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Lodoen MB, Smith NC, Soldati-Favre D, Ferguson DJP, van Dooren GG. Nanos gigantium humeris insidentes: old papers informing new research into Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1193-1212. [PMID: 34736901 PMCID: PMC10538201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore first described Toxoplasma gondii as a parasite of rodents and rabbits in the early 20th century, a diverse and vigorous research community has been built around studying this fascinating intracellular parasite. In addition to its importance as a pathogen of humans, livestock and wildlife, modern researchers are attracted to T. gondii as a facile experimental system to study many aspects of evolutionary biology, cellular biology, host-microbe interactions, and host immunity. For new researchers entering the field, the extensive literature describing the biology of the parasite, and the interactions with its host, can be daunting. In this review, we examine four foundational studies that describe various aspects of T. gondii biology, presenting a 'journal club'-style analysis of each. We have chosen a paper that established the beguiling life cycle of the parasite (Hutchison et al., 1971), a paper that described key features of its cellular biology that the parasite shares with related organisms (Gustafson et al., 1954), a paper that characterised the origin of the unique compartment in which the parasite resides within host cells (Jones and Hirsch, 1972), and a paper that established a key mechanism in the host immune response to parasite infection (Pfefferkorn, 1984). These interesting and far-reaching studies set the stage for subsequent research into numerous facets of parasite biology. As well as providing new researchers with an entry point into the literature surrounding the parasite, revisiting these studies can remind us of the roots of our discipline, how far we have come, and the new directions in which we might head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Lodoen
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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SEIPEL DANIELE, RIBEIRO-Gomes FLAVIALIMA, BARCELOS MICHELLEWILLMEN, RAMALHO ANDRÉVILLAÇA, KANASHIRO MILTONM, KIPNIS THEREZALIBERMAN, ARNHOLDT ANDREACRISTINAVETO. Monocytes/macrophages infected withToxoplasma gondiido not increase co-stimulatory molecules while maintaining their migratory ability. APMIS 2009; 117:672-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Souza WD, DaMatta RA, Attias M. Brazilian contribution for a better knowledge on the biology of Toxoplasma gondii. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:149-54. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, Brasil
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Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii are distinctive in their utilization of para site encoded motor systems to invade cells. Invasion results in the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the infected cell. Most apicomplexans complete their intracellular tenure within the infected cell in the PV that is demarcated from the host cytoplasm by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). In this chapter I focus on the events surrounding the formation of the PVM and selected activities attributed to it. Its central role as the interface between the parasite and its immediate environment, the host cytoplasm, is validated by the diversity of functions attributed to it. While functions in structural organization, nutrient acquisitions and signaling have been defined their molecular bases remain largely unknown. Several recent studies and the decoding of the Toxoplasma genome have set the stage for a rapid expansion in our understanding of the role of the PVM in parasite biology. Toxoplasma gondii, like all apicomplexan parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens. This family of parasites utilize their own actin-myosin based motor systems to gain entry into susceptible cells establishing themselves, in some cases transiently (e.g., Theileria spp) in specialized vacuolar compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The T. gondii PV is highly dynamic compartment defining the replication permissive niche for the parasite. The delimiting membrane defining the parasitophorous vacuole, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane or PVM is increasingly being recognized as a specialized "organelle" that in the context of the infected cell is extracorporeal to the parent organism, the parasite. A systematic study of this enigmatic organelle has been severely limited by several issues. Primary among these is the fact that it is formed only in the context of the infected cell thereby limiting the amount of material. Secondly, unlike other cellular organelles that can often be purified by conventional approaches, the PVM, cannot be purified away from host cell organelles (see below). In spite of these significant obstacles considerable progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the biogenesis of the PVM, identification of its protein complement and the characterization of activities within it. These studies demonstrate that the PVM, on its own and by virtue of its interactions with cellular components, plays critical functions in the structural integrity of the vacuole, nutrient acquisition and the manipulation of cellular functions. In addition it appears that the repertoire of activities at the PVM is likely to be plastic reflecting temporal changes associated with the replicative phase of parasite growth. Finally, the PVM likely forms the foundation for the cyst wall as the parasite differentiates in the establishment of latent infection. As the critical border crossing between the parasite and invaded cell the study of the PVM provides a fertile area for new investigation aided by the recent decoding of the Toxoplasma genome (available at wwww.ToxoDB.org) and the application of proteomic analyses to basic questions in parasite biology.
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Cortez E, Stumbo AC, Saldanha-Gama R, Villela CG, Barja-Fidalgo C, Rodrigues CA, das Graças Henriques M, Benchimol M, Barbosa HS, Porto LC, Carvalho L. Immunolocalization of an osteopontin-like protein in dense granules of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and its association with the parasitophorous vacuole. Micron 2008; 39:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stumbo AC, Cortez E, Rodrigues CA, Henriques MDGMO, Porto LC, Barbosa HS, Carvalho L. Mitochondrial localization of non-histone protein HMGB1 during human endothelial cell-Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cell Biol Int 2007; 32:235-8. [PMID: 17936030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen, replicating only within a specialized membrane-bounded cytoplasmic vacuole, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), which interacts with host cell mitochondria. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a known nuclear transcription factor, also may be involved in pathological conditions, whose function is to signal tissue damage. Using confocal microscopy, we have investigated the localization of HMGB1 and the mitochondria performance during interaction between human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Toxoplasma. Immunofluorescence showed HMGB1 localization in HUVEC tubular mitochondria stained with Mito Tracker (MT). At 2h post-infection, MT labeled spherical structures scattered throughout the cytoplasm and HMGB1 were still present. After 24h of infection, long and tubular structures were localized around PVs and were double labeled by MT and HMGB1, suggesting a structural reorganization of the mitochondria over a long period of infection. For the first time, these results show there is HMGB1 in HUVEC mitochondria and that this protein could be playing a part in mitochondrial DNA events which are important for fission and fusion processes reported here during HUVEC-T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Stumbo
- Laboratório Cultura de Células, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 30 andar, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Barbosa HS, Ferreira-Silva MF, Guimarães EV, Carvalho L, Rodrigues RM. Absence of Vacuolar Membrane Involving Toxoplasma gondii During Its Intranuclear Localization. J Parasitol 2005; 91:182-4. [PMID: 15856897 DOI: 10.1645/ge-276r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii were located inside the nucleus of both skeletal muscle cells infected in vitro and peritoneal exudate cells collected from infected mouse in vivo. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that T. gondii invades the nucleus of host cells by the parasite apical region and with constriction of its body. We noted that the rhoptry, a secretory organelle of the parasite that is involved in the host cell invasion mechanism, was empty in the intranuclear T. gondii. The parasites were found in the nuclear matrix without evidence of the vacuolar membrane. Frequently, new parasites invaded host cell nucleus, which was already infected. The significance of this nuclear invasion could reflect an alternative route of T. gondii for its transitory survival or an escape mechanism from the host immune response during the in vivo infection (or both).
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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8
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de Souza W. Microscopy and cytochemistry of the biogenesis of the parasitophorous vacuole. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:1-18. [PMID: 15685438 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Some parasitic protozoa are able to penetrate into host cells where they multiply. The process of penetration involves steps such as attachment to the host cell surface, internalization of the protozoan through an endocytic process with the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV), and the subsequent interaction of the protozoan with the membrane lining the PV. This review analyzes the biogenesis of the PV from a morphological and cytochemical perspective. Special emphasis is given to (a) the localization of plasma membrane-associated enzymes such as Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and NAD(P)H-oxidase, (b) glycoconjugates, detected using labeled lectins, (c) anionic sites, detected using cationic particles, and (d) integral membrane proteins, using freeze-fracture replicas, and lipids during the formation of the PV containing Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, CCS-Bloco G, 21941-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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9
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Da Gama LM, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Guimarães U, Arnholdt ACV. Reduction in adhesiveness to extracellular matrix components, modulation of adhesion molecules and in vivo migration of murine macrophages infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:1287-96. [PMID: 15555535 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite, able to disseminate into deep tissues and cross biological barriers, reaching immunoprivileged sites such as the brain and retina. In order to investigate whether the parasite uses leukocyte trafficking to disseminate throughout the host, the adhesive potential to extracellular matrix components, the expression of adhesion molecules and the in vivo migration of murine macrophages infected with RH strain of T. gondii were investigated. Cellular adhesion to fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV decreased after 24 h of T. gondii infection. However, the decrease in adhesion of infected macrophages observed at early infection was reversed after 48 h. Moreover, decreased adhesion was dependent on active penetration, since heat-killed parasites were unable to reproduce it. Expression of integrins alphaL, alpha4 and alpha5 chains was downmodulated early postinfection, but a progressive regain of expression was observed after 12 h of infection. Expression of beta2, alphav and alpha4 integrins by peritoneal macrophages at late infection was also gradually reestablished. The assessment of in vivo migration of infected macrophages labeled with the fluorescent dye 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate showed a 48-h delay in migration to cervical lymph nodes when compared to LPS pre-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, cells that migrate to distal lymph nodes were loaded with live parasites. Taken together, these results provide insights about T. gondii escape from the host immune response, placing the macrophage as a "Trojan horse", contributing to parasite dissemination and access to immunoprivileged sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Da Gama
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Avenue Alberto Lamego, 2000, Rio de Janeiro CEP 28015-620, Brazil
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Dias MFRG, Filgueira AL, de Souza W. A morphological and cytochemical study of the interaction between Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis and neutrophils. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2004; 10:215-223. [PMID: 15306047 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927604040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is the most prevalent systemic mycosis of Latin America and 80% of the reported cases are from Brazil. Because of the great number of neutrophils found in the P. brasiliensis granuloma, studies have been done to evaluate the role of these cells during the development of the infection. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of thin sections showed that the neutrophils ingest yeast cells through a typical phagocytic process with the formation of pseudopodes. The pseudopodes even disrupt the connection established between the mother and the bud cells. Neutrophils also associate to each other, forming a kind of extracellular vacuole where large yeast cells are encapsulated. Cytochemical studies showed that once P. brasiliensis attaches to the neutrophil surface, it triggers a respiratory burst with release of oxygen-derived products. Attachment also triggers neutrophils degranulation, with release of endogenous peroxidase localized in cytoplasmic granules. Together, these processes lead to killing of both ingested and extracellular P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda R G Dias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brasil
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11
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Stumbo AC, Barbosa HS, Carvalho TMUD, Porto LC, Carvalho LD. Anionic sites, fucose residues and class I human leukocyte antigen fate during interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with endothelial cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:517-22. [PMID: 12118283 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii invades and proliferates in human umbilical vein endothelial cells where it resides in a parasitophorous vacuole. In order to analyze which components of the endothelial cell plasma membrane are internalized and become part of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the culture of endothelial cells was labeled with cationized ferritin or UEA I lectin or anti Class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) before or after infection with T. gondii. The results showed no cationized ferritin and UEA I lectin in any parasitophorous vacuole membrane, however, the Class I HLA molecule labeling was observed in some endocytic vacuoles containing parasite until 1 h of interaction with T. gondii. After 24 h parasite-host cell interaction, the labeling was absent on the vacuolar membrane, but presents only in small vesicles near parasitophorous vacuole. These results suggest the anionic site and fucose residues are excluded at the time of parasitophorous vacuole formation while Class I HLA molecules are present only on a minority of Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Stumbo
- Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brasil
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12
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Duclos S, Desjardins M. Subversion of a young phagosome: the survival strategies of intracellular pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2000; 2:365-77. [PMID: 11207592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2000.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Duclos
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Ngô HM, Ngo EO, Bzik DJ, Joiner KA. Toxoplasma gondii: are host cell adenosine nucleotides a direct source for purine salvage? Exp Parasitol 2000; 95:148-53. [PMID: 10910717 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Ngô
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8022, USA
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14
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En route to the vacuole. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MEMBRANES AND ORGANELLES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5172(99)80014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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de-Souza W, de-Carvalho TU, de-Melo ET, Soares CP, Coimbra ES, Rosestolato CT, Ferreira SR, Vieira M. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy to analyze the process of parasitic protozoon-host cell interaction. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:1459-70. [PMID: 9921284 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998001100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this communication we review the results obtained with the confocal laser scanning microscope to characterize the interaction of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii with host cells. Early events of the interaction process were studied by the simultaneous localization of sites of protein phosphorylation, revealed by immunocytochemistry, and sites of actin assembly, revealed by the use of labeled phaloidin. The results obtained show that proteins localized in the interaction sites are phosphorylated. The process of formation of the parasitophorous vacuole was monitored by labeling the host cell surface with fluorescent probes for lipids (PKH26), proteins (DTAF) and sialic acid (FITC-thiosemicarbazide) before interaction with the parasites. Evidence was obtained indicating transfer of components of the host cell surface to the parasite surface in the beginning of the interaction process. We also analyzed the distribution of cytoskeletal structures (microtubules and microfilaments visualized with specific antibodies), mitochondria (visualized with rhodamine 123), the Golgi complex (visualized with C6-NBD-ceramide) and the endoplasmic reticulum (visualized with anti-reticulin antibodies and DIOC6) during the evolution of intracellular parasitism. The results obtained show that some, but not all, structures change their position during evolution of the intracellular parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W de-Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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16
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Jacobs D, Dubremetz JF, Loyens A, Bosman F, Saman E. Identification and heterologous expression of a new dense granule protein (GRA7) from Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 91:237-49. [PMID: 9566517 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunoscreening of an expression library constructed with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite mRNA with sera from toxoplasmosis-positive humans has led to the identification of a new parasite antigen. Sequence analysis of the gene encoding this antigen allowed the calculation of the theoretical molecular mass (25,857 Da) and showed that the protein contains a putative signal sequence. The C-terminal region contains two hydrophobic regions, the last of which has the characteristics of a membrane-spanning domain. When the protein was heterologously expressed in E. coli and tested by Western blot, it reacted with the human sera originally used for screening. The new antigen also reacted with a monoclonal antibody raised against the entire parasite. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the protein is localized in the dense granules. After host cell invasion, the protein is secreted into the vacuolar network, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and into extensions protruding in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is suggested to designate this new dense granule protein GRA7, following the established nomenclature for this protein family.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/analysis
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytoplasmic Granules/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Protozoan
- Humans
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protozoan Proteins/analysis
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Toxoplasma/chemistry
- Toxoplasma/genetics
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasma/ultrastructure
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jacobs
- Innogenetics N.V., Gent, Belgium.
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17
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Abstract
Our understanding of both membrane traffic in mammalian cells and the cell biology of infection with intracellular pathogens has increased dramatically in recent years. In this review, we discuss the cell biology of the host-microbe interaction for four intracellular pathogens: Chlamydia spp., Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium spp., and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. All of these organisms reside in vacuoles inside cells that have restricted fusion with host organelles of the endocytic cascade. Despite this restricted fusion, the vacuoles surrounding each pathogen display novel interactions with other host cell organelles. In addition to the effect of infection on host membrane traffic, we focus on these novel interactions and relate them where possible to nutrient acquisition by the intracellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sinai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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18
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Coombs GH, Denton H, Brown SM, Thong KW. Biochemistry of the coccidia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1997; 39:141-226. [PMID: 9241816 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Coombs
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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19
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Mauël J. Intracellular survival of protozoan parasites with special reference to Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1996; 38:1-51. [PMID: 8701794 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mauël
- Institute of Biochemistry, Epalinges, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii shares many features with other apicomplexan parasites but is unusual in its extremely broad host and tissue specificity. The parasite exhibits typical 'zoite' morphology, its highly polar structure being dictated by the complex cytoskeleton. Molecules on the surface of the zoite are prime candidates for interaction with the host cell and in vitro assays have implicated 2 of the 5 tachyzoite surface molecules in invasion: SAG1 as a ligand mediating host cell invasion, and SAG2 in enabling reorientation prior to invasion. The functional roles of other molecules, secreted from internal organelles during invasion and intracellular development, are also becoming clear through immuno-EM and biochemical studies, and from sequence data. Molecules from the rhoptries including the penetration enhancing factor ROP1 are secreted at the point of invasion and are integral to the newly formed parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Release of the dense granule molecules GRA 1-6, appears to be calcium regulated and occurs within 10 min of invasion leading to formation of the tubular membranous network and stabilization of the vacuole. The interaction between Toxoplasma and the host cell is stage specific. The tachyzoite divides rapidly and synchronously forming rosettes and causing host cell lysis, while the bradyzoite exhibits slow asynchronous division secreting a granular matrix and becoming enclosed within a cyst wall. This altered phenotype is a reflection of changes in gene expression. Bradyzoite specific molecules are found internally, on the parasite surface, and in the cyst matrix while important tachyzoite proteins such as SAG1 and SAG2 are downregulated. Differentiation between the 2 stages is reversible and is influenced by immunomodulatory agents. However a strong genetic element is involved and it is notable that virulent strains show a very low frequency of cyst production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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21
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Morisaki JH, Heuser JE, Sibley LD. Invasion of Toxoplasma gondii occurs by active penetration of the host cell. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 6):2457-64. [PMID: 7673360 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.6.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects a wide variety of vertebrate cells including macrophages. We have used a combination of video microscopy and fluorescence localization to examine the entry of Toxoplasma into macrophages and nonphagocytic host cells. Toxoplasma actively invaded host cells without inducing host cell membrane ruffling, actin microfilament reorganization, or tyrosine phosphorylation of host proteins. Invasion occurred rapidly and within 25–40 seconds the parasite penetrated into a tight-fitting vacuole formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. In contrast, during phagocytosis of Toxoplasma, extensive membrane ruffling captured the parasite in a loose-fitting phagosome that formed over a period of 2–4 minutes. Phagocytosis involved both reorganization of the host cytoskeleton and tyrosine phosphorylation of host proteins. In some cases, parasites that were first internalized by phagocytosis, were able to escape from the phagosome by a process analogous to invasion. These studies reveal that active penetration of the host cell by Toxoplasma is fundamentally different from phagocytosis or induced endocytic uptake. The novel ability to penetrate the host cell likely contributes to the capability of Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles to avoid endocytic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Morisaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii actively invades its host cell rather than entering by conventional phagocytosis. Invasion is powered by a microfilament-based motility system in the parasite that leads to invagination of the host cell plasma membrane to form a novel intracellular vacuole. This vacuole resists fusion with the endocytic network of the host cell and provides a protective environment for replication of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Sibley
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lecordier L, Moleon-Borodowsky I, Dubremetz JF, Tourvieille B, Mercier C, Deslée D, Capron A, Cesbron-Delauw MF. Characterization of a dense granule antigen of Toxoplasma gondii (GRA6) associated to the network of the parasitophorous vacuole. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 70:85-94. [PMID: 7637717 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the molecular characterization of GRA6, a novel Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen of 32 kDa. cDNA clones encoding this protein were isolated using a rat serum directed against an HPLC fraction enriched in the protein GRA5. Cross-reactivity between GRA5 and GRA6 was demonstrated by production of sera against the recombinant GRA5 protein. A serum against a recombinant fragment of GRA6 which does not react with GRA5 allowed the localization of this antigen at the subcellular level. GRA6 is detected in the dense granules of tachyzoites, and in the parasitophorous vacuole, closely associated to the network. The gene encoding GRA6 and its flanking regions were completely sequenced from cDNA and genomic inserts. Primer extension experiments demonstrated that the cap site of the GRA6 gene was located 37 bp upstream of the 5' end of the longest cDNA insert (1600 bp). The GRA6 gene potentially encodes a 230-amino-acid polypeptide, does not contain any introns and seems to be present as a single copy in the genome of T. gondii. The deduced polypeptide contains two hydrophobic regions with the characteristics of transmembrane domains. The N-terminal domain does not fit the classical feature of a signal peptide. The central hydrophobic domain is flanked by two hydrophilic domains which contain four blocks of amino acids homologous to the GRA5 protein. The C-terminal hydrophilic region comprises 24% of glycine residues, which may indicate a structural role for GRA6 in the network.
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Pegado MG, de Souza W. Role of surface components in the process of interaction of Giardia duodenalis with epithelial cells in vitro. Parasitol Res 1994; 80:320-6. [PMID: 8073020 DOI: 10.1007/bf02351874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monosaccharides, lectins, periodate, trypsin and neuraminidase were used to analyse the process of adhesion of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites to IEC cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line. Addition of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose and fucose to the interaction medium inhibited attachment of the parasites to the epithelial cells. Experiments in which the parasites or epithelial cells were treated before interaction showed that these monosaccharides interfered with both cell surfaces. Trypsin-sensitive, but not neuraminidase-sensitive, groups exposed on the cell surface are important for the parasite-epithelial cell association. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or colloidal gold-labeled lectins were used to analyse the distribution of carbohydrates on the surface of G. duodenalis and epithelial cells. It is important to stress here the presence of fucose on the parasite surface. Treatment of the cells with lectins was also used to analyse the role of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules in the parasite-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pegado
- Laboratório de Ultraesturura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Lecordier L, Mercier C, Torpier G, Tourvieille B, Darcy F, Liu JL, Maes P, Tartar A, Capron A, Cesbron-Delauw MF. Molecular structure of a Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen (GRA 5) associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 59:143-53. [PMID: 8515776 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90015-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The P21 antigen of Toxoplasma gondii, defined by the monoclonal antibody TG17-113, has been described as a dense granule component, secreted in the parasitophorous vacuole during host cell invasion. The present work reports the cloning of the gene encoding the P21 antigen, for which we propose the name GRA 5. A cDNA library was screened with a rat antiserum raised against an HPLC fraction enriched in the P21 antigen. cDNA clones encoding GRA 5 were selected by antibody selection on the recombinant proteins. All these clones were incomplete at the 5' end. The 5' fragment of the longest cDNA clone isolated by this first screening was used as a probe in secondary screenings of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries. A genomic fragment containing the P21 gene and nearly full-length cDNAs have been isolated and sequenced. The gene encoding GRA 5 is 834 bp long and does not contain any intron. The deduced amino acid sequence of an open reading frame encoding 133 amino acids perfectly matched that of 5 peptides microsequenced from the native antigen. A N-terminal hydrophobic region was found to possess the characteristics of a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. A second hydrophobic domain, bordered by two hydrophilic regions strongly suggests a transmembrane region. This molecular structure is supported by ultrastructural studies showing the association of the P21 antigen with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lecordier
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie parasitaire, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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de Carvalho L, Yan CY, de Souza W. Effect of various digestive enzymes on the interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with macrophages. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:114-8. [PMID: 8475028 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The participation of resident, elicited, and activated macrophage surface components during internalization of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii was analyzed using neuraminidase, phospholipase C, trypsin, protease, and hyaluronidase. Treatment of these macrophages with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens, protease, and hyaluronidase prior to their interaction with parasites increased the penetration of host cells by T. gondii. Incubation of macrophages with trypsin significantly inhibited the uptake of parasites. Our findings confirm previous observations that treatment of the macrophages with cytochalasin D under conditions that completely block the typical phagocytic process partially inhibits infection of the cells by T. gondii. The results of simultaneous treatment of the macrophages with enzymes and cytochalasin D suggested that the observed enhancement of cell infection by treatment with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase was attributable to a classic phagocytic process, whereas that obtained using phospholipase resulted from active penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Carvalho
- Departamento de Parasitologia e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Joiner KA. Cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii: all paths do not lead to success. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 144:34-8. [PMID: 8383872 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(05)80094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Joiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8056
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Azevedo NL, de Souza W. A cytochemical study of the interaction between Tritrichomonas foetus and mouse macrophages. Parasitol Res 1992; 78:545-52. [PMID: 1438144 DOI: 10.1007/bf00936450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light and electron microscopy were used to analyse the process of interaction of normal and antibody-coated Tritrichomonas foetus with resident and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Activated macrophages ingest more parasites than do resident macrophages. Previous incubation of the parasites in the presence of sub-agglutinating concentrations of a polyclonal anti-T. foetus antibody significantly increased their ingestion by the macrophages. Adherence of the parasites to the surface of activated macrophages triggers the respiratory oxidative burst as revealed by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. This process was more evident in antibody-coated parasites. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H]-oxidase in the portions of the macrophage plasma membrane that were in contact with the parasites as well as in the phagocytic vacuoles. Fusion of macrophage lysosomes with parasite-containing phagocytic vacuoles was observed in macrophages labeled with Lucifer yellow and gold-labeled peroxidase as well as by localisation of acid phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Azevedo
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Youn JH, Nam HW, Kim DJ, Park YM, Kim WK, Kim WS, Choi WY. Cell cycle-dependent entry of Toxoplasma gondii into synchronized HL-60 cells. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1991; 29:121-8. [PMID: 1954195 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1991.29.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The degree of attraction of Toxoplasma gondii to vertebrate cells varies with cell type and cell phase. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells, HL-60, were synchronized by double thymidine block method and co-cultured with Toxoplasma for 1 hr at each cell stage to investigate the cell cycle specific susceptibility of parasites to host cells. For 30 hr the average number of Toxoplasma that invaded was a little changed except at 3 hr from G1/S phase boundary which concurred with the peak point of DNA synthesis. At 3 hr which is a relatively short interval compared to whole S phase, modification of cells by parasitic invasion was most remarkable. The number of Toxoplasma that penetrated was increased to more than six times. The shape of the cells became sludgy and almost indiscernible by strong accessibility of parasites only for an hour of mid-S phase. The same fluctuation was also observed at the second peak of S phase but weakly. This suggests that there be surface molecules concerning with the attachment of Toxoplasma to the host cells, which is expressed at special point of S phase. Further studies on the specific protein or similar molecules related could be carried out using synchronized HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Youn
- Catholic Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
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Hall BF, Joiner KA. Strategies of obligate intracellular parasites for evading host defences. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:A22-7. [PMID: 2069674 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(05)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the course of establishing infection in a susceptible host, obligate intracellular parasites evade host defence mechanisms before, during and after entry into host cells. Before entry they circumvent the lytic activity of the complement cascade, during cell entry they avoid being killed by toxic oxygen metabolites and after entry they escape nonoxidative killing mechanisms such as degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. Different intracellular parasites, exemplified here by Leishmania spp, Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, undermine host defences at each step by various strategies that ultimately ensure their targeting to, and survival in, an appropriate intracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Hall
- Dept of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8056
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McLeod R, Mack D, Brown C. Toxoplasma gondii--new advances in cellular and molecular biology. Exp Parasitol 1991; 72:109-21. [PMID: 1993460 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90129-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R McLeod
- Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Nam HW, Youn JH, Kim DJ, Choi WY. Tight junctional inhibition of entry of Toxoplasma gondii into MDCK cells. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1990; 28:197-205. [PMID: 2099173 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1990.28.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various conditions of cultures were performed to investigate the role of tight junctions formed between adjacent MDCK cells on the entry of Toxoplasma. When MDCK cells were cocultured with excess number of Toxoplasma at the seeding density of 1 x 10(5), 3 x 10(5), and 5 x 10(5) cells/ml for 4 days, the number of intracellular parasites decreased rapidly as the host cells reached saturation density, i.e., the formation of tight junctions. When the concentration of calcium in the media (1.8 mM in general) was shifted to 5 microM that resulted in the elimination of tight junction, the penetration of Toxoplasma increased about 2-fold (p less than 0.05) in the saturated culture, while that of non-saturated culture decreased by half. Trypsin-EDTA which was treated to conquer the tight junctions of saturated culture favored the entry of Toxoplasma about 2.5-fold (p less than 0.05) compared to the non-treated, while that of non-saturated culture decreased to about one fifth. It was suggested that the tight junctions of epithelial cells play a role as a barrier for the entry of Toxoplasma and Toxoplasma penetrate into host cells through membrane structure-specific, i.e., certain kind of receptors present on the basolateral rather than apical surface of MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Nam
- Department of Parasitology, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
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Joiner KA, Fuhrman SA, Miettinen HM, Kasper LH, Mellman I. Toxoplasma gondii: fusion competence of parasitophorous vacuoles in Fc receptor-transfected fibroblasts. Science 1990; 249:641-6. [PMID: 2200126 DOI: 10.1126/science.2200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
After actively entering its host cells, the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii resides in an intracellular vacuole that is completely unable to fuse with other endocytic or biosynthetic organelles. The fusion blocking requires entry of viable organisms but is irreversible: fusion competence of the vacuole is not restored if the parasite is killed after entry. The fusion block can be overcome, however, by altering the parasite's route of entry. Thus, phagocytosis of viable antibody-coated T. gondii by Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with macrophage-lymphocyte Fc receptors results in the formation of vacuoles that are capable of both fusion and acidification. Phagocytosis and fusion appear to involve a domain of the Fc receptor cytoplasmic tail distinct from that required for localization at clathrin-coated pits. These results suggest that the mechanism of fusion inhibition is likely to reflect a modification of the vacuole membrane at the time of its formation, as opposed to the secretion of a soluble inhibitor by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Joiner
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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