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Saglam Y, Oz A, Yildiz G, Ermis C, Kargin OA, Arslan S, Karacetin G. Can diffusion tensor imaging have a diagnostic utility to differentiate early-onset forms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A neuroimaging study with explainable machine learning algorithms. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 335:111696. [PMID: 37595386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Accurate diagnosis of early-onset psychotic disorders is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. This study aimed to differentiate patients with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) from early-onset bipolar disorder (EBD) with machine learning (ML) algorithms using white matter tracts (WMT). METHOD Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained from adolescents with either EOS (n = 43) or EBD (n = 32). Global probabilistic tractography using an automated tract-based TRACULA software was performed to analyze the fractional anisotropy (FA) of forty-two WMT. The nested cross-validation was performed in feature selection and model construction. EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was applied to select the features that can give the best performance in the ML model. The interpretability of the model was explored with the SHApley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). FINDINGS The XGBoost algorithm identified nine out of the 42 major WMTs with significant predictive power. Among ML models, Support Vector Machine-Linear showed the best performance. Higher SHAP values of left acoustic radiation, bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, and the corpus callosum were associated with a higher likelihood of EOS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that ML models based on the FA values of major WMT reconstructed by global probabilistic tractography can unveil hidden microstructural aberrations to distinguish EOS from EBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Saglam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Oz
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Yildiz
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Ermis
- Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Osman Aykan Kargin
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Arslan
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Karacetin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang H, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Qiu B, Zhang P. White matter BOLD signals at 7 Tesla reveal visual field maps in optic radiation and vertical occipital fasciculus. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119916. [PMID: 36736638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity in the white matter (WM) can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the functional relevance and significance of WM BOLD signals remain controversial. Here we investigated whether 7T BOLD fMRI can reveal fine-scale functional organizations of a WM bundle. Population receptive field (pRF) analyses of the 7T retinotopy dataset from the Human Connectome Project revealed clear contralateral retinotopic organizations of two visual WM bundles: the optic radiation (OR) and the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF). The retinotopic maps of OR are highly consistent with post-mortem dissections and diffusion tractographies, while the VOF maps are compatible with the dorsal and ventral visual areas connected by the WM. Similar to the grey matter (GM) visual areas, both WM bundles show over-representations of the central visual field and increasing pRF size with eccentricity. Hemodynamic response functions of visual WM were slower and wider compared with those of GM areas. These findings clearly demonstrate that WM BOLD at 7 Tesla is closely coupled with neural activity related to axons, encoding highly specific information that can be used to characterize fine-scale functional organizations of a WM bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Du Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China..
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Luttenbacher I, Phillips A, Kazemi R, Hadipour AL, Sanghvi I, Martinez J, Adamson MM. Transdiagnostic role of glutamate and white matter damage in neuropsychiatric disorders: A Systematic Review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 147:324-348. [PMID: 35151030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ) have been considered distinct categories of diseases despite their overlapping characteristics and symptomatology. We aimed to provide an in-depth review elucidating the role of glutamate/Glx and white matter (WM) abnormalities in these disorders from a transdiagnostic perspective. The PubMed online database was searched for studies published between 2010 and 2021. After careful screening, 401 studies were included. The findings point to decreased levels of glutamate in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in both SZ and BD, whereas Glx is elevated in the Hippocampus in SZ and MDD. With regard to WM abnormalities, the Corpus Callosum and superior Longitudinal Fascicle were the most consistently identified brain regions showing decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) across all the reviewed disorders, except GAD. Additionally, the Uncinate Fasciculus displayed decreased FA in all disorders, except OCD. Decreased FA was also found in the inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus, Thalamic Radiation, and Corona Radiata in SZ, BD, and MDD. Decreased FA in the Fornix and Corticospinal Tract were found in BD and SZ patients. The Cingulum and Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule exhibited decreased FA in MDD and SZ patients. The results suggest a gradual increase in severity from GAD to SZ defined by the number of brain regions with WM abnormality which may be partially caused by abnormal glutamate levels. WM damage could thus be considered a potential marker of some of the main neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Luttenbacher
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Angela Phillips
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed L Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Isha Sanghvi
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian Martinez
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maheen M Adamson
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Lee KH, Oh H, Suh JHS, Cho KIK, Yoon YB, Shin WG, Lee TY, Kwon JS. Functional and Structural Connectivity of the Cerebellar Nuclei With the Striatum and Cerebral Cortex in First-Episode Psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 31:143-151. [PMID: 30561280 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry plays an important role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Cerebellar contribution from deep cerebellar nuclei to the circuitry has not yet been examined. The authors investigated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of cerebellar output nuclei with striatal-thalamic-cortical regions in relation to white-matter integrity and regional gray-matter volumes in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods: Forty FEP patients and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects (HCs) participated. RSFC between cerebellar nuclei and striatal-thalamic-cortical regions was examined. Diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric scans were examined for possible structural constraints on RSFC. The authors also examined relationships between neuroimaging variables and cognitive and clinical measures. Results: FEP patients, compared with HCs, exhibited decreased RSFC between the left fastigial nucleus and right putamen, which was associated with poor letter fluency performance and lower global assessment of functioning scores. By contrast, patients showed widespread increased accumbens network connectivity in the left nucleus. The authors further observed both hypo- and hyper-RSFC between the cerebellar nuclei and fronto-parietal areas in patients, independent of striatal activity. Finally, the authors found impaired integrity of the left superior cerebellar peduncle and decreased bilateral putamen volume in patients, whereas structural-functional relationships found in HCs were absent in patients. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of disordered RSFC of cerebellar output nuclei to the striatum and neocortex at the early stage of schizophrenia. Furthermore, dysfunctional cerebellar influences on fronto-parietal areas that are independent of striatal dysfunction in patients with FEP were observed. The results suggest that cortico-striatal abnormalities in patients with FEP are produced by abnormal cerebellar influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hyuk Lee
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Hyerim Oh
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Jee-Hyung S Suh
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Kang Ik K Cho
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Youngwoo Bryan Yoon
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Won-Gyo Shin
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Tae Young Lee
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Oh, Suh, Cho, Yoon, Kwon); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Lee, Kwon); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Cho, Shin); the Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis (Yoon)
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Altered white matter connectivity in patients with schizophrenia: An investigation using public neuroimaging data from SchizConnect. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205369. [PMID: 30300425 PMCID: PMC6177186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have produced extensive evidence on white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ). However, optimum consistency and reproducibility have not been achieved, and reported low white matter tract integrity in patients with SZ varies between studies. A whole-brain imaging study with a large sample size is needed. This study aimed to investigate white matter integrity in the corpus callosum and connections between regions of interests (ROIs) in the same hemisphere in 122 patients with SZ and 129 healthy controls with public neuroimaging data from SchizConnect. For each diffusion-weighted image (DWI), two-tensor full-brain tractography was performed; DWIs were parcellated by processing and registering T1 images with FreeSurfer and Advanced Normalization Tools. White matter query language was used to extract white matter fiber tracts. We evaluated group differences in means of diffusion measures between the patients and controls, and correlations of diffusion measures with the severity of clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in the patients using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), a letter-number sequencing (LNS) test, vocabulary test, letter fluency test, category fluency test, and trail-making test, part A. To correct for multiple comparisons, a false discovery rate of q < 0.05 was applied. In patients with SZ, we observed significant radial diffusivity (RD) and trace (TR) increases in left thalamo-occipital tracts and the right uncinate fascicle, and a significant RD increase in the right middle longitudinal fascicle (MDLF) and the right superior longitudinal fascicle ii. Correlations were present between TR of left thalamo-occipital tracts, and the letter fluency test and the LNS test, and RD in the right MDLF and PANSS positive subscale score. However, these correlations were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. These results indicated widespread white matter fiber tract abnormalities in patients with SZ, contributing to SZ pathophysiology.
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Reavis EA, Lee J, Wynn JK, Narr KL, Njau SN, Engel SA, Green MF. Linking optic radiation volume to visual perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2017; 190:102-106. [PMID: 28318839 PMCID: PMC5600632 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia typically show visual processing deficits on masking tasks and other performance-based measures, while people with bipolar disorder may have related deficits. The etiology of these deficits is not well understood. Most neuroscientific studies of perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on visual processing areas in the cerebral cortex, but perception also depends on earlier components of the visual system that few studies have examined in these disorders. Using diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), we investigated the structure of the primary sensory input pathway to the cortical visual system: the optic radiations. We used probabilistic tractography to identify the optic radiations in 32 patients with schizophrenia, 31 patients with bipolar disorder, and 30 healthy controls. The same participants also performed a visual masking task outside the scanner. We characterized the optic radiations with three structural measures: fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and tract volume. We did not find significant differences in those structural measures across groups. However, we did find a significant correlation between the volume of the optic radiations and visual masking thresholds that was unique to the schizophrenia group and explained variance in masking performance above and beyond that previously accounted for by differences in visual cortex. Thus, individual differences in the volume of the optic radiations explained more variance in visual masking performance in the schizophrenia group than the bipolar or control groups. This suggests that individual differences in the structure of the subcortical visual system have an important influence on visual processing in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Reavis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA,Corresponding Author: ; phone: (310) 794-5586; fax: (310) 268-4056; 760 Westwood Plaza; Room 27-440; Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | - Jonathan K. Wynn
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Stephanie N. Njau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Stephen A. Engel
- Department of Psychology University of Minnesota: Minneapolis, MN 55455; USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA
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Tamnes CK, Agartz I. White Matter Microstructure in Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:269-79. [PMID: 27015717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurodevelopmental processes and neural connectivity are thought to play pivotal roles in schizophrenia. This article reviews diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of brain white matter connections and microstructure and their development in patients with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS), that is, schizophrenia with an age of onset before 18 years. METHOD A systematic literature search revealed 21 original case-control DTI studies of children and/or adolescents with EOS. RESULTS Nearly all studies report significantly lower regional fractional anisotropy (FA) in patients with EOS than in healthy control participants. However, the anatomical locations and extent of these differences are highly variable across studies. Furthermore, consistent evidence for associations between DTI indices and age of onset, medication variables, and measures of symptomatology and cognition in EOS is lacking. Only 3 available studies have investigated cross-sectional age-related differences or longitudinal changes in DTI measures in adolescents with EOS. The results are mixed, with different studies indicating diverging, converging, or parallel developmental FA trajectories between patients and controls. CONCLUSION The study of brain structural connectivity, as inferred from DTI, and its development in EOS may inform us on the origin and ontogeny of schizophrenia. We suggest some directions for future research in this field and argue for increased focus on developmental questions. Specifically, further investigations of age of onset effects and multimethod longitudinal studies of structural and functional connectivity development before, at, and after onset of schizophrenia and related syndromes in children and adolescents are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT (Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway and with Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Samartzis L, Dima D, Fusar-Poli P, Kyriakopoulos M. White Matter Alterations in Early Stages of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies. J Neuroimaging 2013; 24:101-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Samartzis
- Department of Psychosis Studies; Institute of Psychiatry; King's Health Partners, King's College London; London UK
- Athalassa Psychiatric Hospital; Cyprus Mental Health Services; Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychosis Studies; Institute of Psychiatry; King's Health Partners, King's College London; London UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies; Institute of Psychiatry; King's Health Partners, King's College London; London UK
| | - Marinos Kyriakopoulos
- Department of Psychosis Studies; Institute of Psychiatry; King's Health Partners, King's College London; London UK
- National and Specialist Children's Inpatient Unit; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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