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Zangi AR, Amiri A, Pazooki P, Soltanmohammadi F, Hamishehkar H, Javadzadeh Y. Non-viral and viral delivery systems for hemophilia A therapy: recent development and prospects. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1493-1511. [PMID: 37951852 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements have focused on enhancing factor VIII half-life and refining its delivery methods, despite the well-established knowledge that factor VIII deficiency is the main clotting protein lacking in hemophilia. Consequently, both viral and non-viral delivery systems play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for hemophilia patients. The utilization of viral vectors and the manipulation of non-viral vectors through targeted delivery are significant advancements in the field of cellular and molecular therapies for hemophilia. These developments contribute to the progression of treatment strategies and hold great promise for improving the overall well-being of individuals with hemophilia. This review study comprehensively explores the application of viral and non-viral vectors in cellular (specifically T cell) and molecular therapy approaches, such as RNA, monoclonal antibody (mAb), and CRISPR therapeutics, with the aim of addressing the challenges in hemophilia treatment. By examining these innovative strategies, the study aims to shed light on potential solutions to enhance the efficacy and outcomes of hemophilia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajabi Zangi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Ala Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Pazooki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltanmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran.
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2
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Yu L, Yang D, Chu M, Sun Y. Advances and challenges in the purification of recombinant coagulation factors: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464662. [PMID: 38244305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a complex process for the cessation of bleeding from an injured blood vessel, involving the interplay of 12 coagulation factors in the coagulation cascade with activated blood platelets and the vessel wall. Hence, the coagulation factors are important to control hemorrhage. However, the low abundance of many coagulation factors in human plasma proteins limited their production in therapeutic drugs and their clinical applications. With the development of modern biotechnology, commercially manufactured recombinant coagulation factors became available as hemostatic therapeutics, emerging a huge potential in pharmaceutical manufacturing market. Unlike antibodies, whose standard operation unit or platform purification processes in the industrial-scale downstream processing has been well-established, the complexity in post-translational modification and differences in structures of the coagulation factors posed specific challenges with respect to the downstream processing, which have long been limiting their industrial-scale production. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the technological development of commercially manufactured recombinant coagulation factors, with emphasis on their advances and challenges in the separation and purification processes. Firstly, the licensed products of the plasma derived and recombinant coagulation factors are summarized. Then, typical recombinant coagulation factors, i.e. factors VII, VIII and IX, are introduced with detailed discussion on their preparative separation procedures for both the licensed products of industrial-scale and the experimental cases of laboratory-scale. Finally, perspectives and challenges in the future development of the purification technology of recombinant coagulation factors are highlighted to provide new insight into the design of cost-effective purification processes of recombinant coagulation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengyao Chu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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3
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Chen Z, Herzog RW, Kaufman RJ. Cellular stress and coagulation factor production: when more is not necessarily better. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3329-3341. [PMID: 37839613 PMCID: PMC10760459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Remarkably, it has been 40 years since the isolation of the 2 genes involved in hemophilia A (HA) and hemophilia B (HB), encoding clotting factor (F) VIII (FVIII) and FIX, respectively. Over the years, these advances led to the development of purified recombinant protein factors that are free of contaminating viruses from human pooled plasma for hemophilia treatments, reducing the morbidity and mortality previously associated with human plasma-derived clotting factors. These discoveries also paved the way for modified factors that have increased plasma half-lives. Importantly, more recent advances have led to the development and Food and Drug Administration approval of a hepatocyte-targeted, adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer approach for HA and HB. However, major concerns regarding the durability and safety of HA gene therapy remain to be resolved. Compared with FIX, FVIII is a much larger protein that is prone to misfolding and aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum and is poorly secreted by the mammalian cells. Due to the constraint of the packaging capacity of adeno-associated viral vector, B-domain deleted FVIII rather than the full-length protein is used for HA gene therapy. Like full-length FVIII, B-domain deleted FVIII misfolds and is inefficiently secreted. Its expression in hepatocytes activates the cellular unfolded protein response, which is deleterious for hepatocyte function and survival and has the potential to drive hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is focused on our current understanding of factors limiting FVIII secretion and the potential pathophysiological consequences upon expression in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouji Chen
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Diseases and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, California, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Diseases and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, California, USA.
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4
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De Pablo-Moreno JA, Miguel-Batuecas A, Rodríguez-Merchán EC, Liras A. Treatment of congenital coagulopathies, from biologic to biotechnological drugs: The relevance of gene editing (CRISPR/Cas). Thromb Res 2023; 231:99-111. [PMID: 37839151 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Congenital coagulopathies have, throughout the history of medicine, been a focus of scientific study and of great interest as they constitute an alteration of one of the most important and conserved pathways of evolution. The first therapeutic strategies developed to address them were aimed at restoring the blood components lost during hemorrhage by administering whole blood or plasma. Later on, the use of cryoprecipitates was a significant breakthrough as it made it possible to decrease the volumes of blood infused. In the 1970' and 80', clotting factor concentrates became the treatment and, from the 1990's to the present day, recombinant factors -with increasingly longer half-lives- have taken over as the treatment of choice for certain coagulopathies in a seamless yet momentous transition from biological to biotechnological drugs. The beginning of this century, however, saw the emergence of new advanced (gene and cell) treatments, which are currently transforming the therapeutic landscape. The possibility to use cells and viruses as well as specific or bispecific antibodies as medicines is likely to spark a revolution in the world of pharmacology where therapies will be individualized and have long-term effects. Specifically, attention is nowadays focused on the development of gene editing strategies, chiefly those based on CRISPR/Cas technology. Rare coagulopathies such as hemophilia A and B, or even ultra-rare ones such as factor V deficiency, could be among those deriving the greatest benefit from these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A De Pablo-Moreno
- Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Miguel-Batuecas
- Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Autonomous University of Madrid), Spain
| | - Antonio Liras
- Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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Pipe SW, Dunn AL, Young G. Efficacy and safety evaluation of eptacog beta (coagulation factor VIIa [recombinant]-jncw) for the treatment of hemophilia A and B with inhibitors. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:715-729. [PMID: 37602448 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2248385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bypassing agents (BPAs) are used to treat acute bleeding episodes, manage bleeding during perioperative care, and prophylactically minimize bleed occurrence in persons with hemophilia A or B with inhibitors (PwHABI). However, the effectiveness of BPAs that have been prescribed for the last several decades can be variable, motivating the development of a new recombinant activated factor VII, eptacog beta. AREAS COVERED This review covers key eptacog beta findings from phase 1b and phase 3 (PERSEPT) clinical trials, which formed the basis for its regulatory approval to treat PwHABI ages 12 and older. Descriptions of eptacog beta structure and glycosylation profile, mechanism of action, preclinical study results, and cost analyses are also presented. EXPERT OPINION PwHABI have had only two options for bleed treatment for the past several decades. With its distinct glycosylation profile, eptacog beta offers a novel therapy aiming to improve upon BPAs currently in use, providing an option with more than one dosing regimen and a rapid response that allows most bleeds to be treated with just one dose. This has become particularly important given the use of subcutaneous medications (e.g., emicizumab) for prophylaxis of bleeding. Clinicians should consider eptacog beta as a BPA for all PwHABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Pipe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy L Dunn
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guy Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Kapelanski-Lamoureux A, Chen Z, Gao ZH, Deng R, Lazaris A, Lebeaupin C, Giles L, Malhotra J, Yong J, Zou C, de Jong YP, Metrakos P, Herzog RW, Kaufman RJ. Ectopic clotting factor VIII expression and misfolding in hepatocytes as a cause for hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3542-3551. [PMID: 36242517 PMCID: PMC9734080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A gene therapy targets hepatocytes to express B domain deleted (BDD) clotting factor VIII (FVIII) to permit viral encapsidation. Since BDD is prone to misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER protein misfolding in hepatocytes followed by high-fat diet (HFD) can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we studied how FVIII misfolding impacts HCC development using hepatocyte DNA delivery to express three proteins from the same parental vector: (1) well-folded cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR); (2) BDD-FVIII, which is prone to misfolding in the ER; and (3) N6-FVIII, which folds more efficiently than BDD-FVIII. One week after DNA delivery, when FVIII expression was undetectable, mice were fed HFD for 65 weeks. Remarkably, all mice that received BDD-FVIII vector developed liver tumors, whereas only 58% of mice that received N6 and no mice that received DHFR vector developed liver tumors, suggesting that the degree of protein misfolding in the ER increases predisposition to HCC in the context of an HFD and in the absence of viral transduction. Our findings raise concerns of ectopic BDD-FVIII expression in hepatocytes in the clinic, which poses risks independent of viral vector integration. Limited expression per hepatocyte and/or use of proteins that avoid misfolding may enhance safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Kapelanski-Lamoureux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada,Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ruishu Deng
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthoula Lazaris
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Giles
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chenhui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Department of Surgery, McGill University; Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Corresponding author: Randal J. Kaufman, Degenerative Diseases Program, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Hale MM, Medina SH. Biomaterials-Enabled Antithrombotics: Recent Advances and Emerging Strategies. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4453-4465. [PMID: 36149250 PMCID: PMC9728464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapies are used to prevent, treat, and remove blood clots in various clinical settings, from emergent to prophylactic. While ubiquitous in their healthcare application, short half-lives, off-target effects, overdosing complications, and patient compliance continue to be major liabilities to the utility of these agents. Biomaterials-enabled strategies have the potential to comprehensively address these limitations by creating technologies that are more precise, durable, and safe in their antithrombotic action. In this review, we discuss the state of the art in anticoagulant and thrombolytic biomaterials, covering the nano to macro length scales. We emphasize current methods of formulation, discuss how material properties affect controlled release kinetics, and summarize modern mechanisms of clot-specific drug targeting. The preclinical efficacy of these technologies in an array of cardiovascular applications, including stroke, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and blood contacting devices, is summarized and performance contrasted. While significant advances have already been made, ongoing development efforts look to deliver bioresponsive "smart" biomaterials that will open new precision medicine opportunities in cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy M. Hale
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
| | - Scott H. Medina
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
- Huck
Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
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8
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Stem C, Rodman C, Ramamurthy RM, George S, Meares D, Farland A, Atala A, Doering CB, Spencer HT, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Investigating Optimal Autologous Cellular Platforms for Prenatal or Perinatal Factor VIII Delivery to Treat Hemophilia A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678117. [PMID: 34447745 PMCID: PMC8383113 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with the severe form of hemophilia A (HA) present with a severe phenotype, and can suffer from life-threatening, spontaneous hemorrhaging. While prophylactic FVIII infusions have revolutionized the clinical management of HA, this treatment is short-lived, expensive, and it is not available to many A patients worldwide. In the present study, we evaluated a panel of readily available cell types for their suitability as cellular vehicles to deliver long-lasting FVIII replacement following transduction with a retroviral vector encoding a B domain-deleted human F8 transgene. Given the immune hurdles that currently plague factor replacement therapy, we focused our investigation on cell types that we deemed to be most relevant to either prenatal or very early postnatal treatment and that could, ideally, be autologously derived. Our findings identify several promising candidates for use as cell-based FVIII delivery vehicles and lay the groundwork for future mechanistic studies to delineate bottlenecks to efficient production and secretion of FVIII following genetic-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stem
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christopher Rodman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ritu M. Ramamurthy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Sunil George
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Diane Meares
- Special Hematology Laboratory, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Farland
- Special Hematology Laboratory, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher D. Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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9
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Mahlangu J, Levy H, Kosinova MV, Khachatryan H, Korczowski B, Makhaldiani L, Iosava G, Lee M, Del Greco F. Subcutaneous engineered factor VIIa marzeptacog alfa (activated) in hemophilia with inhibitors: Phase 2 trial of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:e12576. [PMID: 34430790 PMCID: PMC8371347 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marzeptacog alfa (activated) (MarzAA), a novel recombinant activated human factor VII (FVIIa) variant, was developed to provide increased procoagulant activity, subcutaneous (SC) administration, and longer duration of action in people with hemophilia. OBJECTIVES To investigate if daily SC administration of MarzAA in subjects with inhibitors can provide effective prophylaxis. METHODS This multicenter, open-label phase 2 trial (NCT03407651) enrolled men with severe congenital hemophilia with an inhibitor. All subjects had a baseline annualized bleeding rate (ABR) of ≥12 events/year. Subjects received a single 18 μg/kg intravenous dose of MarzAA to measure 24-hour pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), single 30 μg/kg SC dose to measure 48-hour PK/PD, then daily SC 30 μg/kg MarzAA for 50 days. If spontaneous bleeding occurred, the dose was sequentially escalated to 60, 90, or 120 μg/kg, with 50 days at the final effective dose without spontaneous bleeding to proceed to a 30-day follow-up. The primary end point was reduction in ABR. Secondary end points were safety, tolerability, and antidrug antibody (ADA) formation. RESULTS In the 11 subjects, the mean ABR significantly reduced from 19.8 to 1.6, and the mean proportion of days with bleeding significantly reduced from 12.3% to 0.8%. Of a total of 517 SC doses, six injection site reactions in two subjects were reported. No ADAs were detected. One fatal unrelated serious adverse event occurred: intracerebral hemorrhage due to untreated hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated that MarzAA was highly efficacious for prophylactic treatment in patients with inhibitors by significantly decreasing bleed frequency and duration of bleeding episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Mahlangu
- Haemophilia Comprehensive Care CenterCharlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic HospitalUniversity of the Witwatersrand and NHLSJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Howard Levy
- Catalyst BiosciencesSouth San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Bartosz Korczowski
- Institute of Medical SciencesCollege of Medical Sciences of the University of Rzeszow, University of RzeszowRzeszowPoland
| | - Levani Makhaldiani
- K. Eristavi National Center of Experimental and Clinical SurgeryTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Genadi Iosava
- Institute of Hematology and TransfusiologyTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Martin Lee
- Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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10
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Cao W, Dong B, Horling F, Firrman JA, Lengler J, Klugmann M, de la Rosa M, Wu W, Wang Q, Wei H, Moore AR, Roberts SA, Booth CJ, Hoellriegl W, Li D, Konkle B, Miao C, Reipert BM, Scheiflinger F, Rottensteiner H, Xiao W. Minimal Essential Human Factor VIII Alterations Enhance Secretion and Gene Therapy Efficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:486-495. [PMID: 33313336 PMCID: PMC7708868 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One important limitation for achieving therapeutic expression of human factor VIII (FVIII) in hemophilia A gene therapy is inefficient secretion of the FVIII protein. Substitution of five amino acids in the A1 domain of human FVIII with the corresponding porcine FVIII residues generated a secretion-enhanced human FVIII variant termed B-domain-deleted (BDD)-FVIII-X5 that resulted in 8-fold higher FVIII activity levels in the supernatant of an in vitro cell-based assay system than seen with unmodified human BDD-FVIII. Analysis of purified recombinant BDD-FVIII-X5 and BDD-FVIII revealed similar specific activities for both proteins, indicating that the effect of the X5 alteration is confined to increased FVIII secretion. Intravenous delivery in FVIII-deficient mice of liver-targeted adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors designed to express BDD-FVIII-X5 or BDD-FVIII achieved substantially higher plasma FVIII activity levels for BDD-FVIII-X5, even when highly efficient codon-optimized F8 nucleotide sequences were employed. A comprehensive immunogenicity assessment using in vitro stimulation assays and various in vivo preclinical models of hemophilia A demonstrated that the BDD-FVIII-X5 variant does not exhibit an increased immunogenicity risk compared to BDD-FVIII. In conclusion, BDD-FVIII-X5 is an effective FVIII variant molecule that can be further developed for use in gene- and protein-based therapeutics for patients with hemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Biao Dong
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Franziska Horling
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Jenni A. Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, ARS, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Johannes Lengler
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Maurus de la Rosa
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Wenman Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Qizhao Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hongying Wei
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Andrea R. Moore
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sean A. Roberts
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., BML 330, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Werner Hoellriegl
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Dong Li
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Barbara Konkle
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carol Miao
- Department of Medicine/Hematology, University of Washington, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Birgit M. Reipert
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Friedrich Scheiflinger
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Rottensteiner
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Rodriguez M, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Mechanistic Insights into Factor VIII Immune Tolerance Induction via Prenatal Cell Therapy in Hemophilia A. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2019; 5:145-161. [PMID: 32351874 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-019-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Prenatal stem cell and gene therapy approaches are amongst the few therapies that can promise the birth of a healthy infant with specific known genetic diseases. This review describes fetal immune cell signaling and its potential influence on donor cell engraftment, and summarizes mechanisms of central T cell tolerance to peripherally-acquired antigen in the context of prenatal therapies for Hemophilia A. Recent Findings During early gestation, different subsets of antigen presenting cells take up peripherally-acquired, non-inherited antigens and induce the deletion of antigen-reactive T-cell precursors in the thymus, demonstrating the potential for using prenatal cell and gene therapies to induce central tolerance to FVIII in the context of prenatal diagnosis/therapy of Hemophilia A. Summary Prenatal cell and gene therapies are promising approaches to treat several genetic disorders including Hemophilia A and B. Understanding the mechanisms of how FVIII-specific tolerance is achieved during ontogeny could help develop novel therapies for HA and better approaches to overcome FVIII inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rodriguez
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher D Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Graҫa Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Guo XL, Chung TH, Qin Y, Zheng J, Zheng H, Sheng L, Wynn T, Chang LJ. Hemophilia Gene Therapy: New Development from Bench to Bed Side. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:264-273. [PMID: 31549954 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190924121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel gene therapy strategies have changed the prognosis of many inherited diseases in recent years. New development in genetic tools and study models has brought us closer to a complete cure for hemophilia. This review will address the latest gene therapy research in hemophilia A and B including gene therapy tools, genetic strategies and animal models. It also summarizes the results of recent clinical trials. Potential solutions are discussed regarding the current barriers in gene therapy for hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Guo
- Geno-immune Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Yue Qin
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Sheng
- PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tung Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Glantschnig H, Bauer A, Benamara K, Dockal M, Ehrlich V, Gritsch H, Höbarth G, Horling FM, Kopic A, Leidenmühler P, Reipert BM, Rottensteiner H, Ruthsatz T, Schrenk G, Schuster M, Turecek PL, Weber A, Wolfsegger M, Scheiflinger F, Höllriegl W. Evaluation of Factor VIII Polysialylation: Identification of a Longer-Acting Experimental Therapy in Mice and Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:95-105. [PMID: 31366602 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended half-life (EHL) factor therapies are needed to reduce the burden of prophylaxis and improve treatment adherence in patients with hemophilia. BAX 826 is a novel polysialylated full-length recombinant factor VIII [polysialyic acid (PSA) rFVIII] with improved pharmacokinetics (PK), prolonged pharmacology, and maintained safety attributes to enable longer-acting rFVIII therapy. In factor VIII (FVIII)-deficient hemophilic mice, PSArFVIII showed a substantially higher mean residence time (>2-fold) and exposure (>3-fold), and prolonged efficacy in tail-bleeding experiments (48 vs. 30 hours) compared with unmodified recombinant FVIII (rFVIII), as well as a potentially favorable immunogenicity profile. Reduced binding to a scavenger receptor (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) as well as a largely VWF-independent circulation time in mice provide a rationale for prolonged BAX 826 activity. The significantly improved PK profile versus rFVIII was confirmed in cynomolgus monkeys [mean residence time: 23.4 vs. 10.1 hours; exposure (area under the curve from time 0 to infinity): 206 vs. 48.2 IU/ml⋅h] and is in line with results from rodent studies. Finally, safety and toxicity evaluations did not indicate increased thrombogenic potential, and repeated administration of BAX 826 to monkeys and rats was well tolerated. The favorable profile and mechanism of this novel experimental therapeutic demonstrated all of the requirements for an EHL-rFVIII candidate, and thus BAX 826 was entered into clinical assessment for the treatment of hemophilia A. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prolongation of FVIII half-life aims to reduce the burden of prophylaxis and improve treatment outcomes in patients with hemophilia. This study shows that polysialylation of PSArFVIII resulted in prolongations of rFVIII circulation time and procoagulant activity, together with a favorable nonclinical safety profile of the experimental therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Glantschnig
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karima Benamara
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Dockal
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Ehrlich
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Gritsch
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Höbarth
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank M Horling
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kopic
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Leidenmühler
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit M Reipert
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tanja Ruthsatz
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Schrenk
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Schuster
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L Turecek
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Weber
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wolfsegger
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Werner Höllriegl
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Member of the Takeda Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Vanderlaan M, Zhu-Shimoni J, Lin S, Gunawan F, Waerner T, Van Cott KE. Experience with host cell protein impurities in biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:828-837. [PMID: 29693803 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the 40-year history of biopharmaceuticals, there have been a few cases where the final products contained residual host cell protein (HCP) impurities at levels high enough to be of concern. This article summarizes the industry experience in these cases where HCP impurities have been presented in public forums and/or published. Regulatory guidance on HCP impurities is limited to advising that products be as pure as practical, with no specified numerical limit because the risk associated with HCP exposure often depends on the clinical setting (route of administration, dose, indication, patient population) and the particular impurity. While the overall safety and purity track record of the industry is excellent, these examples illustrate several important lessons learned about the kinds of HCPs that co-purify with products (e.g., product homologs, and HCPs that react with product), and the kinds of clinical consequences of HCP impurities (e.g., direct biological activity, immunogenicity, adjuvant). The literature on industry experience with HCP impurities is scattered, and this review draws in to one reference documented examples where the data have been presented in meetings, patents, product inserts, or press releases, in addition to peer-reviewed journal articles. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:828-837, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vanderlaan
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Judith Zhu-Shimoni
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Sansan Lin
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Feny Gunawan
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Thomas Waerner
- Department of Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kevin E Van Cott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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Hickman DA, Pawlowski CL, Sekhon UDS, Marks J, Gupta AS. Biomaterials and Advanced Technologies for Hemostatic Management of Bleeding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:10.1002/adma.201700859. [PMID: 29164804 PMCID: PMC5831165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding complications arising from trauma, surgery, and as congenital, disease-associated, or drug-induced blood disorders can cause significant morbidities and mortalities in civilian and military populations. Therefore, stoppage of bleeding (hemostasis) is of paramount clinical significance in prophylactic, surgical, and emergency scenarios. For externally accessible injuries, a variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials have undergone robust research, leading to hemostatic technologies including glues, bandages, tamponades, tourniquets, dressings, and procoagulant powders. In contrast, treatment of internal noncompressible hemorrhage still heavily depends on transfusion of whole blood or blood's hemostatic components (platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors). Transfusion of platelets poses significant challenges of limited availability, high cost, contamination risks, short shelf-life, low portability, performance variability, and immunological side effects, while use of fibrinogen or coagulation factors provides only partial mechanisms for hemostasis. With such considerations, significant interdisciplinary research endeavors have been focused on developing materials and technologies that can be manufactured conveniently, sterilized to minimize contamination and enhance shelf-life, and administered intravenously to mimic, leverage, and amplify physiological hemostatic mechanisms. Here, a comprehensive review regarding the various topical, intracavitary, and intravenous hemostatic technologies in terms of materials, mechanisms, and state-of-art is provided, and challenges and opportunities to help advancement of the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaShawn A Hickman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Christa L Pawlowski
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Ujjal D S Sekhon
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Joyann Marks
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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16
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Afonja O, Kozak R, Petraro P, Michaels LA, Mathew P, Lemm G, Kessler C. Baby hamster kidney cell-derived recombinant factor VIII: a quarter century of learning and clinical experience. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:1151-1164. [PMID: 27841041 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1259559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management and care of individuals with hemophilia A advanced immensely with the introduction of recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) replacement products. This review provides a historical overview of rFVIII development with a focus on Bayer's rFVIII (with albumin) and sucrose-formulated rFVIII (rFVIII-FS), the only rFVIII products cloned in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with >25 years of proven safety and efficacy. Areas covered: We review the advances in rFVIII technology and the efficacy and safety data for BHK-derived rFVIII/rFVIII-FS from clinical trials, investigator-initiated studies, and observational studies. Innovative products with new treatment potentials (eg, BAY 81-8973 and BAY 94-9027) built on this established safety and efficacy profile are also briefly discussed. The literature search strategy included targeted searches (PubMed) with manual article selection and other product-specific searches. Expert commentary: Development of rFVIII products and related improvements in viral safety and manufacturing efficiency have guaranteed an adequate supply of factor products worldwide and increased prophylaxis use. The net effects have been joint health preservation, reduction in morbidity and mortality, and quality-of-life enhancements. Current treatment challenges include lack of adherence to prophylaxis and inhibitor development; extended-half-life rFVIII products and non-FVIII replacement therapies in development may help overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Prasad Mathew
- a Bayer , Whippany , NJ , USA.,c Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | - Craig Kessler
- e Department of Medicine and Pathology , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
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17
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Kumar SR. Industrial production of clotting factors: Challenges of expression, and choice of host cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:995-1004. [PMID: 26099845 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of recombinant forms of blood coagulation factors as safer alternatives to plasma derived factors marked a major advance in the treatment of common coagulation disorders. These are complex proteins, mostly enzymes or co-enzymes, involving multiple post-translational modifications, and therefore are difficult to express. This article reviews the nature of the expression challenges for the industrial production of these factors, vis-à-vis the translational and post-translational bottlenecks, as well as the choice of host cell lines for high-fidelity production. For achieving high productivities of vitamin K dependent proteins, which include factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X, and protein C, host cell limitation of γ-glutamyl carboxylation is a major bottleneck. Despite progress in addressing this, involvement of yet unidentified protein(s) impedes a complete cell engineering solution. Human factor VIII expresses at very low levels due to limitations at several steps in the protein secretion pathway. Protein and cell engineering, vector improvement and alternate host cells promise improvement in the productivity. Production of Von Willebrand factor is constrained by its large size, complex structure, and the need for extensive glycosylation and disulfide-bonded oligomerization. All the licensed therapeutic factors are produced in CHO, BHK or HEK293 cells. While HEK293 is a recent adoption, BHK cells appear to be disfavored.
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18
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Sun DS, Lee PC, Kau JH, Shih YL, Huang HH, Li CR, Lee CC, Wu YP, Chen KC, Chang HH. Acquired coagulant factor VIII deficiency induced by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin in mice. Virulence 2015; 6:466-75. [PMID: 25906166 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1031454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice treated with anthrax lethal toxin (LT) exhibit hemorrhage caused by unknown mechanisms. Moreover, LT treatment in mice induced liver damage. In this study, we hypothesized that a suppressed coagulation function may be associated with liver damage, because the liver is the major producing source of coagulation factors. The hepatic expression of coagulant factors and the survival rates were analyzed after cultured cells or mice were exposed to LT. In agreement with our hypothesis, LT induces cytotoxicity against hepatic cells in vitro. In addition, suppressed expression of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in the liver is associated with a prolonged plasma clotting time in LT-treated mice, suggesting a suppressive role of LT in coagulation. Accordingly, we further hypothesized that a loss-of-function approach involving treatments of an anticoagulant should exacerbate LT-induced abnormalities, whereas a gain-of-function approach involving injections of recombinant FVIII to complement the coagulation deficiency should ameliorate the pathogenesis. As expected, a sublethal dose of LT caused mortality in the mice that were non-lethally pretreated with an anticoagulant (warfarin). By contrast, treatments of recombinant FVIII reduced the mortality from a lethal dose of LT in mice. Our results indicated that LT-induced deficiency of FVIII is involved in LT-mediated pathogenesis. Using recombinant FVIII to correct the coagulant defect may enable developing a new strategy to treat anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Shan Sun
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu-Chi University ; Hualien , Taiwan
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Abstract
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder in which the major clinical manifestation is bleeding into the joints, muscles, internal organs and the CNS, often without any obvious trauma. Bleeding can be fatal as in the case of CNS hemorrhage, or severely debilitating following repeated bleeding into joints that results in crippling arthritis. Treatment for hemophilia includes the intravenous administration of clotting factor concentrates to replace the missing or defective protein. Venous access is therefore critical to the treatment of hemophilia and the prevention of complications due to bleeding. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately half of patients less than 16 years of age and one-third of all patients with hemophilia receive regular prophylactic injections of clotting factor concentrates. Prophylaxis, or the regular scheduled administration of antihemophilic factor concentrate, is effective in preventing bleeding. Among those patients with severe disease, in the absence of prophylaxis, approximately 13 bleeds, including nine joint hemorrhages, occur annually. In contrast, when prophylaxis is administered, the annual number of total and joint bleeds decreases to five and three, respectively. One of the major barriers to the more wide-spread use of prophylaxis is venous access. While peripheral venipuncture remains the first choice for venous access, central venous access devices are frequently used to facilitate repeated and/or urgent administration of clotting factor concentrates. The advantages of central venous access devices are well recognized in certain treatment regimens such as prophylaxis and immune tolerance therapy, as well as certain patient groups such as young children in whom venipuncture is often difficult and traumatic, and adults with scarred veins. Central venous access devices also allow earlier commencement of both home treatment and prophylaxis. The goal of this review is to discuss the different types of central venous access devices and their role in the management of hemophilia to provide practitioners that care for patients with hemophilia with the necessary information to make sound therapeutic recommendations to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Valentino
- The RUSH Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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da Cunha NB, Vianna GR, da Almeida Lima T, Rech E. Molecular farming of human cytokines and blood products from plants: Challenges in biosynthesis and detection of plant-produced recombinant proteins. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:39-50. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Kannicht C, Ramström M, Kohla G, Tiemeyer M, Casademunt E, Walter O, Sandberg H. Characterisation of the post-translational modifications of a novel, human cell line-derived recombinant human factor VIII. Thromb Res 2013; 131:78-88. [PMID: 23058466 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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DiMichele DM. Immune tolerance in haemophilia: the long journey to the fork in the road. Br J Haematol 2012; 159:123-34. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. DiMichele
- Division of Blood Diseases and Resources; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; Bethesda; MD; USA
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24
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Samor B, Michalski C, Brandin MP, Andre MH, Chtourou S, Tellier Z. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of von Willebrand factor contained in a very high-purity plasma-derived FVIII concentrate. Vox Sang 2012; 103:35-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Stable expression of native Coagulation factor VIII using the 2A self-processing sequence and furin cleavage site. Thromb Res 2011; 128:e148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Sharathkumar AA, Carcao M. Clinical advances in hemophilia management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:910-20. [PMID: 21755590 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hemophilia is an excellent example in medicine where clinical translation of basic science discoveries has transformed the gloomy outlook of the disease. This review provides an overview of clinical advances in hemophilia management with a specific focus on the molecular heterogeneity of the disease and progress in management of patients with inhibitors. Novel therapeutics and the emerging ethical issues in the field of hemophilia are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali A Sharathkumar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60614-3363, USA.
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de Castilho Fernandes A, Fontes A, Gonsales N, Swiech K, Picanco-Castro V, Faca S, Covas D. Stable and high-level production of recombinant Factor IX in human hepatic cell line. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 58:243-9. [PMID: 21838798 DOI: 10.1002/bab.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilia B is a genetic disease of the coagulation system that affects one in 30,000 males worldwide. Recombinant human Factor IX (rhFIX) has been used for hemophilia B treatment, but the amount of active protein generated by these systems is inefficient, resulting in a high-cost production of rhFIX. In this study, we developed an alternative for rhFIX production. We used a retrovirus system to obtain two recombinant cell lines. We first tested rhFIX production in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells (293). Next, we tested a hepatic cell line (HepG2) because FIX is primarily expressed in the liver. Our results reveal that intracellular rhFIX expression was more efficient in HepG2/rhFIX (46%) than in 293/rhFIX (21%). The activated partial thromboplastin time test showed that HepG2/rhFIX expressed biologically active rhFIX 1.5 times higher than 293/rhFIX (P = 0.016). Recovery of rhFIX from the HepG2 by reversed-phase chromatography was straightforward. We found that rhFIX has a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of FIX purified from human plasma when tested in hemophilic B model. HepG2/rhFIX cell line produced the highest levels of rhFIX, representing an efficient in vitro expression system. This work opens up the possibility of significantly reducing the costs of rhFIX production, with implications for expanding hemophilia B treatment in developing countries.
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28
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Gaso-Sokac D, Kovac S, Clifton J, Josic D. Therapeutic plasma proteins--application of proteomics in process optimization, validation, and analysis of the final product. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1104-17. [PMID: 21544836 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the application of proteomic technology in the monitoring of different steps during the production of therapeutic proteins from human plasma. Recent advances in this technology enable the use of proteomics as an advantageous tool for the validation of already existing processes, the development and fine tuning of new production steps, the characterization and quality control of final products, the detection of both harmful impurities and modifications of the therapeutic protein and the auditing of batch-to-batch variations. Further, use of proteomics for preclinical testing of new products, which can be either recombinant or plasma-derived, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gaso-Sokac
- Department of Chemistry, J. J. Strossmayer Univeristy, Osijek, Croatia
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Abstract
Given the inhibitor-associated morbidity resulting from limited effective treatment options, antibody eradication is the ultimate goal of inhibitor management. The only clinically proven strategy for achieving antigen-specific tolerance to factor VIII is immune tolerance induction (ITI). First reported over 30 years ago, much of our current knowledge about ITI in haemophilia A and B was derived from small cohort studies and retrospective national and international ITI registries. More recently, prospective randomised ITI trials have been designed and initiated to answer outstanding questions related to the optimisation of current therapeutic strategy in haemophilia A. However, due to the low incidence of inhibitor development in haemophilia B compared to haemophilia A, there are few comparable data from which to develop a useful evidence-based approach to the prevention and eradication of FIX inhibitors. The lack of an effective strategy is particularly problematic given the even greater morbidity associated with the almost unique occurrence of allergic and anaphylactic reactions that often herald FIX antibody development, and further complicates attempts to eradicate FIX inhibitors. Ultimately, successful inhibitor prevention and eradication strategies for both diseases will emerge from the clinical translation of our evolving knowledge of immune stimulation and tolerance. This paper will discuss our current understanding of immune tolerance outcome and outcome predictors for haemophilia A and B; it will also review the current consensus recommendations for ITI, as well as the emerging scientific body of immunological knowledge that may significantly impact the therapeutic and preventative strategies of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Di Michele
- Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Saito H, Matsushita T, Kojima T. Historical perspective and future direction of coagulation research. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:352-63. [PMID: 21781272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 100 years, remarkable advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of blood coagulation. Starting with the early clinical observations of rare patients with hereditary clotting disorders, our knowledge has increased in keeping pace with the introduction of new technologies: from simple laboratory tests to protein chemistry, to DNA technology, and to gene targeting technology. Advances in basic research have been successfully translated into improved methods for the diagnosis of bleeding disorders as well as thrombosis, and the development of recombinant clotting factors for replacement therapy in patients with haemophilia. New promising anticoagulants have also been developed for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Based on the unique nature of blood coagulation research the close interactions and collaborations between basic scientists and clinicians have played a major role in these developments. It is anticipated that blood coagulation research will continue to play a leading role in promoting better care of the patients with bleeding disorders or thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.
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31
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Gringeri A, Muça-Perja M, Mangiafico L, von Mackensen S. Pharmacotherapy of haemophilia A. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1039-53. [PMID: 21682657 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.570006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemophilia A is due to factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. The main treatment is replacement therapy with FVIII concentrates. However, these concentrates carried a high risk of blood-borne viral infections and still have a high risk of inducing anti-FVIII inhibitors. AREAS COVERED An overview of products available and therapeutic options for haemophilia A management in order to help in decision making. A literature search using Medline with the keywords: 'haemophilia', 'factor VIII', 'therapy', 'inhibitor', 'concentrate', 'bleeding', 'prophylaxis', 'on demand', 'plasma-derived', 'recombinant', 'coagulation factors', 'immunotolerance' was performed. The years 1960 - 2010 are included. EXPERT OPINION Progress in management of patients with haemophilia A has allowed increased life expectancy and quality of life. There is evidence that prophylaxis prevents or, at least, slows down arthropathy development when started early in childhood. FVIII concentrates have achieved high levels of blood-borne pathogen safety. However, treatment is frequently complicated by development of FVIII-neutralizing inhibitors, which prevent control of bleeding and predispose to a high morbidity and mortality risk. Bypassing agents are effective in bleeding treatment in a high percentage of cases. Prophylaxis with bypassing agents and their use in combination are offering opportunities in management of inhibitor patients. More evidence is necessary to understand how to prevent and manage this complication.
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32
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Bendtzen K. Critical review: assessment of interferon-β immunogenicity in multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 30:759-66. [PMID: 20874253 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses type I interferon (IFN) immunogenicity with focus on methods of detection of anti-IFN antibodies in patients treated with human recombinant IFN-β. Pitfalls involved in the clinical use of various types of assays for binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against IFN-β are presented, and the widely held distinction between binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies is questioned both in terms of detection and clinical importance. The article also addresses important bioavailability and pharmacokinetic issues occurring with prolonged use of protein drugs. The rationale for individualized or personalized medicine, ie, optimizing therapies according to individual needs rather than using standardized trial-and-error regimens to all patients, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Bendtzen
- Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to highlight strategies being pursued to enhance current concentrate therapies for the hemophilias. During the past 5 years, significant progress has been made with a variety of protein-engineering initiatives, some of which are already in early-phase clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS The standard of care for hemophilia therapy involves the infusion of clotting factor concentrates either at the time of bleeding (on demand therapy) or in a prophylactic schedule to prevent bleeding episodes. This latter approach to therapy has been used in some parts of Europe for several decades and has recently been shown, in a prospective randomized study, to result in a significant reduction in musculoskeletal pathology. The aim of many of the novel concentrates under development is to prolong the half-life of the infused clotting factor and thus to reduce the frequency of infusions. Several different strategies are being evaluated for this purpose including conjugation with hydrophilic polymers and generation of fusion proteins that are recycled by the FcRn receptor. SUMMARY The speed of progress with the development of several approaches to extend clotting factor half-lives has been encouraging. It is very likely that several of these concentrates will reach the clinic in the near future.
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Abstract
Gene therapy for hemophilia A would be facilitated by development of smaller expression cassettes encoding factor VIII (FVIII), which demonstrate improved biosynthesis and/or enhanced biologic properties. B domain deleted (BDD) FVIII retains full procoagulant function and is expressed at higher levels than wild-type FVIII. However, a partial BDD FVIII, leaving an N-terminal 226 amino acid stretch (N6), increases in vitro secretion of FVIII tenfold compared with BDD-FVIII. In this study, we tested various BDD constructs in the context of either wild-type or codon-optimized cDNA sequences expressed under control of the strong, ubiquitous Spleen Focus Forming Virus promoter within a self-inactivating HIV-based lentiviral vector. Transduced 293T cells in vitro demonstrated detectable FVIII activity. Hemophilic mice treated with lentiviral vectors showed expression of FVIII activity and phenotypic correction sustained over 250 days. Importantly, codon-optimized constructs achieved an unprecedented 29- to 44-fold increase in expression, yielding more than 200% normal human FVIII levels. Addition of B domain sequences to BDD-FVIII did not significantly increase in vivo expression. These significant findings demonstrate that shorter FVIII constructs that can be more easily accommodated in viral vectors can result in increased therapeutic efficacy and may deliver effective gene therapy for hemophilia A.
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Rodriguez NI, Hoots WK. Advances in hemophilia: experimental aspects and therapy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010; 24:181-98. [PMID: 20113902 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article describes recent clinical and research advances in hemophilia therapy. Different prophylactic regimens for the management of severe hemophilia are described along with the use of adjuvant treatment options to achieve hemostasis. The safety and efficacy of radionuclide synovectomy with phosphorus 32-sulfur colloid to treat existing joint arthropathy also are described. The development of inhibitors to factor VIII or IX remains a challenge for hemophilia care and recent approaches to achieve immune tolerance induction are discussed. Finally, recent advances in hemophilia are mentioned, including the role of iron, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of hemophilic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidra I Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatrics, Hematology Section, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 6411 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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38
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Endothelial cell processing and alternatively spliced transcripts of factor VIII: potential implications for coagulation cascades and pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9154. [PMID: 20174619 PMCID: PMC2823490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency leads to haemophilia A. Conversely, elevated plasma levels are a strong predictor of recurrent venous thromboemboli and pulmonary hypertension phenotypes in which in situ thromboses are implicated. Extrahepatic sources of plasma FVIII are implicated, but have remained elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunohistochemistry of normal human lung tissue, and confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and ELISA quantification of conditioned media from normal primary endothelial cells were used to examine endothelial expression of FVIII and coexpression with von Willebrand Factor (vWF), which protects secreted FVIII heavy chain from rapid proteloysis. FVIII transcripts predicted from database mining were identified by rt-PCR and sequencing. FVIII mAb-reactive material was demonstrated in CD31+ endothelial cells in normal human lung tissue, and in primary pulmonary artery, pulmonary microvascular, and dermal microvascular endothelial cells. In pulmonary endothelial cells, this protein occasionally colocalized with vWF, centered on Weibel Palade bodies. Pulmonary artery and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells secreted low levels of FVIII and vWF to conditioned media, and demonstrated cell surface expression of FVIII and vWF Ab–reacting proteins compared to an isotype control. Four endothelial splice isoforms were identified. Two utilize transcription start sites in alternate 5′ exons within the int22h-1 repeat responsible for intron 22 inversions in 40% of severe haemophiliacs. A reciprocal relationship between the presence of short isoforms and full-length FVIII transcript suggested potential splice-switching mechanisms. Conclusions/Significance The pulmonary endothelium is confirmed as a site of FVIII secretion, with evidence of synthesis, cell surface expression, and coexpression with vWF. There is complex alternate transcription initiation from the FVIII gene. These findings provide a framework for future research on the regulation and perturbation of FVIII synthesis, and of potential relevance to haemophilia, thromboses, and pulmonary hypertensive states.
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Pogson M, Georgiou G, Iverson BL. Engineering next generation proteases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:390-7. [PMID: 19709875 PMCID: PMC2763932 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of novel and precise sequence specificity into proteases will provide an important route to the development of exciting new tools for analytical, biotechnological, and therapeutic applications. Significant progress has been made in reprogramming protease specificity, largely because of the development of high-throughput assay technologies allowing the isolation of protease variants from large libraries. For example, using directed evolution as well as other approaches, proteases have been reprogrammed to cleave substrates containing a variety of amino acids in the P1 and P1' positions including a post-translationally modified tyrosine, a specificity not yet identified in any naturally occurring protease. Together, these recent advances represent substantial progress that could soon enable the widespread application of engineered proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pogson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
| | - George Georgiou
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Brent L. Iverson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry
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41
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Mosnier LO, Zampolli A, Kerschen EJ, Schuepbach RA, Banerjee Y, Fernández JA, Yang XV, Riewald M, Weiler H, Ruggeri ZM, Griffin JH. Hyperantithrombotic, noncytoprotective Glu149Ala-activated protein C mutant. Blood 2009; 113:5970-8. [PMID: 19244160 PMCID: PMC2700330 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-183327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) reduces mortality in severe sepsis patients. APC exerts anticoagulant activities via inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa and cytoprotective activities via endothelial protein C receptor and protease-activated receptor-1. APC mutants with selectively altered and opposite activity profiles, that is, greatly reduced anticoagulant activity or greatly reduced cytoprotective activities, are compared here. Glu149Ala-APC exhibited enhanced in vitro anticoagulant and in vivo antithrombotic activity, but greatly diminished in vitro cytoprotective effects and in vivo reduction of endotoxin-induced murine mortality. Thus, residue Glu149 and the C-terminal region of APC's light chain are identified as functionally important for expression of multiple APC activities. In contrast to Glu149Ala-APC, 5A-APC (Lys191-193Ala + Arg229/230Ala) with protease domain mutations lacked in vivo antithrombotic activity, although it was potent in reducing endotoxin-induced mortality, as previously shown. These data imply that APC molecular species with potent antithrombotic activity, but without robust cytoprotective activity, are not sufficient to reduce mortality in endotoxemia, emphasizing the need for APC's cytoprotective actions, but not anticoagulant actions, to reduce endotoxin-induced mortality. Protein engineering can provide APC mutants that permit definitive mechanism of action studies for APC's multiple activities, and may also provide safer and more effective second-generation APC mutants with reduced bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Muhl L, Hersemeyer K, Preissner KT, Weimer T, Kanse SM. Structure - function analysis of factor VII activating protease (FSAP): Sequence determinants for heparin binding and cellular functions. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1994-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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One-stage clotting versus chromogenic assays for assessing recombinant factor VIII: two faces of a haemostasis coin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:1-3. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32831bc324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Abstract
This article describes recent clinical and research advances in hemophilia therapy. Different prophylactic regimens for the management of severe hemophilia are described along with the use of adjuvant treatment options to achieve hemostasis. The safety and efficacy of radionuclide synovectomy with phosphorus 32-sulfur colloid to treat existing joint arthropathy also are described. The development of inhibitors to factor VIII or IX remains a challenge for hemophilia care and recent approaches to achieve immune tolerance induction are discussed. Finally, recent advances in hemophilia are mentioned, including the role of iron, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of hemophilic arthopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidra I Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatrics, Hematology Section, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 6411 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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45
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COLVIN BT, ASTERMARK J, FISCHER K, GRINGERI A, LASSILA R, SCHRAMM W, THOMAS A, INGERSLEV J. European principles of haemophilia care. Haemophilia 2008; 14:361-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2007.01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether paediatric Haemophilia Treatment Centre (HTC) physicians are concerned about poor adherence to prophylaxis and if such concerns decrease prescription of prophylaxis in patients with haemophilia. Fifty-nine HTC physicians completed a written survey based on self-report of individual practice. Fifty-one (86%) prescribed prophylaxis on a routine basis. Overall, 32 (54%) believed that 76-100% of the patients on prophylaxis infuse > or =80% of the recommended prophylaxis doses and 25 (42%) believed that 51-75% of the patients infuse > or =80% of the doses. Physicians utilize multi-modal methods to make this assessment. Forty-eight (81%) respondents identified that perceptions of patient non-adherence decrease their prescription of prophylaxis. In fact, 30% decided not to prescribe prophylaxis for individual patients within the last year secondary to concerns about non-adherence. Strategies should be developed to improve the implementation of prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Thornburg
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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47
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Srour MA, Grupp J, Aburubaiha Z, Albert T, Brondke H, Oldenburg J, Schwaab R. Modified expression of coagulation factor VIII by addition of a glycosylation site at the N terminus of the protein. Ann Hematol 2007; 87:107-12. [PMID: 17899080 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that glycoproteins with N-glycans close to the NH(2) terminus can directly enter the calnexin/calreticulin cycle and bypass BiP binding. This should allow efficient secretion of glycoproteins such as factor VIII (FVIII) whose secretion is negatively affected by BiP interaction. Examination of the glycosylation pattern of the NH(2) terminus of FV and FVIII revealed N-glycans at positions 23 and 27 in FV and at position 41 in FVIII. To improve FVIII secretion, a 14-amino-acid-long polypeptide with (G3) or without (G0; control) three N-linked glycosylation consensus sites was inserted upstream of the NH(2) terminus of a B-domain deleted FVIII protein. Expression of G3- and G0-constructs in three different cell lines resulted in the same or even higher expression rate of protein as found for the B-domain deleted FVIII. However, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, the G3- as well as the G0-protein variants were mainly retained inside the cells in similar amounts. Thus, glycosylation alone does not automatically lead to higher secretion rates, but must be in context to the normal structure of the FVIII protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Srour
- Institute for Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinics Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany,
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Batlle J, López Fernández MF. Enseñanzas del factor VII activo recombinante. Diez años desde su autorización en la hemofilia complicada con inhibidor. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 129:382-6. [PMID: 17915135 DOI: 10.1157/13110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Batlle
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, España.
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Abstract
Factor IX (FIX) inhibitors develop in 1.5-3% of haemophilia B patients. Due to its low incidence compared with that in haemophilia A, few comparable data exist on host and treatment-related risk factors, and immunological processes associated with FIX inhibitor development. Moreover, the safety and efficacy of bypass therapy as well as the outcome predictors of successful inhibitor eradication have been poorly characterised. The lack of a useful evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of FIX inhibitors complicates their significant morbidity due to the frequency of allergic reactions that often herald antibody development. This review discusses what is currently known about the epidemiology, natural history and immunology of anti-FIX antibody development. It addresses several special considerations in the approach to the treatment of bleeding and inhibitor eradication. A case is made for moving forward with an integrated international collaboration for the further study of the nature and treatment of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna DiMichele
- Pediatrics and Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Clotting factor transfusions are vital for people with diseases such as haemophilia. In the 1970s and 1980s, transfusions with pooled plasma led to a devastatingly high number of recipients becoming infected with blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis C. This epidemic triggered the development of virus-free factor concentrates through a combination of improved donor selection and screening, effective virucidal technologies, and recombinant protein expression biotechnology. There is now a wide range of recombinant factor concentrates, and an impressive safety record with respect to pathogen transmission. However, remaining therapeutic challenges include the potential threat of transmission of prions and other pathogens, the formation of inhibitory alloantibodies, and the international disparity that exists in product availability due to differences in licensure status as well as prohibitively high costs. In the future, it is likely that bioengineered recombinant proteins that have been modified to enhance pharmacokinetic properties or reduce immunogenicity, or both, will be used increasingly in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Key
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and Harold R Roberts Comprehensive Hemophilia Diagnostic and Treatment Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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