1
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Rawson T. A hierarchical Bayesian quantitative microbiological risk assessment model for Salmonella in the sheep meat food chain. Food Microbiol 2022; 104:103975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Zeng H, Rasschaert G, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, De Reu K. Identification of the Source for Salmonella Contamination of Carcasses in a Large Pig Slaughterhouse. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010077. [PMID: 33477347 PMCID: PMC7831019 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the major source of Salmonella contamination in a pig slaughterhouse, samples were collected from the clean and unclean area and Salmonella isolates were further typed. Carcasses entering the clean area showed a Salmonella contamination rate of 96.7% in the oral cavity and 55.0% in the rectum content samples. Evisceration seemed not to be critical as the contamination rate of the carcasses was similar before (16.7%) and after (18.3%) this slaughter step. In the unclean area, a limited number of oral cavity samples were positive after bleeding, while a dramatic increase of positives was observed after dehairing. Salmonella was detected in up to 0.01 mL of the recycled water collected from the dehairing machine. Genotyping of Salmonella isolates showed that similar pulsotypes were present in the oral cavity and recycled water. Based on these observations it can be concluded that the recycled water used in the dehairing machine was the major source for the carcass contamination in this slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-272-3043
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3
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Hdaifeh A, Khalid T, Boué G, Cummins E, Guillou S, Federighi M, Tesson V. Critical Analysis of Pork QMRA Focusing on Slaughterhouses: Lessons from the Past and Future Trends. Foods 2020; 9:E1704. [PMID: 33233782 PMCID: PMC7699970 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases have a significant impact on public health, leading to millions of human illnesses each year worldwide. Pork is one of the most consumed meat in Europe but may also be a major source of pathogens introduced all along the farm-to-fork chain. Several quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) have been developed to assess human health risks associated with pork consumption and to evaluate the efficiency of different risk reduction strategies. The present critical analysis aims to review pork QMRA. An exhaustive search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. It resulted in identification of a collection of 2489 papers including 42 on QMRA, after screening. Among them, a total of 29 studies focused on Salmonella spp. with clear concern on impacts at the slaughterhouse, modeling the spreading of contaminations and growth at critical stages along with potential reductions. Along with strict compliance with good hygiene practices, several potential risk mitigation pathways were highlighted for each slaughterhouse step. The slaughterhouse has a key role to play to ensure food safety of pork-based products but consideration of the whole farm-to-fork chain is necessary to enable better control of bacteria. This review provides an analysis of pork meat QMRA, to facilitate their reuse, and identify gaps to guide future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Hdaifeh
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Tahreem Khalid
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Géraldine Boué
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Ireland;
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
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4
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Cargnel M, Maes D, Peeters L, Dispas M. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine viability of a potential Salmonella Typhimurium vaccination program in pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105132. [PMID: 32992241 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) might be a way to control ST infections at farm level and reduce human infections. Two main issues have to be addressed before such a mandatory vaccination program can be implemented: the effective reduction of attributable human incidence has to be demonstrated and all socio-economic barriers impacting the attitude and motivation of the pig sector have to be lifted. The present research used a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to estimate the effect of different hypothetical Salmonella spp. and ST mitigation strategies on the annual prevalence of human salmonellosis along the minced pork production chain. In addition, a qualitative study aimed to list the potential concerns of the pig sector about the implementation of a hypothetical future vaccination program. The following themes were the most often mentioned: awareness, vaccine cost-benefit/effectiveness, legislation, monovalent vaccine, time and labour required to vaccinate, vaccine registration and trade restriction. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cargnel
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Dispas
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Zhang Y, O'Connor AM, Wang C, Dickson JS, Hurd HS, Wang B. Interventions Targeting Deep Tissue Lymph Nodes May Not Effectively Reduce the Risk of Salmonellosis from Ground Pork Consumption: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2237-2258. [PMID: 31039285 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of deep tissue lymph nodes (DTLNs) or nonvisceral lymph nodes contaminated with Salmonella in wholesale fresh ground pork (WFGP) production may pose risks to public health. To assess the relative contribution of DTLNs to human salmonellosis occurrence associated with ground pork consumption and to investigate potential critical control points in the slaughter-to-table continuum for the control of human salmonellosis in the United States, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was established. The model predicted an average of 45 cases of salmonellosis (95% CI = [19, 71]) per 100,000 Americans annually due to WFGP consumption. Sensitivity analysis of all stochastic input variables showed that cooking temperature was the most influential parameter for reducing salmonellosis cases associated with WFGP meals, followed by storage temperature and Salmonella concentration on contaminated carcass surface before fabrication. The input variables were grouped to represent three main factors along the slaughter-to-table chain influencing Salmonella doses ingested via WFGP meals: DTLN-related factors, factors at processing other than DTLNs, and consumer-related factors. The evaluation of the impact of each group of factors by second-order Monte Carlo simulation showed that DTLN-related factors had the lowest impact on the risk estimate among the three groups of factors. These findings indicate that interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination in DTLNs or to remove DTLNs from WFGP products may be less critical for reducing human infections attributable to ground pork than improving consumers' cooking habits or interventions of carcass decontamination at processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James S Dickson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - H Scott Hurd
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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6
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Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, Fèvre EM, Rushton J. Control of Taenia solium; A Case for Public and Private Sector Investment. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:176. [PMID: 31281823 PMCID: PMC6595182 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic helminth T. solium is one of the leading causes of acquired epilepsy in endemic countries, resulting in a high burden both in human health and social stigma of affected people (1-3). In 2012 T. solium was highlighted as a priority for control in the World Health Assembly resolution 66.12 (4). Despite a call for validated control strategies by 2015 and a "Tool Kit" of control options being available, relatively few examples of successfully implemented and sustainable control programs are available (5-7). A minimal control strategy focusing solely on the porcine host has also been proposed although the cost-effectiveness of such has yet to be explored (8). Although acknowledgment has been made of the need for initiatives to be sustainable, we are yet to see sufficient consideration of the balance between the provision of public and private goods, and the need for engagement of the people and organizations in the pork value chains within T. solium control strategies. We utilized a food chain risk analysis model to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of $/infective meal avoided, of combining a pharmaceutical intervention in pigs with strengthened meat hygiene services. The addition of a vaccination and treatment protocol, at an additional 10.3% cost, was illustrated to have the potential to improve the ICER of improving meat inspection by 74.6%. The vaccination and treatment protocol also had the potential to reduce the losses borne by the pork industry of condemned meat by 66%, highlighting the potential to leverage private sector investment in T. solium control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian F. Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E. Anne J. Cook
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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7
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Gurman PM, Ross T, Kiermeier A. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonellosis from the Consumption of Australian Pork: Minced Meat from Retail to Burgers Prepared and Consumed at Home. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:2625-2645. [PMID: 30144103 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pork burgers could be expected to have an elevated risk of salmonellosis compared to other pork products due to their comminuted nature. A stochastic risk assessment was performed to estimate the risk of salmonellosis from Australian pork burgers and considered risk-affecting factors in the pork supply chain from retail to consumption at home. Conditions modeled included prevalence and concentration of Salmonella in pork mince, time and temperature effects during retail, consumer transport, and domestic storage and the effect of cooking, with the probability of illness from consumption estimated based on these effects. The model was two-dimensional, allowing for the separation of variability and uncertainty. Potential changes to production practices and consumer behaviors were examined through alternative scenarios. Under current conditions in Australia, the mean risk of salmonellosis from consumption of 100 g pork burgers was estimated to be 1.54 × 10 - 8 per serving or one illness per 65,000,000 servings consumed. Under a scenario in which all pork mince consumed is served as pork burgers, and with conservative (i.e., worst-case) assumptions, 0.746 cases of salmonellosis per year from pork burgers in Australia were predicted. Despite the adoption of several conservative assumptions to fill data gaps, it is predicted that pork burgers have a low probability of causing salmonellosis in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Gurman
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andreas Kiermeier
- Statistical Process Improvement Consulting and Training Pty Ltd, Gumeracha, South Australia, 5233, Australia
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8
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Evers EG, Pielaat A, Smid JH, van Duijkeren E, Vennemann FBC, Wijnands LM, Chardon JE. Comparative Exposure Assessment of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli through Meat Consumption. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169589. [PMID: 28056081 PMCID: PMC5215934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli (EEC) in food animals, especially broilers, has become a major public health concern. The aim of the present study was to quantify the EEC exposure of humans in The Netherlands through the consumption of meat from different food animals. Calculations were done with a simplified Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) model. The model took the effect of pre-retail processing, storage at the consumers home and preparation in the kitchen (cross-contamination and heating) on EEC numbers on/in the raw meat products into account. The contribution of beef products (78%) to the total EEC exposure of the Dutch population through the consumption of meat was much higher than for chicken (18%), pork (4.5%), veal (0.1%) and lamb (0%). After slaughter, chicken meat accounted for 97% of total EEC load on meat, but chicken meat experienced a relatively large effect of heating during food preparation. Exposure via consumption of filet americain (a minced beef product consumed raw) was predicted to be highest (61% of total EEC exposure), followed by chicken fillet (13%). It was estimated that only 18% of EEC exposure occurred via cross-contamination during preparation in the kitchen, which was the only route by which EEC survived for surface-contaminated products. Sensitivity analysis showed that model output is not sensitive for most parameters. However, EEC concentration on meat other than chicken meat was an important data gap. In conclusion, the model assessed that consumption of beef products led to a higher exposure to EEC than chicken products, although the prevalence of EEC on raw chicken meat was much higher than on beef. The (relative) risk of this exposure for public health is yet unknown given the lack of a modelling framework and of exposure studies for other potential transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Evers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Pielaat
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H. Smid
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francy B. C. Vennemann
- Public Health and Health Services Division, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas M. Wijnands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen E. Chardon
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Snary EL, Swart AN, Simons RRL, Domingues ARC, Vigre H, Evers EG, Hald T, Hill AA. A Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment for Salmonella in Pigs for the European Union. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:437-49. [PMID: 27002672 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A farm-to-consumption quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) for Salmonella in pigs in the European Union has been developed for the European Food Safety Authority. The primary aim of the QMRA was to assess the impact of hypothetical reductions of slaughter-pig prevalence and the impact of control measures on the risk of human Salmonella infection. A key consideration during the QMRA development was the characterization of variability between E.U. Member States (MSs), and therefore a generic MS model was developed that accounts for differences in pig production, slaughterhouse practices, and consumption patterns. To demonstrate the parameterization of the model, four case study MSs were selected that illustrate the variability in production of pork meat and products across MSs. For the case study MSs the average probability of illness was estimated to be between 1 in 100,000 and 1 in 10 million servings given consumption of one of the three product types considered (pork cuts, minced meat, and fermented ready-to-eat sausages). Further analyses of the farm-to-consumption QMRA suggest that the vast majority of human risk derives from infected pigs with a high concentration of Salmonella in their feces (≥10(4) CFU/g). Therefore, it is concluded that interventions should be focused on either decreasing the level of Salmonella in the feces of infected pigs, the introduction of a control step at the abattoir to reduce the transfer of feces to the exterior of the pig, or a control step to reduce the level of Salmonella on the carcass post-evisceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Arno N Swart
- RIVM - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robin R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ana Rita Calado Domingues
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Hakan Vigre
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Eric G Evers
- RIVM - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tine Hald
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew A Hill
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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10
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Ding H, Fu TJ. Assessing the Public Health Impact and Effectiveness of Interventions To Prevent Salmonella Contamination of Sprouts. J Food Prot 2016; 79:37-42. [PMID: 26735027 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sprouts have been a recurring public health challenge due to microbiological contamination, and Salmonella has been the major cause of sprout-associated outbreaks. Although seed treatment and microbiological testing have been applied as risk reduction measures during sprout production, the extent to which their effectiveness in reducing the public health risks associated with sprouts has not been well investigated. We conducted a quantitative risk assessment to measure the risk posed by Salmonella contamination in sprouts and to determine whether and how mitigation strategies can achieve a satisfactory risk reduction based on the assumption that the risk reduction achieved by a microbiological sampling and testing program at a given sensitivity is equivalent to that achieved by direct inactivation of pathogens. Our results indicated that if the sprouts were produced without any risk interventions, the health impact caused by sprouts contaminated with Salmonella would be very high, with a median annual estimated loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of 691,412. Seed treatment (with 20,000 ppm of calcium hypochlorite) or microbiological sampling and testing of spent irrigation water (SIW) alone could reduce the median annual impact to 734 or 4,856 DALYs, respectively. Combining seed treatment with testing of the SIW would further decrease the risk to 58 DALYs. This number could be dramatically lowered to 3.99 DALYs if sprouts were produced under conditions that included treating seeds with 20,000 ppm of calcium hypochlorite plus microbiological testing of seeds, SIW, and finished products. Our analysis shows that the public health impact due to Salmonella contamination in sprouts could be controlled if seeds are treated to reduce pathogens and microbiological sampling and testing is implemented. Future advances in intervention strategies would be important to improve sprout safety further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliu Ding
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Epidemiology, 20903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Tong-Jen Fu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA.
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11
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Møller CODA, Nauta MJ, Schaffner DW, Dalgaard P, Christensen BB, Hansen TB. Risk assessment of Salmonella in Danish meatballs produced in the catering sector. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 196:109-25. [PMID: 25540860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A modular process risk model approach was used to assess health risks associated with Salmonella spp. after consumption of the Danish meatball product (frikadeller) produced with fresh pork in a catering unit. Meatball production and consumption were described as a series of processes (modules), starting from 1.3kg meat pieces through conversion to 70g meatballs, followed by a dose response model to assess the risk of illness from consumption of these meatballs. Changes in bacterial prevalence, concentration, and unit size were modelled within each module. The risk assessment was built using observational data and models that were specific for Salmonella spp. in meatballs produced in the catering sector. Danish meatballs are often pan-fried followed by baking in an oven before consumption, in order to reach the core temperature of 75°C recommended by the Danish Food Safety Authority. However, in practice this terminal heat treatment in the oven may be accidentally omitted. Eleven production scenarios were evaluated with the model, to test the impact of heat treatments and cooling rates at different room temperatures. The risk estimates revealed that a process comprising heat treatment of meatballs to core temperatures higher than 70°C, and subsequent holding at room temperatures lower than 20°C, for no longer than 3.5h, were very effective in Salmonella control. The current Danish Food Safety Authority recommendation of cooking to an internal temperature of 75°C is conservative, at least with respect to Salmonella risk. Survival and growth of Salmonella during cooling of meatballs not heat treated in oven had a significant impact on the risk estimates, and therefore, cooling should be considered a critical step during meatball processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleide O de A Møller
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Maarten J Nauta
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, Food Science Building, Room 207, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Paw Dalgaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjarke B Christensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tina B Hansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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12
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Vásquez GA, Busschaert P, Haberbeck LU, Uyttendaele M, Geeraerd AH. An educationally inspired illustration of two-dimensional Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) and sensitivity analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 190:31-43. [PMID: 25173917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) is a structured methodology used to assess the risk involved by ingestion of a pathogen. It applies mathematical models combined with an accurate exploitation of data sets, represented by distributions and - in the case of two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations - their hyperparameters. This research aims to highlight background information, assumptions and truncations of a two-dimensional QMRA and advanced sensitivity analysis. We believe that such a detailed listing is not always clearly presented in actual risk assessment studies, while it is essential to ensure reliable and realistic simulations and interpretations. As a case-study, we are considering the occurrence of listeriosis in smoked fish products in Belgium during the period 2008-2009, using two-dimensional Monte Carlo and two sensitivity analysis methods (Spearman correlation and Sobol sensitivity indices) to estimate the most relevant factors of the final risk estimate. A risk estimate of 0.018% per consumption of contaminated smoked fish by an immunocompromised person was obtained. The final estimate of listeriosis cases (23) is within the actual reported result obtained for the same period and for the same population. Variability on the final risk estimate is determined by the variability regarding (i) consumer refrigerator temperatures, (ii) the reference growth rate of L. monocytogenes, (iii) the minimum growth temperature of L. monocytogenes and (iv) consumer portion size. Variability regarding the initial contamination level of L. monocytogenes tends to appear as a determinant of risk variability only when the minimum growth temperature is not included in the sensitivity analysis; when it is included the impact regarding the variability on the initial contamination level of L. monocytogenes is disappearing. Uncertainty determinants of the final risk indicated the need of gathering more information on the reference growth rate and the minimum growth temperature of L. monocytogenes. Uncertainty in the dose-response relationship was not included in the analysis, hence the level of its influence cannot be assessed in the present research. Finally, a baseline global workflow for QMRA and sensitivity analysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Vásquez
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Busschaert
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Consortium for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (CIMB), Thomas More, KU Leuven Association, Fortsesteenweg 30A, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium.
| | - L U Haberbeck
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - A H Geeraerd
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Gkogka E, Reij M, Gorris L, Zwietering M. Risk assessment strategies as a tool in the application of the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP) and Food Safety Objective (FSO) by risk managers. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:8-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Depoorter P, Persoons D, Uyttendaele M, Butaye P, De Zutter L, Dierick K, Herman L, Imberechts H, Van Huffel X, Dewulf J. Assessment of human exposure to 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant E. coli (CREC) through consumption of broiler meat in Belgium. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:30-8. [PMID: 22938836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance of Escherichia coli to 3rd generation cephalosporin antimicrobials is a relevant issue in intensive broiler farming. In Belgium, about 35% of the E. coli strains isolated from live broilers are resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins while over 60% of the broilers are found to be carrier of these 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant E. coli (CREC) after selective isolation. A model aimed at estimating the exposure of the consumer to CREC by consumption of broiler meat was elaborated. This model consists of different modules that simulate the farm to fork chain starting from primary production, over slaughter, processing and distribution to storage, preparation and consumption of broiler meat. Input data were obtained from the Belgian Food Safety agencies' annual monitoring plan and results from dedicated research programs or surveys. The outcome of the model using the available baseline data estimates that the probability of exposure to 1000 colony forming units (cfu) of CREC or more during consumption of a meal containing chicken meat is ca. 1.5%, the majority of exposure being caused by cross contamination in the kitchen. The proportion of CREC (within the total number of E. coli) at primary production and the overall contamination of broiler carcasses or broiler parts with E. coli are dominant factors in the consumer exposure to CREC. The risk of this exposure for human health cannot be estimated at this stage given a lack of understanding of the factors influencing the transfer of cephalosporin antimicrobial resistance genes from these E. coli to the human intestinal bacteria and data on the further consequences of the presence of CREC on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Depoorter
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Staff direction of risk assessment, Belgium.
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Membré JM, Laroche M, Magras C. Assessment of levels of bacterial contamination of large wild game meat in Europe. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Welby S, Imberechts H, Riocreux F, Bertrand S, Dierick K, Wildemauwe C, Hooyberghs J, Van der Stede Y. Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis phage types isolated from layers and humans in Belgium in 2005. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:929-34. [PMID: 21492025 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the available results for Belgium of the European Union coordinated monitoring program (2004/665 EC) on Salmonella in layers in 2005, as well as the results of the monthly outbreak reports of Salmonella Enteritidis in humans in 2005 to identify a possible statistical significant trend in both populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Separate descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were carried out and the parametric and/or non-parametric hypothesis tests were conducted. A time cluster analysis was performed for all Salmonella Enteritidis phage types (PTs) isolated. The proportions of each Salmonella Enteritidis PT in layers and in humans were compared and the monthly distribution of the most common PT, isolated in both populations, was evaluated. RESULTS The time cluster analysis revealed significant clusters during the months May and June for layers and May, July, August, and September for humans. PT21, the most frequently isolated PT in both populations in 2005, seemed to be responsible of these significant clusters. PT4 was the second most frequently isolated PT. No significant difference was found for the monthly trend evolution of both PT in both populations based on parametric and non-parametric methods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A similar monthly trend of PT distribution in humans and layers during the year 2005 was observed. The time cluster analysis and the statistical significance testing confirmed these results. Moreover, the time cluster analysis showed significant clusters during the summer time and slightly delayed in time (humans after layers). These results suggest a common link between the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in layers and the occurrence of the pathogen in humans. Phage typing was confirmed to be a useful tool for identifying temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welby
- Unit for Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mürmann L, Corbellini LG, Collor AÁ, Cardoso M. Quantitative risk assessment for human salmonellosis through the consumption of pork sausage in Porto Alegre, Brazil. J Food Prot 2011; 74:553-8. [PMID: 21477468 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative microbiology risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the risk of Salmonella infection to consumers of fresh pork sausages prepared at barbecues in Porto Alegre, Brazil. For the analysis, a prevalence of 24.4% positive pork sausages with a level of contamination between 0.03 and 460 CFU g(-1) was assumed. Data related to frequency and habits of consumption were obtained by a questionnaire survey given to 424 people. A second-order Monte Carlo simulation separating the uncertain parameter of cooking time from the variable parameters was run. Of the people interviewed, 87.5% consumed pork sausage, and 85.4% ate it at barbecues. The average risk of salmonellosis per barbecue at a minimum cooking time of 15.6 min (worst-case scenario) was 6.24 × 10(-4), and the risk assessed per month was 1.61 × 10(-3). Cooking for 19 min would fully inactivate Salmonella in 99.9% of the cases. At this cooking time, the sausage reached a mean internal temperature of 75.7°C. The results of the quantitative microbiology risk assessment revealed that the consumption of fresh pork sausage is safe when cooking time is approximately 19 min, whereas undercooked pork sausage may represent a nonnegligible health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Mürmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 90540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Modelling food safety and economic consequences of surveillance and control strategies for Salmonella in pigs and pork. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:754-64. [PMID: 20653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Targets for maximum acceptable levels of Salmonella in pigs and pork are to be decided. A stochastic simulation model accounting for herd and abattoir information was used to evaluate food safety and economic consequences of different surveillance and control strategies, based among others on Danish surveillance data. An epidemiological module simulated the Salmonella carcass prevalence for different scenarios. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to compare the costs of the different scenarios with their expected effectiveness. Herd interventions were not found sufficient to attain Salmonella carcass prevalence <1%. The cost-effectiveness of abattoir interventions changed with abattoir size. The most cost-effective strategy included the use of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound. Given uncertainty of the effect of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound, model results should be updated as more information becomes available. This framework contributes to informed decision-making for a more cost-effective surveillance and control of Salmonella in pigs and pork.
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Bollaerts K, Messens W, Aerts M, Dewulf J, Maes D, Grijspeerdt K, Van der Stede Y. Evaluation of scenarios for reducing human salmonellosis through household consumption of fresh minced pork meat. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2010; 30:853-865. [PMID: 20199654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is the second most frequently reported zoonotic disease in the European Union (EU) and is considered to be a major threat to human health worldwide. The most reported Salmonella serovar in the EU is S. Enteritidis, mainly associated with egg contamination, followed by S. Typhimurium, with the latter being the most predominant serovar isolated from pork. These findings suggest that reducing the Salmonella contamination in the pork production might be a good strategy to prevent and control human salmonellosis in the EU. Recently, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been developed to assess the risks for human salmonellosis due to home consumption of fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. The newly developed risk model is called the METZOON model. In the current study, the METZOON model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different hypothetical Salmonella mitigation strategies implemented at different stages of the minced pork production and consumption chain by means of a scenario analysis. To efficiently evaluate the mitigation strategies, model results were obtained by running simulations using the randomized complete block design. The effectiveness of a mitigation strategy is expressed using point and interval estimates of the effect size for dependent observations, expressed as the standardized difference in population means. The results indicate that the most effective strategies are taken during the slaughter processes of polishing, evisceration, and chilling, and during postprocessing, whereas interventions in the primary production and at the beginning of the slaughter process seem to have only a limited effect. Improving consumer awareness is found to be effective as well.
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Scientific Opinion on a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment of Salmonella in slaughter and breeder pigs. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium by medium-chain fatty acids in an in vitro simulation of the porcine cecum. Vet Microbiol 2010; 141:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Boone I, Van der Stede Y, Bollaerts K, Messens W, Vose D, Daube G, Aerts M, Mintiens K. Expert judgement in a risk assessment model for Salmonella spp. in pork: The performance of different weighting schemes. Prev Vet Med 2009; 92:224-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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