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Gold JAW, Benedict K, Lockhart SR, Lutfy C, Lyman M, Smith DJ, Polgreen PM, Beekmann SE. Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1978-1980. [PMID: 39174019 PMCID: PMC11346978 DOI: 10.3201/eid3009.240118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have recently emerged as a global public health concern. A survey of US infectious diseases specialists found that only 65% had heard of this issue and just 39% knew how to obtain testing to determine resistance. Increased clinician awareness and access to testing for antifungal-resistant dermatophytosis are needed.
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Zacharopoulou A, Tsiogka A, Tsimpidakis A, Lamia A, Koumaki D, Gregoriou S. Tinea Incognito: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3267. [PMID: 38892976 PMCID: PMC11172699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tinea incognito is a dermatophyte infection with atypical features, due to the use of topical or systemic steroids or other immunosuppressive medications. Delayed diagnosis, spread of the infection to critical body surfaces, resistance to antifungal drugs, and increased costs due to prolonged hospitalization and multiple treatment regimens often complicate tinea incognito. It can affect individuals of all ages and genders, but it is more common in children. Atypical clinical appearance often necessitates differentiation from other diseases such as eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, or other non-fungal skin conditions. The treatment of tinea incognito usually involves discontinuation of topical steroids or other immunosuppressive medications. Preventive measures and management of the underlying fungal infection are necessary and can be achieved with antifungal drugs. Patients should wear loose cotton clothes, use boiling water for laundry, and iron their clothing before wearing them. Additionally, they should avoid sharing bed linens, towels, clothes, and shoes. This review aims to raise awareness of tinea incognito among health practitioners, provide tips for detecting the disorder, include it in the differentials, and evaluate the available diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Zacharopoulou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (A.T.); (A.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Aikaterini Tsiogka
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (A.T.); (A.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Antonios Tsimpidakis
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (A.T.); (A.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Androniki Lamia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (A.T.); (A.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Dimitra Koumaki
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (A.T.); (A.L.); (S.G.)
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Ramzi SHT, Arif SA, Majid A, Kumar S, Shumail H, Qudsia F, Zainab Y, Varrassi G, Khatri M. Efficacy of Terbinafine and Itraconazole Combination Therapy Versus Terbinafine or Itraconazole Monotherapy in the Management of Fungal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e48819. [PMID: 38106696 PMCID: PMC10722332 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections constitute a common dermatological illness rampant in underdeveloped countries. Combination drug therapy is becoming increasingly well-established owing to drug resistance because of monotherapy. Different studies have been conducted previously to compare the medical regimens for the treatment of fungal infections. However, there is insufficient research on the difference in cure rates and recurrence rates with each regimen. To the best of our knowledge, this meta-analysis is the first to compare the effect of the most widely used oral antifungal medications and their combination usage. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assesses the efficacy of terbinafine or itraconazole monotherapy versus combination therapy in fungal diseases. We queried PubMed and Cochrane Central from their inception to April 2022 for published studies, RCTs, and observational studies without any language restriction that compared itraconazole and terbinafine combination therapy with monotherapy in patients with fungal infections. The results from the studies were presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and were pooled using a random-effects model, and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant for the analysis. Endpoints of interest included cure rates and recurrence rates. Cure rates were increased significantly for combination therapy compared to terbinafine monotherapy (RR=2.01 (1.37, 2.94); p=0.0003; I2=67%). On sensitivity analysis, a significant association was observed between combination therapy and itraconazole monotherapy in terms of cure rates (RR=1.91 (1.41, 2.57); p<0.0001; I2=0%) and recurrence rates (RR=0.08 (0.02, 0.44); p=0.003; I2=0%). The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that itraconazole and terbinafine combination therapy has a better cure rate when compared to terbinafine monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdul Majid
- Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Hooria Shumail
- Medicine, King Edward Medical University (KEMU), Lahore, PAK
| | - Faiza Qudsia
- Medicine, King Edward Medical University (KEMU), Lahore, PAK
| | - Yumna Zainab
- Medicine, Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan, PAK
| | | | - Mahima Khatri
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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Nasr AM, Badawi NM, Tartor YH, Sobhy NM, Swidan SA. Development, Optimization, and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Azelaic Acid Transethosomal Gel for Antidermatophyte Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040707. [PMID: 37107069 PMCID: PMC10135108 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of dermatophytosis is quite challenging. This work aims to investigate the antidermatophyte action of Azelaic acid (AzA) and evaluate its efficacy upon entrapment into transethosomes (TEs) and incorporation into a gel to enhance its application. Optimization of formulation variables of TEs was carried out after preparation using the thin film hydration technique. The antidermatophyte activity of AzA-TEs was first evaluated in vitro. In addition, two guinea pig infection models with Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes and Microsporum (M.) canis were established for the in vivo assessment. The optimized formula showed a mean particle size of 219.8 ± 4.7 nm and a zeta potential of -36.5 ± 0.73 mV, while the entrapment efficiency value was 81.9 ± 1.4%. Moreover, the ex vivo permeation study showed enhanced skin penetration for the AzA-TEs (3056 µg/cm2) compared to the free AzA (590 µg/cm2) after 48 h. AzA-TEs induced a greater inhibition in vitro on the tested dermatophyte species than free AzA (MIC90 was 0.01% vs. 0.32% for T. rubrum and 0.032% for T. mentagrophytes and M. canis vs. 0.56%). The mycological cure rate was improved in all treated groups, specially for our optimized AzA-TEs formula in the T. mentagrophytes model, in which it reached 83% in this treated group, while it was 66.76% in the itraconazole and free AzA treated groups. Significant (p < 0.05) lower scores of erythema, scales, and alopecia were observed in the treated groups in comparison with the untreated control and plain groups. In essence, the TEs could be a promising carrier for AzA delivery into deeper skin layers with enhanced antidermatophyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala 43713, Egypt
| | - Noha M Badawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Shady A Swidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
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Pereira-Silva M, Martins AM, Sousa-Oliveira I, Ribeiro HM, Veiga F, Marto J, Paiva-Santos AC. Nanomaterials in hair care and treatment. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:14-35. [PMID: 35202853 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hair care and treatment has evolved significantly through the years as new formulations are continuously being explored in an attempt to meet the demand in cosmetic and medicinal fields. While standard hair care procedures include hair washing, aimed at hair cleansing and maintenance, as well as hair dyeing and bleaching formulations for hair embellishment, modern hair treatments are mainly focused on circumventing hair loss conditions, strengthening hair follicle properties and treat hair infestations. In this regard, active compounds (ACs) included in hair cosmetic formulations include a vast array of hair cleansing and hair dye molecules, and typical hair treatments include anti-hair loss ACs (e.g. minoxidil and finasteride) and anti-lice ACs (e.g. permethrin). However, several challenges still persist, as conventional AC formulations exhibit sub-optimal performance and some may present toxicity issues, calling for an improved design of formulations regarding both efficacy and safety. More recently, nano-based strategies encompassing nanomaterials have emerged as promising tailored approaches to improve the performance of ACs incorporated into hair cosmetics and treatment formulations. The interest in using these nanomaterials is based on account of their ability to: (1) increase stability, safety and biocompatibility of ACs; (2) maximize hair affinity, contact and retention, acting as versatile biointerfaces; (3) enable the controlled release of ACs in both hair and scalp, serving as prolonged AC reservoirs; besides offering (4) hair follicle targeting features attending to the possibility of surface tunability. This review covers the breakthrough of nanomaterials for hair cosmetics and hair treatment, focusing on organic nanomaterials (polymer-based and lipid-based nanoparticles) and inorganic nanomaterials (nanosheets, nanotubes and inorganic nanoparticles), as well as their applications, highlighting their potential as innovative multifunctional nanomaterials towards maximized hair care and treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript is focused on reviewing the nanotechnological strategies investigated for hair care and treatment so far. While conventional formulations exhibit sub-optimal performance and some may present toxicity issues, the selection of improved and suitable nanodelivery systems is of utmost relevance to ensure a proper active ingredient release in both hair and scalp, maximize hair affinity, contact and retention, and provide hair follicle targeting features, warranting stability, efficacy and safety. This innovative manuscript highlights the advantages of nanotechnology-based approaches, particularly as tunable and versatile biointerfaces, and their applications as innovative multifunctional nanomaterials towards maximized hair care and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Martins
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa-Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Margarida Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pathogenesis, Immunology and Management of Dermatophytosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010039. [PMID: 35049979 PMCID: PMC8781719 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytic infections of the skin and appendages are a common occurrence. The pathogenesis involves complex interplay of agent (dermatophytes), host (inherent host defense and host immune response) and the environment. Infection management has become an important public health issue, due to increased incidence of recurrent, recalcitrant or extensive infections. Recent years have seen a significant rise in incidence of chronic infections which have been difficult to treat. In this review, we review the literature on management of dermatophytoses and bridge the gap in therapeutic recommendations.
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Mahmoudi S, Vahidi M, Malekabad ES, Izadi A, Khatami M, Dadashi A. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Conventional Antifungal Drugs Against Trichophyton Interdigitale, Trichophyton Rubrum and Epidermophyton Floccosum. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:370-374. [PMID: 32669080 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200715095744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a globally distributed fungal infection. Treatment failure and relapse is common in this disease. Silver nanoparticles are known for their promising antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of these nanoparticles against common dermatophyte species. METHODS A set of 30 molecularly identified dermatophytes including Trichophyton interdigitale (n=10), Trichophyton rubrum (n=10), and Epidermophyton floccosum (n=10) were used in this study. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using chicory (Cichorium intybus) were tested for their antifungal activity in comparison to fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine. Interspecies differences in minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal drugs and silver nanoparticles were tested using Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS software version 21. RESULTS The highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) among antifungal drugs were observed for fluconazole [range: 4-64 μg/mL, geometric mean (GM) =17.959 μg/mL], followed by itraconazole (range: 0.008-0.5, GM= 0.066) and terbinafine (range: 0.004-0.25 μg/mL, GM=0.027 μg/mL). Silver nanoparticles showed potent antifungal activity against all dermatophyte isolates with MICs (range: 0.25-32 μg/mL, GM=4.812 μg/mL) higher than those of itraconazole and terbinafine, but lower than fluconazole. MIC values of silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant differences between species (P=0.044), with E. floccosum having the highest MICs (GM=9.849 μg/mL) compared to T. interdigitale (GM=3.732 μg/mL) and T. rubrum (GM=3.031 μg/mL). CONCLUSION Silver nanoparticles demonstrated promising anti-dermatophyte activity against the studied dermatophytes. Due to their wide-spectrum activity against other fungal and bacterial pathogens, they could be a potential choice, at least in the case of cutaneous and superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Vahidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Izadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Nano Bio Electrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Alireza Dadashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gnat S, Dyląg M, Łagowski D, Zielinski J. Therapeutic efficacy of topically used luliconazole vs. terbinafine 1% creams. Mycoses 2021; 64:967-975. [PMID: 33884673 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dermatomycoses of zoophilic origin, especially those caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, often pose considerable therapeutic problems. This is reflected in the growing number of strains of this species with resistance to terbinafine caused by a mutation in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene. Therefore, it is reasonable to look for alternative therapies to the commonly used terbinafine. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vivo effectiveness of topical therapy with luliconazole or terbinafine 1% cream. METHODS Therapeutic efficacy was assessed using direct examination in KOH with DMSO, qPCR analysis with pan-dermatophyte primers and culturing. Moreover, in vitro susceptibility tests for luliconazole and terbinafine were performed. RESULTS The results demonstrated significantly higher antifungal activity of luliconazole than terbinafine against dermatomycoses caused by T. mentagrophytes. The geometric mean of the MIC value for luliconazole against all T. mentagrophytes strains was 0.002 μg/ml, while this value for terbinafine was 0.004 μg/ml. In all studied cases, 28-day local therapy with luliconazole contributed to complete eradication of the aetiological agent of infection. CONCLUSIONS Given the increasingly frequent reports of difficult-to-treat dermatophytoses caused by zoophilic terbinafine-resistant strains, the 1% luliconazole cream can be alternative solution in topical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
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The Growing Problem of Antifungal Resistance in Onychomycosis and Other Superficial Mycoses. Am J Clin Dermatol 2021; 22:149-157. [PMID: 33354740 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses are becoming increasingly resistant to current antifungal medications. As alternative therapeutic options are limited, the increasing frequency of reports of antifungal resistance is alarming. This epidemic parallels the rise of antibiotic resistance; however, the significance of this problem has yet to gain global attention. Here, we discuss the reports of antifungal resistance from around the world, present our own experience with treatment-resistant infections, and examine alternative treatment strategies. The majority of reports of recalcitrant infections indicate terbinafine resistance as the causative factor. Single-point mutations in the squalene oxidase gene is the most reported mechanism of resistance to terbinafine. Mixed infections of dermatophytes with non-dermatophyte molds and/or yeasts are becoming more prevalent and contributing to the resistant nature of these infections. The key to selecting an effective antifungal therapy for a recalcitrant infection is identification of the infectious organisms(s) and testing susceptibility of the organism(s) to antifungal drugs. Combination and sequential therapy regimens are options, but both require active monitoring for hepatic and renal function, drug interactions, and other adverse effects. Selected topical antifungals with a wide spectrum of activity may also be considerations in some clinical presentations. Innovative treatment regimens and novel therapeutics are needed to overcome the rising epidemic of antifungal resistance.
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Sitarek P, Merecz-Sadowska A, Kowalczyk T, Wieczfinska J, Zajdel R, Śliwiński T. Potential Synergistic Action of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145105. [PMID: 32707732 PMCID: PMC7403983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is an important organ that acts as a physical barrier to the outer environment. It is rich in immune cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, mast cells, and T cells, which provide the first line of defense mechanisms against numerous pathogens by activating both the innate and adaptive response. Cutaneous immunological processes may be stimulated or suppressed by numerous plant extracts via their immunomodulatory properties. Several plants are rich in bioactive molecules; many of these exert antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal effects. The present study describes the impact of plant extracts on the modulation of skin immunity, and their antimicrobial effects against selected skin invaders. Plant products remain valuable counterparts to modern pharmaceuticals and may be used to alleviate numerous skin disorders, including infected wounds, herpes, and tineas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (A.M.-S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (A.M.-S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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Hsieh A, Quenan S, Riat A, Toutous-Trellu L, Fontao L. A new mutation in the SQLE gene of Trichophyton mentagrophytes associated to terbinafine resistance in a couple with disseminated tinea corporis. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:352-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Bouyahya A, Dakka N, Lagrouh F, Abrini J, Bakri Y. Anti-dermatophytes Activity of Origanum compactum Essential Oil at Three Developmental Stages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/phyto-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to determine the chemical compounds of Origanum compactum essential oils (OCEO) at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and post-flowering) and to evaluate their antifungal activity against three dermatophytes fungal strains: Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using direct contact method. The main compounds of OCEO are carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene. Oregano EOs showed important antifungal activities with some variability between EOs and fungal testing. At a concentration of 0.75% (v/v), the best inhibition values showed with OCEO at vegetative stage against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (95.17%), Trichophyton tonsurans (92.47%), and Trichophyton violaceum (91.41%). The OCEO at vegetative stage also showed the best IC50 (concentration of an inhibitor where the response is reduced by half) values of 52.86, 0.56, and 0.57% (v/v) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophyton violaceum, respectively. The findings reveal that OCEO is a good source of anti-dermatophytes agents.
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Verma S, Utreja P. Vesicular nanocarrier based treatment of skin fungal infections: Potential and emerging trends in nanoscale pharmacotherapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:117-129. [PMID: 32104444 PMCID: PMC7042486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of skin fungal infections is increasing nowadays and their presence is more prominent in patients suffering from immunocompromised diseases like AIDS. Skin fungal infections are a major cause of visits by patients to dermatology clinics. Although, a large number of antifungal agents are available for treatment of skin fungal infections, but, their toxic profile and physicochemical characteristics reduce therapeutic outcome. When these antifungal agents are delivered topically using conventional formulations like creams and gels, they may cause various side effects like redness, burning, and swelling at the site of application. Therefore, various vesicular formulations (phospholipid based or non phospholipid based) have been explored by pharmaceutical scientists to treat skin fungal infections topically. Vesicular formulation explored for the purpose are liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, transethosomes, niosomes, spanlastics, oleic acid vesicles, and nanoparticles. These formulations show various advantages like bioavailability enhancement of bioactives, high skin permeation power, no side effects at application site, dosing frequency reduction, and sustained drug release. Therefore, in the present article, we have discussed about the utility of various vesicular nanocarrier systems to treat skin fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rayat-Bahra College of Pharmacy, Hoshiarpur, Punjab 146001, India.,I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144601, India
| | - Puneet Utreja
- I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144601, India.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab 142021, India
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Calles Monar PS, Juárez Martín A. Eyelid tinea with blepharitis due to Microsporum canis. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2018; 93:491-493. [PMID: 29859733 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT The case is presented of a 3-year-old girl with an erythematous oedematous plaque associated with blepharitis, and chalazion in the right upper eyelid. She received empirical treatment with topical corticosteroids, as well as an antifungal and antibiotic, without observing any improvement. The culture of the eyelid scrape showed Microsporum canis. Therefore, she was prescribed oral terbinafine and topical miconazole-betamethasone, achieving a clinical and microbiological recovery. DISCUSSION Eyelid infection due to dermatophytes is uncommon, but it should be considered among the diagnostic suspicions of palpebral skin lesions. The microbiological study is a key factor for its diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Calles Monar
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, España.
| | - A Juárez Martín
- Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, España
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Padhan D, Pattnaik S, Behera AK. Growth-arresting Activity of Acmella Essential Oil and its Isolated Component D-Limonene (1, 8 P-Mentha Diene) against Trichophyton rubrum (Microbial Type Culture Collection 296). Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S555-S560. [PMID: 29142414 PMCID: PMC5669097 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_65_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spilanthes acmella is used as a remedy in toothache complaints by the tribal people of Western part of Odisha, India. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the growth-arresting activity of an indigenous Acmella essential oil (EO) (S. acmella Murr, Asteraceae) and its isolated component, d-limonene against Trichophyton rubrum (microbial type culture collection 296). Materials and Methods: The EO was extracted from flowers of indigenous S. acmella using Clevenger's apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to isolate the major constituent. The isolated fraction was subjected to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antidermatophytic activity was screened for using “disc diffusion” and “slant dilution” method followed by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The molecular dockings were made between d-limonene with cell wall synthesis-related key enzymes (14 methyl deaminase and monooxygenase). Results: The GC-MS analysis EO had inferred the presence of 7 number of major (≥2%) components. The component with highest peak area (%) was found to be 41.02. The HPLC-isolated fraction was identified as d-limonene (1,8 p-Mentha-diene) by FTIR and NMR. Qualitative and quantitative assays had suggested the growth inhibitory activity of Acmella EO and its component. Shrinkage, evacuation, cell wall puncture, and leakage of cellular constituents by the activity of Acmella oil and d-limonene were evidenced from optical, SEM, and TEM studies. The computer simulation had predicted the binding strengths of d-limonene and fluconazole with dermatophyte cell wall enzymes. Conclusion: There could have been synergistic action of all or some of compounds present in indigenous Acmella EO. SUMMARY There was presence of seven number of (d-limonene, ocimene, β-myrcene, cyclohexene, 3-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene, β-caryophyllene, and β-sesquiphellandrene and β-phellandrene) major components in the indigenous Acmella essential oil The d-limonene content was 41.02% in the indigenous oil The antidermatophytic activity of Acmella essential oil could have been attributable to its chemotypes.
Abbreviations used: °C: Degree centigrade; w/v: Weight/volume; TS: Transverse section; min: minute; Hz: hertz: h: Hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptikanta Padhan
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Smaranika Pattnaik
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
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Parekh M, Ramaiah G, Pashilkar P, Ramanujam R, Johnston P, Ilag LL. A pilot single centre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomized, parallel study of Calmagen® dermaceutical cream and lotion for the topical treatment of tinea and onychomycosis. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:464. [PMID: 28923039 PMCID: PMC5604504 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Most of the current anti-fungal treatments are chemical-based, fungistatic, have low efficacy in the treatment of tinea and toxicity concerns, while onychomycosis remains recalcitrant to most antifungal therapies. The study aimed to establish the fungicidal, efficacy and safety profile of Calmagen® dermaceutical cream and lotion containing AMYCOT® as a topical treatment in patients with severe to very severe presentations of fungal skin (tinea) and nail infections (onychomycosis). Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, parallel, single centre study was conducted on 28 subjects with severe to very severe tinea or onychomycosis. All patients were randomized in a ratio of 1:1 for treatment or placebo group. Subjects in the treatment arm received Calmagen® cream or lotion, while subjects in the placebo arm received a similar inert topical preparation. Tinea subjects were treated with cream for four weeks, while onychomycosis subjects were treated with lotion for 12 weeks. Mycological cure, the primary endpoint, was assessed by three parameters: KOH (potassium hydroxide) smear, fungal culture and live spore count. Clinical cure was defined as Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) response of ‘cleared’ or ‘excellent’. Results All three parameters constituting mycological cure were confirmed in 92.8% (13/14) of subjects in the treatment arm, while all 14 subjects in the placebo arm remained positive for KOH smear. Calmagen® cream and lotion treatment showed a significant improvement in all three parameters: KOH smear, (95% CI (Calmagen): 79.4, 100.0; 95% CI (placebo): 0.0, 0.0; p < 0.0001); fungal culture (95% CI (Calmagen); 100.0, 100.0; 95% CI (Placebo): 17.0, 100.0; p < 0.0019); and live spore count (95% CI (Calmagen): 100.0, 100.0; 95% CI (Placebo): 17.0, 100.0; p < 0.0019). Clinical cure was achieved in all subjects in the treatment arm while none in the placebo arm were clinically cured. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in either group. Conclusions The Calmagen® cream and lotion containing AMYCOT® represent a potentially safe and efficacious natural alternative in the treatment of Tinea and onychomycosis. Trial registration This trial has been registered with the clinical trial registry-India (CTRI; registration number: CTRI/2012/03/002522).
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The anti-dermatophyte activity of Zataria multiflora essential oils. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:232-237. [PMID: 28347599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermtophytes are a group of pathogenic fungi and the major cause of dermatophytosis in humans and animals. Fighting dermatophytes by natural essential oils is one important issue in new researches. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this investigation, we evaluated the anti-dermatophyte activities of three samples of Z. multiflora essential oils against dermatophytes along with analysis of chemical compositions of the essential oils and their anti-elastase activities on elastase production in dermatophytes. RESULTS Carvacrol (1.5-34.4%), thymol (25.8-41.2%), carvacrol methyl ether (1.9-28.3%) and p-cymene (2.3-8.3%) were the main components of Z. multiflora essential oils. Z. multiflora essential oils (100ppm) inhibited the mycelium growth of dermatophytes (6±1.7-47.0±1.4%) and had the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 0.03-0.25μl/ml against dermatophytes. Essential oils inhibited elastase produced in dermatophytes and pure porcine elastase. CONCLUSION Z. multiflora essential oils can be used as natural anti-dermatophyte agent for fighting dermatophytes in further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Increased Risk of Tinea Pedis and Onychomycosis Among Swimming Pool Employees in Netanya Area, Israel. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:851-856. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Molecular Detection and Identification of Fungal Pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Isolation of Keratinophilic Fungi and Aerobic Actinomycetes From Park Soils in Gorgan, North of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.11250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Brown M, Evans C, Muddle A, Turner R, Lim S, Reed J, Traynor M. Efficacy, tolerability and consumer acceptability of terbinafine topical spray versus terbinafine topical solution: a phase IIa, randomised, observer-blind, comparative study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:413-9. [PMID: 23740211 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tinea pedis is one of the world's most prevalent dermatophyte infections. MedSpray™ tinea pedis 1 % w/w (topical spray) is a novel, easy-to-use propellant-based spray formulation containing 1 % w/w terbinafine, requiring no manipulation at the site of infection. This is in contrast to the only formulation currently approved in Europe for single application (none are approved in the USA for single use), which is Lamisil(®) Once 1 % w/w (topical solution), containing 1 % w/w terbinafine hydrochloride, which requires manipulation on the affected area. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability and consumer acceptability of a topical spray versus a topical solution in the treatment of tinea pedis. METHODS This study is a phase IIa, randomised, observer-blind, non-inferiority comparative study of the topical spray compared with the topical solution over a 12-week study period. The study was conducted at Bioskin GmbH, Hamburg and Berlin. Patients (n = 120) who presented with the presence of interdigital tinea pedis caused by dermatophytes on one or both feet were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned between the two treatment groups. Either the topical spray or the topical solution was administered by the study nurse and consisted of a single application (equivalent to 20 mg of terbinafine per foot) on day 1 of the study. No further applications were made for the duration of the study. The hypothesis formulated before commencement of the study was that the topical spray would prove to be non-inferior to the topical solution. Efficacy assessments, including clinical signs and symptoms, mycology and microscopy were performed at baseline and 1, 6 and 12 weeks after treatment. RESULTS The rate of mycological cure at week 1 was statistically equivalent for both treatments. There was a significant reduction in the overall clinical score as assessed by the Physician's Global Assessment of signs and symptoms for both treatment groups. CONCLUSION The topical spray and the topical solution showed comparable anti-fungal activity. Furthermore, the non-inferiority of topical spray to the topical solution was confirmed as determined by the proportion of patients categorised as successfully treated at week 1. This confirms that a topical spray product, which can be applied once without touching the affected skin, is equally as effective in the treatment of tinea pedis and removes the risk of organism transfer associated with touching infected areas. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EudraCT-No. 2008-002399-92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd., Unit 3/Chancellor Court, 50 Occam Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, GU2 7AB, UK
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Isolation and molecular identification of keratinophilic fungi from public parks soil in Shiraz, Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:619576. [PMID: 23956993 PMCID: PMC3728497 DOI: 10.1155/2013/619576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Keratinophilic fungi are an important group of fungi that live in soil. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify keratinophilic fungi from the soil of different parks in Shiraz.
Materials and Methods. A total of 196 soil samples from 43 parks were collected. Isolation of the fungi was performed by hair bait technique. The isolated colonies were identified by morphologic feature of macro- and microconidia and molecular method, using DNA sequence analysis. ITS region of ribosomal DNA was amplified and the PCR products were sequenced. Results. 411 isolates from 22 genera were identified. Fusarium (23.8%), Chrysosporium (13.13%), Acremonium (12.65%), Penicillium (12.39%), Microsporum gypseum (1.94%), Bionectria ochroleuca (1.21%), Bipolaris spicifera (1.21%), Scedosporium apiospermum (0.82%), Phialophora reptans (0.82%), Cephalosporium curtipes (0.49%), Scedosporium dehoogii (0.24%), Ochroconis constricta (0.24%), Nectria mauritiicola (0.49%), Chaetomium (0.49%), Scopulariopsis (0.24%), Malbranchea (0.24%), and Tritirachium (0.24%) were the most important isolates. Most of the fungi were isolated from the soils with the PH range of 7 to 8. Conclusion. Our study results showed that many keratinophilic fungi isolated from the parks soil are important for public health and children are an important group at a high risk of being exposed to these fungi.
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Elewski B, Pollak R, Ashton S, Rich P, Schlessinger J, Tavakkol A. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, investigator-blinded study of four treatment regimens of posaconazole in adults with toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:389-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Infection risk by dermatophytes during storage and after domestic laundry and their temperature-dependent inactivation. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:43-9. [PMID: 20652833 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the developed countries infections of the feet (tinea pedis, athlete's foot) and nails (onychomycosis) with the anthropophile fungus Trichophyton rubrum are most common. We examined the propagation of dermatophytes before and during domestic laundering. About 10% of the infectious material was transferred from contaminated textiles to sterile textiles during storage in a clothes basket simulation indicating a high infection risk during storage. This was evaluated with two quantification techniques: cultivation with subsequent colony counting and tracing of radioactively labelled propagating units. Both approaches reliably revealed similar results with the latter method reducing experimental time to few minutes compared to 2 weeks with the traditional method. The tracer technique allowed favourably to directly reflect the textile-bound infectious material at the moment of skin contact. To address the infection risk during domestic laundry, bioindicators with T. rubrum or the yeast Candida albicans were introduced into common domestic washing procedures with different temperature courses. While C. albicans did not survive any of the tests, T. rubrum could be recovered after washing at 30°C, indicating the risk potential of dermatophyte infections at home. Up to 16% of the initial fungus load was detected in the rinsing water. Washing at 60°C however, eliminated both pathogens, T. rubrum and C. albicans.
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Skin concentrations and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole after oral administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1807-10. [PMID: 20194702 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01616-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized, single-center, open-label study of posaconazole (POS) was performed to determine the concentration of POS in the skin of 30 healthy adult human subjects receiving 400 mg POS oral suspension twice daily for 8 days with a high-fat meal. Blood samples for plasma POS level determination were collected at prespecified times on day 1 and day 8. From each subject, two 4-mm skin punch biopsy samples were obtained, one immediately before or after both the first and last doses of POS. A MIC(90) value of 250 ng/ml, which encompasses the majority of common dermatophytes, was used to calculate the time above the MIC(90) in plasma and skin. On days 1 and 8, POS attained peak plasma concentrations at median times of 8 and 5 h, respectively. On days 1 and 8, POS peak skin concentrations were attained at 12 and 3 h, respectively; peak skin concentrations were produced from a single composite profile. On day 8, POS concentrations in skin and plasma for the entire dosing interval were severalfold higher than the MIC(90). POS dosed at 400 mg twice daily per os was well tolerated in healthy subjects. Two subjects reported increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The findings of this study demonstrate adequate skin penetration and have certain implications for the treatment of dermatophytic skin and nail infections.
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Romero-Cerecero O, Román-Ramos R, Zamilpa A, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, Rojas-Bribiesca G, Tortoriello J. Clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of two concentrations of the Ageratina pichinchensis extract in the topical treatment of onychomycosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:74-78. [PMID: 19683043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The plant species Ageratina pichinchensis has been used, for many years, in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of superficial mycosis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study compared the therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability of two concentrations of the standardized extract from Ageratina pichinchensis (12.6 and 16.8%) on patients with clinical and mycological diagnosis of mild and moderate onychomycosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two identical phytopharmaceuticals (containing the standardized extract from Ageratina pichinchensis) in nail lacquer solution for topical administration were evaluated in a double-blind clinical trial. Treatments were administered for 6 months to patients distributed in two groups. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of 122 patients who agreed to participate in the study, 103 (84.4%) concluded the treatment. The therapeutic effectiveness exhibited by the 12.6% Ageratina pichinchensis extract was 67.2%, while that of the 16.8% Ageratina pichinchensis extract was 79.1%. Regarding clinical evolution, analysis of results at the end of treatment evidenced that the 16.8% concentration possesses higher therapeutic effectiveness with a significant statistical difference (p=0.010). No treatment produced side effects. CONCLUSION Both concentrations of phytopharmaceuticals possess high rates of effectiveness on patients with mild and moderate onychomycosis, and the formulation with a 16.8% concentration possesses higher effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Romero-Cerecero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No 1, 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Ramsdale M. Programmed cell death in pathogenic fungi. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1369-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Gupta AK, Cooper EA. Update in Antifungal Therapy of Dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:353-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Decroix J, Ausma J, Cauwenbergh G, Borgers M, Wouters L. The efficacy of oral treatment with pramiconazole in tinea pedis and tinea cruris/corporis: two exploratory phase IIa trials. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:854-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vilela R, de Oliveira Teixeira F, Vilela L, Mendoza L. Exacerbated inflammatory reaction to Trichophyton rubrum infection on an HIV-positive patient successfully treated with fluconazole. Mycopathologia 2007; 163:203-5. [PMID: 17390235 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 33 year-old HIV-positive Brazilian female patient was diagnosed with a cutaneous inflammatory reaction on her left forearm. The lesion spread rapidly affecting most of her forearm. The clinical diagnosis of tinea corporis (ringworm) was confirmed by wet mount preparations on 20% KOH and by the isolation of Trichophyton rubrum on pure cultures. Treatment with Fluconazole for a period of four weeks successfully cured the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilela
- Graduate Program da Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Green River Valley University UNINCOR, Itabira, MG, Brazil
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