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Poncz M, Zaitsev SV, Ahn H, Kowalska MA, Bdeir K, Dergilev KV, Ivanciu L, Camire RM, Cines DB, Stepanova V. Packaging of supplemented urokinase into alpha granules of in vitro-grown megakaryocytes for targeted nascent clot lysis. Blood Adv 2024; 8:3798-3809. [PMID: 38805575 PMCID: PMC11298819 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibrinolytics delivered into the general circulation lack selectivity for nascent thrombi, reducing efficacy and increasing the risk of bleeding. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgenically expressed within murine platelets provided targeted thromboprophylaxis without causing bleeding but is not clinically feasible. Recent advances in generating megakaryocytes prompted us to develop a potentially clinically relevant means to produce "antithrombotic" platelets from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-derived in vitro-grown megakaryocytes. CD34+ megakaryocytes internalize and store in alpha granules (α-granules) single-chain uPA (scuPA) and a plasmin-resistant thrombin-activatable variant (uPAT). Both uPAs colocalized with internalized factor V (FV), fibrinogen and plasminogen, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3, but not with endogenous von Willebrand factor (VWF). Endocytosis of uPA by CD34+ megakaryocytes was mediated, in part, via LRP1 and αIIbβ3. scuPA-containing megakaryocytes degraded endocytosed intragranular FV but not endogenous VWF in the presence of internalized plasminogen, whereas uPAT-megakaryocytes did not significantly degrade either protein. We used a carotid artery injury model in nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency IL2rγnull (NSG) mice homozygous for VWFR1326H (a mutation switching binding VWF specificity from mouse to human glycoprotein Ibα) to test whether platelets derived from scuPA- or uPAT-megakaryocytes would prevent thrombus formation. NSG/VWFR1326H mice exhibited a lower thrombotic burden after carotid artery injury compared with NSG mice unless infused with human platelets or megakaryocytes, whereas intravenous injection of uPA-megakaryocytes generated sufficient uPA-containing human platelets to lyse nascent thrombi. These studies describe the use of in vitro-generated megakaryocytes as a potential platform for delivering uPA or other ectopic proteins within platelet α-granules to sites of vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortimer Poncz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sergei V. Zaitsev
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hyunsook Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M. Anna Kowalska
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Khalil Bdeir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Konstantin V. Dergilev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lacramioara Ivanciu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rodney M. Camire
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas B. Cines
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Victoria Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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2
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Acebes-Huerta A, Martínez-Botía P, Carbajo-Argüelles G, Fernández-Fuertes J, Muñoz-Turrillas MC, Ojea-Pérez AM, López-Vázquez A, Eble JA, Gutiérrez L. Characterization of the molecular composition and in vitro regenerative capacity of platelet-based bioproducts and related subfractions. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:132-147. [PMID: 38311196 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The use and demand of platelet-based bioproducts in regenerative medicine is steadily increasing. However, it is very difficult to establish the real clinical benefits of these therapies, as the lack of characterization and detailed production methods of platelet-based bioproducts persists in the literature and precludes cross-study comparisons. We characterized the molecular composition and in vitro regenerative capacity of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) produced in a closed-system. Furthermore, we performed a parallel characterization on different PRP subfractions (plasma and plasma-free platelet lysate), identifying that the fractions containing platelet-derived cargo exert the most potent regenerative capacity. This observation led us to develop a method to obtain a platelet secretome highly enriched in growth factors, free of plasma and cellular components (PCT/IB2022/057936), with the aim of establishing a superior bioproduct. The molecular characterization of secretomes revealed agonist-dependent differences, which correlates with beneficial grades of regenerative capacity. Importantly, secretomes showed general superiority to PRP in vitro. We discuss the variables influencing the bioproduct quality (inter-donor variation, platelet source and processing methods). Finally, we propose that the characteristics of secretomes circumvents certain limitations of PRP (autologous vs allogeneic), and envision that optimizing post-processing protocols (nanoencapsulation, lyophilization), would allow their clinical application even beyond regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The use and demand of platelet-based bioproducts in regenerative medicine is steadily increasing. However, it is very difficult to establish the real clinical benefits of these therapies, or to improve/personalize them, as the lack of characterization of the bioproducts and their production methods is a constant in the literature, reason that precludes cross-study comparisons. In the present manuscript, we provide a comprehensive molecular and functional characterization of platelet-based bioproducts and subfractions, including platelet rich plasma, plasma fractions and platelet secretomes produced with a methodology developed by our group. Our results show that the molecular composition of each fraction correlates with its regenerative capacity in vitro. Thus, a rigorous characterization of platelet-derived bioproducts will potentially allow universal use, customizing and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Acebes-Huerta
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Martínez-Botía
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Graciela Carbajo-Argüelles
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Judit Fernández-Fuertes
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Carmen Muñoz-Turrillas
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Centro Regional de Transfusión de Toledo-Guadalajara, Spain
| | | | - Antonio López-Vázquez
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Gutiérrez
- Platelet Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Spain.
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3
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Poncz M, Zaitsev SV, Ahn H, Kowalska MA, Bdeir K, Camire RM, Cines DB, Stepanova V. Packaging of supplemented urokinase into naked alpha-granules of in vitro -grown megakaryocytes for targeted therapeutic delivery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570278. [PMID: 38106191 PMCID: PMC10723305 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Our prior finding that uPA endogenously expressed and stored in the platelets of transgenic mice prevented thrombus formation without causing bleeding, prompted us to develop a potentially clinically relevant means of generating anti-thrombotic human platelets in vitro from CD34 + hematopoietic cell-derived megakaryocytes. CD34 + -megakaryocytes internalize and store in α-granules single-chain uPA (scuPA) and a uPA variant modified to be plasmin-resistant, but thrombin-activatable, (uPAT). Both uPAs co-localized with internalized factor V (FV), fibrinogen and plasminogen, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), but not with endogenous von Willebrand factor (VWF). Endocytosis of uPA by CD34 + -\megakaryocytes was mediated in part via LRP1 and αIIbβ3. scuPA-containing megakaryocytes degraded endocytosed intragranular FV, but not endogenous VWF, in the presence of internalized plasminogen, whereas uPAT-megakaryocytes did not significantly degrade either protein. We used a carotid-artery injury model in NOD-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice homozygous for VWF R1326H (a mutation switching binding VWF specificity from mouse to human glycoprotein IbmlIX) to test whether platelets derived from scuPA-MKs or uPAT-Mks would prevent thrombus formation. NSG/VWF R1326H mice exhibited a lower thrombotic burden after carotid artery injury compared to NSG mice unless infused with human platelets or MKs, whereas intravenous injection of either uPA-containing megakaryocytes into NSG/VWF R1326H generated sufficient uPA-containing human platelets to lyse nascent thrombi. These studies suggest the potential to deliver uPA or potentially other ectopic proteins within platelet α-granules from in vitro- generated megakaryocytes. Key points Unlike platelets, in vitro-grown megakaryocytes can store exogenous uPA in its α-granules.uPA uptake involves LRP1 and αIIbβ3 receptors and is functionally available from activated platelets.
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Au DT, Arai AL, Fondrie WE, Muratoglu SC, Strickland DK. Role of the LDL Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Regulating Protease Activity and Signaling Pathways in the Vasculature. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 19:1276-1288. [PMID: 29749311 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180511162048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms represent a significant clinical problem as they largely go undetected until a rupture occurs. Currently, an understanding of mechanisms leading to aneurysm formation is limited. Numerous studies clearly indicate that vascular smooth muscle cells play a major role in the development and response of the vasculature to hemodynamic changes and defects in these responses can lead to aneurysm formation. The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is major smooth muscle cell receptor that has the capacity to mediate the endocytosis of numerous ligands and to initiate and regulate signaling pathways. Genetic evidence in humans and mouse models reveal a critical role for LRP1 in maintaining the integrity of the vasculature. Understanding the mechanisms by which this is accomplished represents an important area of research, and likely involves LRP1's ability to regulate levels of proteases known to degrade the extracellular matrix as well as its ability to modulate signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianaly T Au
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Allison L Arai
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - William E Fondrie
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Selen C Muratoglu
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
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5
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Zhang N, Newman PJ. Packaging functionally important plasma proteins into the α-granules of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived megakaryocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:244-252. [PMID: 30556311 DOI: 10.1002/term.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The contents of platelet α-granules arrive via a number of pathways; some are synthesized by megakaryocytes (MKs), for example, von Willebrand factor (VWF), whereas others are endocytosed from plasma, for example, fibrinogen (Fgn) and factor V (FV). Currently, almost all in vitro-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MKs are generated under serum-free conditions, and their α-granule cargoes lack components that would normally be taken up from plasma during the course of megakaryopoiesis. How this might affect the ability of in vitro-derived platelets to contribute fully to haemostasis is not known. The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether "feeding" human plasma to iPSC-derived MKs might result in loading their α-granules with physiologically important proteins. iPSCs were differentiated to CD41+ /CD42b+ MKs using a serum-free protocol. The resulting MKs were polyploid, expressed a number of platelet-specific surface receptors, and spread on Fgn or collagen-coated surfaces. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis detected mRNA transcripts for FV and VWF but not Fgn chains. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy confirmed constitutive VWF distribution in granule-like structures in MKs cultured under plasma-free conditions, and the granules became positive for Fgn upon incubation with human plasma. iPSC-derived MKs showed a low level of constitutive FV expression that increased dramatically upon incubation with human plasma. Taken together, these data suggest that human iPSC-derived MKs are capable of endocytosing and storing plasma components in their α-granules. Incorporating this methodology into current protocols for producing in vitro-derived MKs should provide novel insights into MK biology and lead to the generation of large numbers of MKs and platelets with improved functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyan Zhang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter J Newman
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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6
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Mutch NJ. Regulation of Fibrinolysis by Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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8
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Gertz JM, McLean KC, Bouchard BA. Endocytosed factor V is trafficked to CD42b + proplatelet extensions during differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived megakaryocytes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8691-8700. [PMID: 29761851 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma- and platelet-derived factor Va are essential for thrombin generation catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex; however, several observations demonstrate that the platelet-derived cofactor, which is formed following megakaryocyte endocytosis and modification of the plasma procofactor, factor V, is more hemostatically relevant. Factor V endocytosis, as a function of megakaryocyte differentiation and proplatelet formation, was assessed by flow cytometry and microscopy in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood and cultured for 12 days in the presence of cytokines to induce ex vivo differentiation into megakaryocytes. Expression of an early marker of megakaryocyte differentiation, CD41, endocytosis of factor V, and the percentage of CD41+ cells that endocytosed factor V increased from days 6 to 12 of differentiation. In contrast, statistically significant decreases in expression of the stem cell marker, CD34, and in the percentage of CD34+ cells that endocytosed factor V were observed. A statistically significant increase in the expression of CD42b, a late marker of megakaryocyte differentiation, was also observed over time, such that by Day 12, all CD42b+ cells endocytosed factor V and expressed CD41. This endocytosed factor V was trafficked to proplatelet extensions and was localized in a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm consistent with its storage in α-granules. In conclusion, loss of CD34 and expression of CD42b define cells capable of factor V endocytosis and trafficking to proplatelet extensions during differentiation of megakaryocytes ex vivo from progenitor cells isolated from umbilical cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Gertz
- Department of Biochemistry, The Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Kelley C McLean
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Beth A Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, The Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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9
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Gertz JM, Meuser M, Bouchard BA. Simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of megakaryocyte polyploidy and a labile intracellular protein using zinc-based fixation. Cytometry A 2017; 91:713-720. [PMID: 28692777 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiating megakaryocytes undergo a unique endomitotic cell cycle leading to large polyploidal cells, which fragment to generate platelets, blood cells important for normal hemostasis. Simultaneous assessment of DNA content and cellular proteins by flow cytometry is a useful tool to study megakaryocyte differentiation and to define expression of proteins important for megakaryocyte development and platelet formation. The usefulness of zinc salt-based fixation (ZBF), a non-crosslinking method of cell fixation that permits downstream analysis of nucleic acids (Jensen et al., Cytometry A 2010;77A:798-804), in flow cytometric analysis of megakaryocyte ploidy in conjunction with extracellular and intracellular proteins was assessed. ZBF of a megakaryocyte-like cell line resulted in preservation of proteins similar to paraformaldehyde fixation, and preservation of DNA content in a manner similar to methanol fixation. This is highlighted by experiments in which polyploidal megakaryocytes were analyzed simultaneously for endocytosis of a fluorescently-labeled, endocytosed labile protein or expression of a cell surface integrin and DNA content. These studies demonstrate that ZBF will be a valuable tool to study the molecular events leading to platelet formation. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Meuser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Beth A Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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10
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Identifying and enriching platelet-producing human stem cell-derived megakaryocytes using factor V uptake. Blood 2017; 130:192-204. [PMID: 28455282 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-01-761049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived platelets have the potential to replace donor platelets for transfusion. Defining the platelet-producing megakaryocytes (MKs) within the heterogeneous MK culture may help to optimize the in vitro generation of platelets. Using 2 human stem cell models of megakaryopoiesis, we identified novel MK populations corresponding to distinct maturation stages. An immature, low granular (LG) MK pool (defined by side scatter on flow cytometry) gives rise to a mature high granular (HG) pool, which then becomes damaged by apoptosis and glycoprotein Ib α chain (CD42b) shedding. We define an undamaged HG/CD42b+ MK subpopulation, which endocytoses fluorescently labeled coagulation factor V (FV) from the media into α-granules and releases functional FV+CD42b+ human platelet-like particles in vitro and when infused into immunodeficient mice. Importantly, these FV+ particles have the same size distribution as infused human donor platelets and are preferentially incorporated into clots after laser injury. Using drugs to protect HG MKs from apoptosis and CD42b shedding, we also demonstrate that apoptosis precedes CD42b shedding and that apoptosis inhibition enriches the FV+ HG/CD42b+ MKs, leading to increased platelet yield in vivo, but not in vitro. These studies identify a transition between distinct MK populations in vitro, including one that is primed for platelet release. Technologies to optimize and select these platelet-ready MKs may be important to efficiently generate functional platelets from in vitro-grown MKs.
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11
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Radu CM, Spiezia L, Bulato C, Gavasso S, Campello E, Sartorello F, Castoldi E, Simioni P. Endocytosis of exogenous factor V by ex-vivo differentiated megakaryocytes from patients with severe parahaemophilia. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:517-524. [PMID: 27443583 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although human megakaryocytes can synthesize factor V (FV), platelet FV derives largely from endocytosis of plasma FV. Recently, it has been shown that plasma transfusions can replenish the platelet FV pool in parahaemophilic patients. Here we corroborate this finding by showing FV endocytosis by ex vivo differentiated megakaryocytes derived from patients with inherited parahaemophilia. Mononuclear stem cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy subjects and of three patients with severe parahaemophilia were cultured in the presence of thrombopoietin and interleukin-3 and differentiated into CD41-positive polynucleated megakaryocytes. Exogenous purified FV was added to the culture medium to evaluate FV endocytosis. Immunofluorescence staining revealed abundant FV expression in megakaryocytes derived from healthy donors, but no FV expression in those derived from patients with severe parahaemophilia. However, after the addition of purified FV to the culture medium, megakaryocytes from parahaemophilia patients became positive upon FV immunostaining, suggesting endocytosis of exogenous FV. Endocytosed FV retained factor Xa-co-factor activity as assessed by a prothrombin time-based functional test in megakaryocyte lysates. Addition of exogenous FV to culture medium can restore the FV content of megakaryocytes derived from patients with severe FV defects. This rescue mechanism can have important clinical implications in the management of parahaemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Radu
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bulato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabrina Gavasso
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Campello
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Sartorello
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Castoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
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12
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Gertz JM, Bouchard BA. Mechanisms Regulating Acquisition of Platelet-Derived Factor V/Va by Megakaryocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2121-6. [PMID: 25800007 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Factor Va serves as the nonenzymatic protein cofactor for the prothrombinase complex, which converts prothrombin to thrombin in the events leading to formation of a hemostatic plug. Several observations support the concept that platelet-derived factor V/Va is physically and functionally distinct and plays a more important role in thrombin generation at sites of vascular injury as compared to its plasma counterpart. Platelet-derived factor V/Va is generated following endocytosis of the plasma-derived molecule by the platelet precursor cells, megakaryocytes, via a two receptor system consisting of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) and an unidentified specific "binding site". More recently, it was suggested that a cell surface-expressed β-galactoside binding protein, galectin-8, was involved in factor V endocytosis. Endocytosed factor V is trafficked through the cell and retailored prior to its storage in α-granules. Given the essential role of platelet-derived factor Va in clot formation, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate how platelets acquire this molecule will be important for the treatment of excessive bleeding or clotting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth A Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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13
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Abstract
We have proposed that modified platelets could potentially be used to correct intrinsic platelet defects as well as for targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules to sights of vascular injury. Ectopic expression of proteins within α-granules prior to platelet activation has been achieved for several proteins, including urokinase, factor (F) VIII, and partially for FIX. Potential uses of platelet-directed therapeutics will be discussed, focusing on targeted delivery of urokinase as a thromboprophylactic agent and FVIII for the treatment of hemophilia A patients with intractable inhibitors. This presentation will discuss new strategies that may be useful in the care of patients with vascular injury as well as remaining challenges and limitations of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lyde
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Sabatino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S K Sullivan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - M Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Bouchard BA, Abdalla S, Tracy PB. The factor V light chain mediates the binding and endocytosis of plasma-derived factor V by megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:2181-3. [PMID: 24119039 PMCID: PMC4045624 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Ayombil F, Abdalla S, Tracy PB, Bouchard BA. Proteolysis of plasma-derived factor V following its endocytosis by megakaryocytes forms the platelet-derived factor V/Va pool. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1532-9. [PMID: 23710903 PMCID: PMC3745546 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central to appropriate thrombin formation at sites of vascular injury is the concerted assembly of plasma- and/or platelet-derived factor (F) Va and FXa on the activated platelet surface. While the plasma-derived procofactor, FV, must be proteolytically activated by α-thrombin to FVa to function in prothrombinase, the platelet molecule is released from α-granules in a partially activated state, obviating the need for proteolytic activation. OBJECTIVES The current study was performed to test the hypothesis that subsequent to its endocytosis by megakaryocytes, plasma-derived FV is proteolytically processed to form the platelet-derived pool. METHODS & RESULTS Subsequent to FV endocytosis, a time-dependent increase in FV proteolytic products was observed in megakaryocyte lysates by SDS-PAGE followed by phosphorimaging or western blotting. This cleavage was specific and resulted in the formation of products similar in size to FV/Va present in a platelet lysate as well as to the α-thrombin-activated FVa heavy chain and light chain, and their respective precursors. Other proteolytic products were unique to endocytosed FV. The product/precursor relationships of these fragments were defined using anti-FV heavy and light chain antibodies with defined epitopes. Activity measurements indicated that megakaryocyte-derived FV fragments exhibited substantial FVa cofactor activity that was comparable to platelet-derived FV/Va. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations suggest that prior to its packaging in α-granules endocytosed FV undergoes proteolysis by one or more specific megakaryocyte protease(s) to form the partially activated platelet-derived pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ayombil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Hung WS, Huang CL, Fan JT, Huang DY, Yeh CF, Cheng JC, Tseng CP. The endocytic adaptor protein Disabled-2 is required for cellular uptake of fibrinogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1778-88. [PMID: 22705885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is pivotal for uptake of fibrinogen from plasma into megakaryocytes and platelet α-granules. Due to the complex adaptor and cargo contents in endocytic vehicles, the underlying mechanism of fibrinogen uptake is not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether the endocytic adaptor protein Disabled-2 (DAB2) mediates fibrinogen uptake in an adaptor-specific manner. By employing primary megakaryocytes and megakaryocytic differentiating human leukemic K562 cells as the study models, we found that fibrinogen uptake is associated with the expression of integrin αIIbβ3 and DAB2 and is mediated through clathrin-dependent manner. Accordingly, constitutive and inducible knockdown of DAB2 by small interfering RNA reduced fibrinogen uptake for 53.2 ± 9.8% and 59.0 ± 10.7%, respectively. Culturing the cells in hypertonic solution or in the presence of clathrin inhibitor chlorpromazine abrogated clathrin-dependent endocytosis and diminished the uptake of fibrinogen. Consistent with these findings, 72.2 ± 0.2% of cellular DAB2 was colocalized with clathrin, whereas 56.4±4.1% and 54.6 ± 2.0% of the internalized fibrinogen were colocalized with clathrin and DAB2, respectively. To delineate whether DAB2 mediates fibrinogen uptake in an adaptor-specific manner, K562 stable cell lines with knockdown of the adaptor protein-2 (AP-2) or double knockdown of AP-2/DAB2 were established. The AP-2 knockdown cells elicited normal fibrinogen uptake activity but the uptake of collagen was diminished. In addition, collagen uptake was further reduced in DAB2/AP-2 knockdown cells. These findings thereby define an adaptor-specific mechanism in the control of fibrinogen uptake and implicate that DAB2 is the key adaptor in the clathrin-associated endocytic complexes to mediate fibrinogen internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Zappelli C, van der Zwaan C, Thijssen-Timmer DC, Mertens K, Meijer AB. Novel role for galectin-8 protein as mediator of coagulation factor V endocytosis by megakaryocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8327-35. [PMID: 22267735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-8 (Gal8) interacts with β-galactoside-containing glycoproteins and has recently been implicated to play a role in platelet activation. It has been suggested that Gal8 may also interact with platelet coagulation factor V (FV). This indispensable cofactor is stored in α-granules of platelets via a poorly understood endocytic mechanism that only exists in megakaryocytes (platelet precursor cells). In this study, we now assessed the putative role of Gal8 for FV biology. Surface plasmon resonance analysis and a solid phase binding assay revealed that Gal8 binds FV. The data further show that β-galactosides block the interaction between FV and Gal8. These findings indicate that Gal8 specifically interacts with FV in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Confocal microscopy studies and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that megakaryocytic DAMI cells internalize FV. Flow cytometry showed that these cells express Gal8 on their cell surface. Reducing the functional presence of Gal8 on the cells either by an anti-Gal8 antibody or by siRNA technology markedly impaired the endocytic uptake of FV. Compatible with the apparent role of Gal8 for FV uptake, endocytosis of FV was also affected in the presence of β-galactosides. Strikingly, thrombopoietin-differentiated DAMI cells, which represent a more mature megakaryocytic state, not only lose the capacity to express cell-surface bound Gal8 but also lose the ability to internalize FV. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role for the tandem repeat Gal8 in promoting FV endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zappelli
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Activation of precursor proteins by specific and limited proteolysis is a hallmark of the hemostatic process. The homologous coagulation factors (F)V and FVIII circulate in an inactive, quiescent state in blood. In this so-called procofactor state, these proteins have little, if any procoagulant activity and do not participate to any significant degree in their respective macromolecular enzymatic complexes. Thrombin is considered a key physiological activator, cleaving select peptide bonds in FV and FVIII which ultimately leads to appropriate structural changes that impart cofactor function. As the active cofactors (FVa and FVIIIa) have an enormous impact on thrombin and FXa generation, maintaining FV and FVIII as inactive procofactors undoubtedly plays an important regulatory role that has likely evolved to maintain normal hemostasis. Over the past three decades there has been widespread interest in studying the proteolytic events that lead to the activation of these proteins. While a great deal has been learned, mechanistic explanations as to how bond cleavage facilitates conversion to the active cofactor species remain incompletely understood. However, recent advances have been made detailing how thrombin recognizes FV and FVIII and also how the FV B-domain plays a dominant role in maintaining the procofactor state. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular process of procofactor activation with a particular emphasis on FV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Camire
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Residual platelet factor V ensures thrombin generation in patients with severe congenital factor V deficiency and mild bleeding symptoms. Blood 2009; 115:879-86. [PMID: 19861681 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-237719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor V (FV), present in plasma and platelets, is indispensable to thrombin formation, yet patients with undetectable plasma FV seldom experience major bleeding. We used thrombin generation assays to explore the role of platelet FV in 4 patients with severe congenital FV deficiency (3 with plasma FV clotting activity [FV:C] < 1%). When triggered with tissue factor (TF) concentrations up to 50pM, platelet-poor plasma (PPP) from the patients with undetectable plasma FV showed no thrombin generation, whereas platelet-rich plasma (PRP) formed thrombin already at 1 to 5pM of TF. Thrombin generation in PRP from the FV-deficient patients was enhanced to near-normal levels by platelet activators (collagen or Ca(2+)-ionophore) and could be completely suppressed by specific FV inhibitors, suggesting FV dependence. Accordingly, platelet FV antigen and activity were measurable in all FV-deficient patients and platelet FVa could be visualized by Western blotting. Normalization of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) level, which is physiologically low in FV-deficient plasma, almost completely abolished thrombin generation in PRP from the FV-deficient patients. In conclusion, patients with undetectable plasma FV may contain functional FV in their platelets. In combination with low TFPI level, residual platelet FV allows sufficient thrombin generation to rescue these patients from fatal bleeding.
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Platelet factor 4 regulates megakaryopoiesis through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) on megakaryocytes. Blood 2009; 114:2290-8. [PMID: 19605848 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-216473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a negative regulator of megakaryopoiesis, but its mechanism of action had not been addressed. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) has been shown to mediate endothelial cell responses to PF4 and so we tested this receptor's importance in PF4's role in megakaryopoiesis. We found that LRP1 is absent from megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells, is maximally present on large, polyploidy megakaryocytes, and near absent on platelets. Blocking LRP1 with either receptor-associated protein (RAP), an antagonist of LDL family member receptors, or specific anti-LRP1 antibodies reversed the inhibition of megakaryocyte colony growth by PF4. In addition, using shRNA to reduce LRP1 expression was able to restore megakaryocyte colony formation in bone marrow isolated from human PF4-overexpressing mice (hPF4(High)). Further, shRNA knockdown of LRP1 expression was able to limit the effects of PF4 on megakaryopoiesis. Finally, infusion of RAP into hPF4(High) mice was able to increase baseline platelet counts without affecting other lineages, suggesting that this mechanism is important in vivo. These studies extend our understanding of PF4's negative paracrine effect in megakaryopoiesis and its potential clinical implications as well as provide insights into the biology of LRP1, which is transiently expressed during megakaryopoiesis.
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Duckers C, Simioni P, Rosing J, Castoldi E. Advances in understanding the bleeding diathesis in factor V deficiency. Br J Haematol 2009; 146:17-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
alpha-Granules are essential to normal platelet activity. These unusual secretory granules derive their cargo from both regulated secretory and endocytotic pathways in megakaryocytes. Rare, inheritable defects of alpha-granule formation in mice and man have enabled identification of proteins that mediate cargo trafficking and alpha-granule formation. In platelets, alpha-granules fuse with the plasma membrane upon activation, releasing their cargo and increasing platelet surface area. The mechanisms that control alpha-granule membrane fusion have begun to be elucidated at the molecular level. SNAREs and SNARE accessory proteins that control alpha-granule secretion have been identified. Proteomic studies demonstrate that hundreds of bioactive proteins are released from alpha-granules. This breadth of proteins implies a versatile functionality. While initially known primarily for their participation in thrombosis and hemostasis, the role of alpha-granules in inflammation, atherosclerosis, antimicrobial host defense, wound healing, angiogenesis, and malignancy has become increasingly appreciated as the function of platelets in the pathophysiology of these processes has been defined. This review will consider the formation, release, and physiologic roles of alpha-granules with special emphasis on work performed over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price Blair
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
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Veljkovic DK, Rivard GE, Diamandis M, Blavignac J, Cramer-Bordé EM, Hayward CPM. Increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator in Quebec platelet disorder is linked to megakaryocyte differentiation. Blood 2009; 113:1535-42. [PMID: 19029443 PMCID: PMC2644081 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-172338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quebec platelet disorder (QPD) is an inherited bleeding disorder associated with increased urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in platelets but not in plasma, intraplatelet plasmin generation, and alpha-granule protein degradation. These abnormalities led us to investigate uPA expression by QPD CD34(+) progenitors, cultured megakaryocytes, and platelets, and whether uPA was stored in QPD alpha-granules. Although QPD CD34(+) progenitors expressed normal amounts of uPA, their differentiation into megakaryocytes abnormally increased expression of the uPA gene but not the flanking genes for vinculin or calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIgamma on chromosome 10. The increased uPA production by cultured QPD megakaryocytes mirrored their production of alpha-granule proteins, which was normal. uPA was localized to QPD alpha-granules and it showed extensive colocalization with alpha-granule proteins in both cultured QPD megakaryocytes and platelets, and with plasminogen in QPD platelets. In QPD megakaryocytes, cultured without or with plasma as a source of plasminogen, alpha-granule proteins were stored undegraded and this was associated with much less uPA-plasminogen colocalization than in QPD platelets. Our studies indicate that the overexpression of uPA in QPD emerges with megakaryocyte differentiation, without altering the expression of flanking genes, and that uPA is costored with alpha-granule proteins prior to their proteolysis in QPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kika Veljkovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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