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Markman KM, Weicker NP, Klein AK, Sege R. Community-engaged training in informed consent. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e108. [PMID: 37313379 PMCID: PMC10260332 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate training in the interpersonal skills of conducting informed consent conversations has long been noted as a challenge for clinical research recruitment and retention. To address this critical gap, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute developed regular trainings for clinical research coordinators and other research staff on the practical skills of communicating informed consent using community members as simulated patients for role-playing exercises. In this paper, we assess the reach and effectiveness of these trainings and describe the impact of employing community stakeholders as simulated patients. We found that by embedding community members in the trainings, clinical research coordinators get to hear diverse perspectives, experience a range of patient responses, and learn from the lived experience of the communities that research tries to serve. Utilizing community members as trainers also helps to dismantle traditional power dynamics by demonstrating the organization's commitment to inclusiveness and community engagement. Based on these findings, we suggest that training on informed consent include more simulated consent exercises that feature interaction with community members who can provide real-time feedback to coordinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris M. Markman
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle P. Weicker
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas K. Klein
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Sege
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Nusbaum L, Douglas B, Estrella-Luna N, Paasche-Orlow M, Damus K. Survey of risks and benefits communication strategies by research nurses. Nurs Ethics 2017; 26:937-950. [PMID: 29103367 DOI: 10.1177/0969733017734410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ethical, informed consent process requires that potential participants understand the study, their rights, and the risks and benefits. Yet, despite strategies to improve communication, many participants still lack understanding of potential risks and benefits. Investigating attitudes and practices of research nurses can identify ways to improve the informed consent process. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the attitudes, practices, and preparedness of nurses involved in the informed consent process regarding communication of risks and benefits? RESEARCH DESIGN A survey was developed and administered online to a national purposive sample of 107 research nurses with experience obtaining informed consent for clinical trials. Survey responses stratified by selected work-related characteristics were analyzed. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Participants were instructed they need not answer each question and could stop at any time. They consented by clicking "accept" on the email which linked to the survey. The study was approved by the Northeastern University Institutional Review Board, Boston, Massachusetts (NU-IRB Protocol #: 13-06-17). FINDINGS Most research nurses (87%) used a teach-back method to assess participant comprehension, while 72% relied on their intuition. About one-third did not feel prepared to communicate related statistics. About 20% did not feel prepared to tailor information, and half did not feel competent using supplemental materials to enhance risks and benefits comprehension. Only 70% had received training in the informed consent process which included in-person training (84%), case studies (69%), online courses (57%), feedback during practice sessions (54%), and simulation, such as role playing (49%) and viewing videos (45%). Perceived preparedness was significantly associated with greater informed consent experience and training. CONCLUSION Research nurses may have inadequate training to encourage, support, and reinforce communication of risks and benefits during the informed consent process. Relevant purposeful education and training should help to improve and standardize the ethical informed consent process.
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Perkins MM, Hart A, Dillard RL, Wincek RC, Jones DE, Hackney ME. A Formative Qualitative Evaluation to Inform Implementation of a Research Participation Enhancement and Advocacy Training Program for Diverse Seniors: The DREAMS Program. J Appl Gerontol 2017; 38:959-982. [PMID: 29165036 DOI: 10.1177/0733464817735395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on a formative qualitative evaluation conducted to identify potential barriers and facilitators prior to implementation of a two-part educational intervention designed to increase older adults' participation in clinical research. We conducted focus groups with 35 older adults from diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds (Mean age = 74.5 ± 7.4 years), and six clinical researchers involved in aging research. Two older adult patient stakeholder advisors participated as members of the research team. Findings from thematic analysis showed that common barriers to research participation included older adults' fear and mistrust of researchers and the medical community as well as misperceptions and negative attitudes about clinical research. A commonly held belief was that most clinical research is conducted by "greedy" pharmaceutical companies who are more interested in profits than finding cures for disease. Results provide useful insights regarding enrolling members of hard-to-reach older adult populations in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Perkins
- 1 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,2 Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA, USA
| | - Ariel Hart
- 1 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - David E Jones
- 1 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madeleine E Hackney
- 1 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,2 Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA, USA
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Nusbaum L, Douglas B, Damus K, Paasche-Orlow M, Estrella-Luna N. Communicating Risks and Benefits in Informed Consent for Research: A Qualitative Study. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2017; 4:2333393617732017. [PMID: 28975139 PMCID: PMC5613795 DOI: 10.1177/2333393617732017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have documented major limitations in the informed consent process for the recruitment of clinical research participants. One challenging aspect of this process is successful communication of risks and benefits to potential research participants. This study explored the opinions and attitudes of informed consent experts about conveying risks and benefits to inform the development of a survey about the perspectives of research nurses who are responsible for obtaining informed consent for clinical trials. The major themes identified were strategies for risks and benefits communication, ensuring comprehension, and preparation for the role of the consent administrator. From the experts' perspective, inadequate education and training of the research staff responsible for informed consent process contribute to deficiencies in the informed consent process and risks and benefits communication. Inconsistencies in experts' opinions and critique of certain widely used communication practices require further consideration and additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lika Nusbaum
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Foe G, Larson EL. Reading Level and Comprehension of Research Consent Forms. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:31-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1556264616637483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consent forms continue to be at a higher reading level than the recommended sixth to eighth grade, making it difficult for participants to comprehend information before enrolling in research. To assess and address the extent of the problem regarding the level of literacy of consent forms and update previously published reports, we conducted an integrative literature review of English language research published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013; 35 descriptive and eight intervention studies met inclusion criteria. Results confirmed that developing forms at eighth-grade level was attainable though not practiced. It was found that risks of participation was the section most poorly understood. There was also a lack of consensus regarding the most effective method to increase comprehension. Further research using standardized tools is needed to determine the best approach for improving consent forms and processes.
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Arango J, Chuck T, Ellenberg SS, Foltz B, Gorman C, Hinrichs H, McHale S, Merchant K, Seltzer J, Shapley S, Wild G. Good Clinical Practice Training: Identifying Key Elements and Strategies for Increasing Training Efficiency. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2016; 50:480-486. [PMID: 27390628 PMCID: PMC4923807 DOI: 10.1177/2168479016635220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses, and reporting of clinical trials. The goal of GCP is to ensure the protection of the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of clinical trial participants and to ensure the credibility and accuracy of data and reported results. In the United States, trial sponsors generally require investigators to complete GCP training prior to participating in each clinical trial to foster GCP and as a method to meet regulatory expectations (ie, sponsor's responsibility to select qualified investigators per 21 CFR 312.50 and 312.53(a) for drugs and biologics and 21 CFR 812.40 and 812.43(a) for medical devices). This training requirement is often extended to investigative site staff, as deemed relevant by the sponsor, institution, or investigator. Those who participate in multiple clinical trials are often required by sponsors to complete repeated GCP training, which is unnecessarily burdensome. The Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative convened a multidisciplinary project team involving partners from academia, industry, other researchers and research staff, and government to develop recommendations for streamlining current GCP training practices. Recommendations drafted by the project team, including the minimum key training elements, frequency, format, and evidence of training completion, were presented to a broad group of experts to foster discussion of the current issues and to seek consensus on proposed solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Arango
- Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Bridget Foltz
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Good Clinical Practice, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kunal Merchant
- Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative, Durham, NC, USA; Dr. Merchant is no longer affiliated with the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative
| | | | - Stephanie Shapley
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Larson EL, Lally R, Foe G, Joaquin G, Meyer DD, Cohn EG. Improving the Proficiency of Research Consent Administrators. Clin Transl Sci 2015; 8:351-4. [PMID: 25676061 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development and testing of a module to improve consent administrators' skills when obtaining research consent from culturally and linguistically diverse and low literacy populations. DESIGN Development and psychometric testing of video module including community vignettes. METHODS Following initial content, face, and construct validity testing by experts, a field trial was conducted with pre- and postknowledge tests and satisfaction surveys completed by 112 consent administrators. RESULTS Mean score out of a possible 10 on pretest was 8.6 (±standard deviation [SD], 1.55) and on posttest was 9.1 (±SD, 1.2; paired t-test 95% confidence interval of difference: -0.18 to -0.88; two-tailed p = 0.003). The average years of experience with obtaining consent was 6.42 years (range: 0-35), but years of experience was not significantly associated with either pre- or posttest scores (p = 0.82 and 0.44, respectively). Most user evaluations were positive, although suggestions for improvements were made. CONCLUSION Although pretest scores were relatively high, training needs of research consent administrators for consenting diverse and low literacy populations may be unmet. We urge that institutional review boards, researchers, policymakers, educators, and bioethicists address the training needs of research consent administrators and we offer this training module as one potential resource and adjunct to such training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Larson
- School of Nursing, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Lally
- Human Research Protection Office, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriella Foe
- School of Continuing Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Dodi D Meyer
- Community Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Cohn
- Center for Health Innovation, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA.,School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Mann C, Delgado D, Horwood J. Evaluation of internal peer-review to train nurses recruiting to a randomized controlled trial--Internal Peer-review for Recruitment Training in Trials (InterPReTiT). J Adv Nurs 2013; 70:777-90. [PMID: 24102655 DOI: 10.1111/jan.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM A discussion and qualitative evaluation of the use of peer-review to train nurses and optimize recruitment practice in a randomized controlled trial. BACKGROUND Sound recruitment processes are critical to the success of randomized controlled trials. Nurses recruiting to trials must obtain consent for an intervention that is administered for reasons other than anticipated benefit to the patient. This requires not only patients' acquiescence but also evidence that they have weighed the relevant information in reaching their decision. How trial information is explained is vital, but communication and training can be inadequate. DESIGN A discussion of a new process to train nurses recruiting to a randomized controlled trial. DATA SOURCES Literature from 1999-2013 about consenting to trials is included. Over 3 months from 2009-2010, recruiting nurses reviewed recruitment interviews recorded during the pilot phase of a single-site randomized controlled trial and noted content, communication style and interactions. They discussed their findings during peer-review meetings, which were audio-recorded and analysed using qualitative methodology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Peer-review can enhance nurses' training in trial recruitment procedures by supporting development of the necessary communication skills, facilitating consistency in information provision and sharing best practice. CONCLUSIONS Nurse-led peer-review can provide a forum to share communication strategies that will elicit and address participant concerns and obtain evidence of participant understanding prior to consent. Comparing practice can improve consistency and accuracy of trial information and facilitate identification of recruitment issues. Internal peer-review was well accepted and promoted team cohesion. Further evaluation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mann
- North Bristol NHS Trust, UK; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Brown RC, Yaroslavsky I, Quinoy AM, Friedman AD, Brookman RR, Southam-Gerow MA. Factor structure of measures of anxiety and depression symptoms in African American youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2013; 44:525-36. [PMID: 23224837 PMCID: PMC3737595 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that the factor structure of anxiety measures is different in African American samples compared to majority population samples. However, these findings may be due to misuse of analytic methods rather than meaningful differences in the underlying presentation of anxiety. To address this, we examined the factor structure of two measures of child anxiety: the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children in a sample of 229 African American youth. Contrary to previous research, confirmatory factor analyses yielded good fit for the original factor structures of both measures. These results suggest that the underlying factor structure of these measures may not be significantly different for African American and majority population youth as previously thought. The effect of data analytic procedures on subsequent conclusions and theory is discussed and recommendations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St. Suite 100, Office 135C, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Edwards SJL. Assessing the remedy: the case for contracts in clinical trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:3-12. [PMID: 21480063 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.560340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current orthodoxy in research ethics assumes that subjects of clinical trials reserve rights to withdraw at any time and without giving any reason. This view sees the right to withdraw as a simple extension of the right to refuse to participate all together. In this paper, however, I suggest that subjects should assume some responsibilities for the internal validity of the trial at consent and that these responsibilities should be captured by contract. This would allow the researcher to impose a penalty on the subject if he were to withdraw without good reason and on a whim. This proposal still leaves open the possibility of withdrawing without penalty when it is in the subject's best interests to do so. Giving researchers recourse to legal remedy may now be necessary to protect the science, as existing methods used to increase retention are inadequate for one reason or another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J L Edwards
- Centre for Philosophy, Justice and Health, University College London, London W1W7EJ, United Kingdom.
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