain and inflammation without associated GI and bleeding risks. Celecoxib was the first COX-2 inhibitor introduced on the market, and it still remains so, whereas rofecoxib and valdecoxib were withdrawn due to excess cardiovascular (CV) risk. There is consequently a concern that CV toxicity reflects a class effect of all COX-2 inhibitors. Celecoxib possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and the evidence for CV risk is rather small and comparable to that of other traditional NSAIDs in short-term treatments (of < 4 weeks). It could be suggested that the use of low doses of celecoxib (100 mg b.i.d.) in short-treatment, especially in patients with previous experience of GI events and the recommendation of avoiding use of celecoxib in patients with CV history or risk, contribute in the decision-making process of prescribing COX-2 or NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Antoniou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Pharmacology, Medical school, Ioannina, Greece
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22
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Cipollone F, Fazia ML, Mezzetti A. Oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2007.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Liu Y, Wilkinson FL, Kirton JP, Jeziorska M, Iizasa H, Sai Y, Nakashima E, Heagerty AM, Canfield AE, Alexander MY. Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met expression in pericytes: implications for atherosclerotic plaque development. J Pathol 2007; 212:12-9. [PMID: 17405187 DOI: 10.1002/path.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intraplaque neovascularization contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis. Our aim is to understand the mobilization of cells and factors involved in this process. We investigated the localization of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, in human atherosclerotic plaques, together with the effects of HGF on pericyte migration in vitro. Atherosclerotic femoral arterial segments were collected and analysed from 13 subjects who were undergoing lower limb amputation. Pericytes were identified in human lesions using a 3G5 antibody. Immunohistochemical analysis localized HGF mainly around microvessels, in association with some, but not all, CD31-positive endothelial cells. c-Met expression was mainly associated with smooth muscle cells and pericytes, around some, but not all, microvessels within the atherosclerotic lesions; no detection was apparent in normal internal mammary arteries. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated expression of HGF and c-Met in a rat pericyte cell-line, TR-PCT1, and in primary pericytes. HGF treatment of TR-PCT1 cells induced their migration, but not their proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 ng/ml, p<0.01), an effect mediated by activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt, shown by western blot analysis. Treating the cells with the PI3K inhibitors Wortmannin (0.1 microM) or LY294002 (10 microM) abolished these effects. This work demonstrates the expression of c-Met and HGF in human atherosclerotic arteries, in association with SM-actin-positive cells and CD-31-positive cells, respectively. HGF induces pericyte migration via PI3-kinase and Akt activation in vitro. HGF and c-Met may be involved in neovascularization during plaque development, and may recruit pericytes to neovessels. Since pericytes are thought to mechanically stabilize new blood vessels, these factors may function to protect against haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular and Endocrine Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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24
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Kuge Y, Takai N, Ishino S, Temma T, Shiomi M, Saji H. Distribution Profiles of Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Rabbit Atherosclerosis: Comparison with Plaque Instability Analysis. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1634-40. [PMID: 17827712 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence that membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the possible links among these enzymes remain unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the distribution of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and COX-2 immunohistologically in the atherosclerotic lesions of hypercholesterolemic (WHHLMI) rabbits. METHODS AND RESULTS Distribution of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and COX-2 was examined by immunohistochemical staining using sixty cross sections of the ascending-arch and thoracic aortas prepared from 4 WHHLMI rabbits. MT1-MMP and MMP-2 staining was prominently observed in the macrophage-rich regions of the atheromatous lesions, and was positively correlated with morphological vulnerability (r=0.63 for MT1-MMP; r=0.60 for MMP-2; p<0.0001). MT1-MMP staining was positively correlated with MMP-2 staining (r=0.61, p<0.0001). COX-2 staining was also the highest in the macrophage-rich regions of the atheromatous lesions, with relatively high staining levels in other more stable lesions. CONCLUSIONS Co-distribution of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and COX-2 was demonstrated in grade IV atheroma, indicating a possible link among these enzymes in the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. The relatively high COX-2 distribution in other more stable lesions may indicate its additional roles in the stabilization of atherosclerotic lesions. The present findings in hypercholesterolemic rabbits should help advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and provide useful information for the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic (imaging) agents that target MMPs and COX-2 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kuge
- Department of Patho-functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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25
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De Lorgeril M. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Subcell Biochem 2007; 42:283-97. [PMID: 17612056 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5688-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Epidemiological studies have revealed several important environmental (especially nutritional) factors associated with atherosclerosis. However, progress in defining the cellular and molecular interactions involved has been hindered by the etiological complexity of the disease. Nevertheless, our understanding of CVD has improved significantly over the past decade owing to the availability of new randomized trial data. In particular, the failure of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments to consistently reduce the rate of CVD complications suggests that theories of atherosclerosis may have considerably exaggerated the importance of oxidized lipoprotein and vascular inflammation. In that context, one new and basic question is whether the biology of essential dietary lipids may help us understand the role of the inflammatory process in CVD. Essential dietary lipids of the omega-6 and omega-3 families are the precursors of major mediators of inflammation such as eicosanoids that regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of some major inflammation genes. On the other hand, non-essential lipids (omega-9 and saturated fatty acids) interfere with biological activities of essential lipids. Finally, essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have different, often antagonistic, effects on inflammation, and their effects can vary according to the type of cells and target organs involved, as well as their respective amounts in the diet. Because of the extreme complexity in the etiology of CVD, the best strategy may be to monitor the main features of dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, that are known to be associated with a low prevalence of both CVD and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Lorgeril
- Laboratoire Nutrition, Vieillissement et Maladies Cardiovasculaires (NVMCV), Faculté de Médecine, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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26
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Kang KB, Van Der Zypp A, Iannazzo L, Majewski H. Age-related changes in monocyte and platelet cyclooxygenase expression in healthy male humans and rats. Transl Res 2006; 148:289-94. [PMID: 17162249 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the formation of prostanoids that are crucial in maintaining hemostasis and important in inflammation. Animal studies reveal that COX-1 and COX-2 expression increase in some cell types during aging. This study determined age-related changes in COX expression in platelets and monocytes. Platelets and mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy male human volunteers from 18 to 28 and from 55 to 65 years of age, as well as male rats 8 and 54 weeks old for comparison. Western blot analysis was performed using selective antibodies against COX-1 and COX-2, followed by densitometrical analysis. In humans, an age-related increase in COX-2 expression in mononuclear cells was observed, with a 70% increase in the older age group. In rat studies, a 50% increase of COX-2 protein occurred in mononuclear cells of 54-week-old rats, compared with 8-week-old rats. For COX-1, an age-related increase of 50% occurred in rat platelets, but no difference occurred in the platelets' COX-1 levels between young and elderly human age groups. The increased COX-2 in monocytes of older humans, which is mirrored in rats, may have downstream implications in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk as mononuclear prostanoids are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Bee Kang
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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27
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Dixon DA, Tolley ND, Bemis-Standoli K, Martinez ML, Weyrich AS, Morrow JD, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA. Expression of COX-2 in platelet-monocyte interactions occurs via combinatorial regulation involving adhesion and cytokine signaling. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2727-38. [PMID: 16998585 PMCID: PMC1570372 DOI: 10.1172/jci27209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of COX-2 expression is a key feature controlling eicosanoid production in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory syndromes. Adhesive interactions between platelets and monocytes occur in these conditions and deliver specific signals that trigger inflammatory gene expression. Using a cellular model of monocyte signaling induced by activated human platelets, we identified the central posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate timing and magnitude of COX-2 expression. Tethering of monocytes to platelets and to purified P-selectin, a key adhesion molecule displayed by activated platelets, induces NF-kappaB activation and COX-2 promoter activity. Nevertheless, COX-2 mRNA is rapidly degraded, leading to aborted protein synthesis. Time-dependent signaling of monocytes induces a second phase of transcript accumulation accompanied by COX-2 enzyme synthesis and eicosanoid production. Here, generation of IL-1beta, a proinflammatory cytokine, promoted stabilization of COX-2 mRNA by silencing of the AU-rich mRNA decay element (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the mRNA. Consistent with observed mRNA stabilization, activated platelets or IL-1beta treatment induced cytoplasmic accumulation and enhanced ARE binding of the mRNA stability factor HuR in monocytes. These findings demonstrate that activated platelets induce COX-2 synthesis in monocytes by combinatorial signaling to transcriptional and posttranscriptional checkpoints. These checkpoints may be altered in disease and therefore useful as targets for antiinflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences and South Carolina Cancer Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29203, USA.
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The simplistic view of atherosclerosis as a disorder of pathological lipid deposition has been redefined by the more complex concept of an ongoing inflammatory response. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-deficient mice develop accelerated atherosclerosis allowing in-depth pathophysiological investigations. Atherosclerotic plaques in these mice contain large numbers of T cells and macrophages. Crossbreeding apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with T-cell-deficient mice and mice with impaired macrophage function (osteopetrotic op/op mice) disclosed the important impact of immune cells on atherosclerotic lesion development. In contrast to the detrimental role of T cells and macrophages, B cells appear to be atheroprotective. These basic experimental findings have partly been confirmed in studies of the human carotid artery system. Inflammation is not only instrumental in the development of human atheromatous plaques, but, importantly, plays a crucial role in the destabilization of internal carotid artery plaques, thus converting chronic atherosclerosis into an acute thrombo-embolic disorder. Humoral factors involved in internal carotid artery destabilization include cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue factor. Antibodies to oxidized LDL can reflect disease activity on one hand, but can also confer atheroprotection. Novel MRI techniques may aid in the in vivo assessment of acute plaque inflammation in humans. CONCLUSIONS The impact of inflammation on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and their destabilization opens new avenues for treatment. The effects of statins, acetylsalicyclic acid and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on stroke prevention may partly be attributable to their profound anti-inflammatory actions. Vaccination against modified LDL and heat shock proteins halt plaque progression in experimental atherosclerosis. Their potential for prevention of human atherosclerosis is currently under investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/complications
- Carotid Artery Diseases/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Heart Transplantation
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Animal
- Osteopetrosis/genetics
- Osteopetrosis/immunology
- Postoperative Complications/immunology
- Postoperative Complications/pathology
- Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Stroke/etiology
- Stroke/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thromboembolism/etiology
- Thromboembolism/prevention & control
- Vaccination
- Vasculitis/complications
- Vasculitis/drug therapy
- Vasculitis/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany.
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29
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Cipollone F, Fazia ML. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition: Vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:245-51. [PMID: 16640962 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a role in pathophysiologic processes like inflammation and pain but is also constitutively expressed in tissues such as the kidney or vascular endothelium, where it exerts important physiologic functions. Although much evidence exists that implicates COX-2 in atherosclerosis, its role in this setting remains substantially uncertain. This observation is also confirmed by the results of clinical trials of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Treatment with these drugs, developed with the assumption that they would be as effective as nonselective COX inhibitors but without their gastrointestinal side effects, has been reported to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. In this article, we review the pattern of expression of COX-2 in the cellular players of atherothrombosis, its role as a determinant of plaque vulnerability, and the vascular effects on prostanoid inhibition by COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cipollone
- Centro Regionale per la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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