1
|
Nutritional intake of Aplanochytrium (Labyrinthulea, Stramenopiles) from living diatoms revealed by culture experiments suggesting the new prey-predator interactions in the grazing food web of the marine ecosystem. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208941. [PMID: 30625142 PMCID: PMC6326421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthuleans (Labyrinthulea, Stramenopiles) are recognized as decomposers in marine ecosystems but their nutrient sources are not fully understood. We conducted two-membered culture experiments with labyrinthuleans and diatoms to discover where labyrinthuleans obtain their nutrients from. The results showed that Aplanochytrium strains obtained nutrients by consuming living diatoms. Aplanochytrium cells did not release digestive enzymes into the medium, but adhered to diatom cells via the tip of their characteristic ectoplasmic net system to obtain nutrients from them. The chloroplast and cell contents of the diatoms shrank and were absorbed, and then the number of Aplanochytrium cells rapidly increased as multiple aplanospores were released. To estimate the effect of labyrinthulean organisms including Aplanochytrium on marine ecosystem, we explored the dataset generated by the Tara Oceans Project from a wide range of oceanic regions. The average proportion of all labyrinthulean sequences to diatom sequences at each station was about 10%, and labyrinthulids, oblongichytrids, and aplanochytrids were the major constituent genera, accounting for more than 80% of labyrinthuleans. Therefore, these groups are suggested to greatly affect the marine ecosystem. There were positive correlations between aplanochytrids and phototrophs, green algae, and diatoms. At many stations, relatively large proportions of aplanochytrid sequences were detected in the size fraction larger than their cell size. This implied that Aplanochytrium cells increased their particle size by adhering to each other and forming aggregates with diatoms that are captured by larger zooplankton in the environment, thereby bypassing the food web pathway via aplanochytrids to higher predators. The intake of nutrients from diatoms by aplanochytrids represents a newly recognized pathway in the grazing food chain in the marine ecosystem.
Collapse
|
2
|
Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sullivan BK, Robinson KL, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Lilje ES, Gleason FH, Lilje O. The First Isolation and Characterisation of the Protist Labyrinthula sp. in Southeastern Australia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:504-513. [PMID: 28004878 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a result of anthropogenic influences and global climate change, emerging infectious marine diseases are thought to be increasingly more common and more severe than in the past. The aim of our investigation was to confirm the presence of Labyrinthula, the aetiological agent of the seagrass wasting disease, in Southeastern Australia and provide the first isolation and characterisation of this protist, in Australia. Colonies and individual cells were positively identified as Labyrinthula using published descriptions, diagrams, and photographs. Their identity was then confirmed using DNA barcoding of a region of the 18S rRNA gene. Species level identification of isolates was not possible as the taxonomy of the Labyrinthula is still poorly resolved. Still, a diversity of Labyrinthula was isolated from small sections of the southeast coast of Australia. The isolates were grouped into three haplotypes that are biogeographically restricted. These haplotypes are closely related to previously identified saprotrophic clades. The study highlights the need for further investigation into the global distribution of Labyrinthula, including phylogenetic pathogenicity and analysis of host-parasite interactions in response to stressors. Given the results of our analyses, it is prudent to continue research into disease and epidemic agents to better prepare researchers for potential future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, Victorian Marine Science Consortium, University of Melbourne, Queenscliff, Vic., 3225, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Katie L Robinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Erna S Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bothrosome Formation in Schizochytrium aggregatum (Labyrinthulomycetes, Stramenopiles) during Zoospore Settlement. Protist 2016; 168:206-219. [PMID: 28314190 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes are characterized by the presence of ectoplasmic nets originating from an organelle known as the bothrosome, whose evolutionary origin is unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the developmental process from a zoospore to a vegetative cell in Schizochytrium aggregatum. After disappearance of the flagellum during zoospore settlement, the bothrosome emerged at the anterior-ventral pole of the cells. A new Golgi body also appeared at this stage, and the bothrosome was positioned close to both the new and the old Golgi bodies. This observation suggested that the Golgi body is related to the formation of the bothrosome. Actin appeared as a spot in the same location as the newly appeared bothrosome, as determined by immunofluorescence labeling. An immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed that actin was present in the ectoplasmic nets and in the cytoplasm around the bothrosome, indicating that the electron-dense materials of the bothrosome are not the polar center of F-actin. This suggests that actin filaments pull the endoplasmic reticulum to the bothrosome and induce the membrane to become evaginated within ectoplasmic nets.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sullivan BK, Sherman TD, Damare VS, Lilje O, Gleason FH. Potential roles of Labyrinthula spp. in global seagrass population declines. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
Loucks K, Waddell D, Ross C. Lipopolysaccharides elicit an oxidative burst as a component of the innate immune system in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:295-303. [PMID: 23807482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the first report characterizing the biological effects of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune modulator on a marine vascular plant. LPS was shown to serve as a strong elicitor of the early defense response in the subtropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König and was capable of inducing an oxidative burst identified at the single cell level. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), detected by a redox-sensitive fluorescent probe and luminol-based chemiluminescence, included a diphenyleneiodonium sensitive response, suggesting the involvement of an NADPH oxidase. A 900 bp cDNA fragment coding for this enzyme was sequenced and found to encode a NAD binding pocket domain with extensive homology to the Arabidopsis thaliana rbohF (respiratory burst oxidase homolog) gene. The triggered release of ROS occurred at 20 min post-elicitation and was dose-dependent, requiring a minimal threshold of 50 μg/mL LPS. Pharmacological dissection of the early events preceding ROS emission indicated that the signal transduction chain of events involved extracellular alkalinization, G-proteins, phospholipase A2, as well as K(+), Ca(2+), and anion channels. Despite exclusively thriving in a marine environment, seagrasses contain ROS-generating machinery and signal transduction components that appear to be evolutionarily conserved with the well-characterized defense response systems found in terrestrial plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Loucks
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bayne ACV, Boltz D, Owen C, Betz Y, Maia G, Azadi P, Archer-Hartmann S, Zirkle R, Lippmeier JC. Vaccination against influenza with recombinant hemagglutinin expressed by Schizochytrium sp. confers protective immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61790. [PMID: 23626728 PMCID: PMC3634000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the rapid production of influenza vaccine antigens in unlimited quantities, a transition from conventional egg-based production to cell-based and recombinant systems is required. The need for higher-yield, lower-cost, and faster production processes is critical to provide adequate supplies of influenza vaccine to counter global pandemic threats. In this study, recombinant hemagglutinin proteins of influenza virus were expressed in the microalga Schizochytrium sp., an established, fermentable organism grown in large scale for the manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids for animal and human health applications. Schizochytrium was capable of exporting the full-length membrane-bound proteins in a secreted form suitable for vaccine formulation. One recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) protein derived from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus was evaluated as a vaccine in a murine challenge model. Protective immunity from lethal challenge with homologous virus was elicited by a single dose of 1.7, 5 or 15 µg rHA with or without adjuvant at survival rates between 80–100%. Full protection (100%) was established at all dose levels with or without adjuvant when mice were given a second vaccination. These data demonstrate the potential of Schizochytrium sp. as a platform for the production of recombinant antigens useful for vaccination against influenza.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microalgae/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Stramenopiles/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile V. Bayne
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Boltz
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carole Owen
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yelena Betz
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Goncalo Maia
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Archer-Hartmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ross Zirkle
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Casey Lippmeier
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bergmann N, Fricke B, Schmidt MC, Tams V, Beining K, Schwitte H, Boettcher AA, Martin DL, Bockelmann AC, Reusch TBH, Rauch G. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the seagrass pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:1076-81. [PMID: 21777400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protist Labyrinthula zosterae (Phylum Bigyra, sensu Tsui et al. 2009) has been identified as a causative agent of wasting disease in eelgrass (Zostera marina), of which the most intense outbreak led to the destruction of 90% of eelgrass beds in eastern North America and western Europe in the 1930s. Outbreaks still occur today, albeit at a smaller scale. Traditionally, L. zosterae has been quantified by measuring the necrotic area of Z. marina leaf tissue. This indirect method can however only lead to a very rough estimate of pathogen load. Here, we present a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach to directly detect and quantify L. zosterae in eelgrass tissue. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of rRNA genes, species-specific primers were designed. Using our qPCR, we were able to quantify accurately and specifically L. zosterae load both from culture and eelgrass leaves using material from Europe and North America. Our detection limit was less than one L. zosterae cell. Our results demonstrate the potential of this qPCR assay to provide rapid, accurate and sensitive molecular identification and quantification of L. zosterae. In view of declining seagrass populations worldwide, this method will provide a valuable tool for seagrass ecologists and conservation projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bergmann
- Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR), Experimental Ecology - Food Webs, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heintzelman MB. Cellular and Molecular Mechanics of Gliding Locomotion in Eukaryotes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 251:79-129. [PMID: 16939778 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)51003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gliding is a form of substrate-dependent cell locomotion exploited by a variety of disparate cell types. Cells may glide at rates well in excess of 1 microm/sec and do so without the gross distortion of cellular form typical of amoeboid crawling. In the absence of a discrete locomotory organelle, gliding depends upon an assemblage of molecules that links cytoplasmic motor proteins to the cell membrane and thence to the appropriate substrate. Gliding has been most thoroughly studied in the apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, which employ a unique assortment of proteins dubbed the glideosome, at the heart of which is a class XIV myosin motor. Actin and myosin also drive the gliding locomotion of raphid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) as well as the intriguing form of gliding displayed by the spindle-shaped cells of the primitive colonial protist Labyrinthula. Chlamydomonas and other flagellated protists are also able to abandon their more familiar swimming locomotion for gliding, during which time they recruit a motility apparatus independent of that driving flagellar beating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Heintzelman
- Department of Biology, Program in Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| |
Collapse
|