1
|
Harrington DH, Stueben F, Lenahan CM. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Medical and Surgical Interventions. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2018; 31:49-64. [PMID: 30736935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States. Annually, 790,000 Americans will experience a myocardial infarction. Early recognition and appropriate management of myocardial infarction are imperative to improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the pathophysiology, presentation, and diagnosis and management of both ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deedra H Harrington
- Department of Nursing, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, 411 East Street Mary Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Frances Stueben
- Department of Nursing, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, 411 East Street Mary Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Christy McDonald Lenahan
- Department of Nursing, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, 411 East Street Mary Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathurkar S, Singh P, Kongara K, Chambers P. Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8070122. [PMID: 30021951 PMCID: PMC6071124 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Scarcity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to minimise the pain in sheep instigated the current study. The aim of this study was to know the pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylic acid in New Zealand sheep after administration of multiple intravenous and oral doses of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid). Results of the study suggest that the half-life of the drug was shorter and clearance was faster after intravenous administration as compared to that of the oral administration. The minimum effective concentration required to produce analgesia in humans (16.8 µL) was achieved in sheep for about 0.17 h in the current study after intravenous administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of sodium salicylate. However, oral administration of these doses failed to achieve the minimum effective concentration as mentioned above. This study is of significance as it adds valuable information on pharmacokinetics and its variation due to breed, species, age, gender and environmental conditions. As per the authors’ knowledge, this is the only study showing detailed information about absorption, distribution and elimination of salicylic acid in New Zealand Sheep. An intravenous administration of sodium salicylate at 100 and 200 mg/kg dose may produce analgesia in sheep, which requires further investigation using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) integration or modelling techniques. Abstract The pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid (SA) in sheep was evaluated following intravenous (IV) and oral administration of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid) at different doses. Six healthy sheep were administered sodium salicylate (SS) IV at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight and another six sheep were drenched with 100 and 200 mg/kg of SS orally. Both studies were randomised crossover trials. A one-week washout period between each treatment was allowed in both studies. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after IV and oral SS administrations. Plasma SA concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection method. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated in a non-compartmental model. The elimination half-life (T1/2 el) of SA after IV administration of 200 mg/kg SS was 1.16 ± 0.32 h. Mean bioavailability of SA was 64%, and mean T1/2 el was 1.90 ± 0.35 h, after 200 mg/kg of oral SS. The minimum plasma SA concentration (16.8 µg/mL) reported to produce analgesia in humans was achieved after IV administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg SS in sheep for about 0.17 h in this study. Experiments on pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics modelling are required to determine the actual effective plasma concentration range of SA in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Preet Singh
- School of Veterinary Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Kavitha Kongara
- School of Veterinary Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Paul Chambers
- School of Veterinary Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ladner TR, He L, Davis BJ, Froehler MT, Mocco J. Simultaneous stent expansion/balloon deflation technique to salvage failed balloon remodeling. J Neurointerv Surg 2015; 8:e15. [PMID: 25801773 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011600.rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herniation, with possible embolization, of coils into the parent vessel following aneurysm coiling remains a frequent challenge. For this reason, balloon or stent assisted embolization remains an important technique. Despite the use of balloon remodeling, there are occasions where, on deflation of the balloon, some coils, or even the entire coil mass, may migrate. We report the successful use of a simultaneous adjacent stent deployment bailout technique in order to salvage coil prolapse during balloon remodeling in three patients. Case No 1 was a wide neck left internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysm, measuring 9 mm×7.9 mm×6 mm with a 5 mm neck. Case No 2 was a complex left superior hypophyseal artery aneurysm, measuring 5.3 mm×4 mm×5 mm with a 2.9 mm neck. Case No 3 was a ruptured right posterior communicating artery aneurysm, measuring 4 mm×4 mm×4.5 mm with a 4 mm neck. This technique successfully returned the prolapsed coil mass into the aneurysm sac in all cases without procedural complications. The closed cell design of the Enterprise VRD (Codman and Shurtleff Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts, USA) makes it ideal for this bailout technique, by allowing the use of an 0.021 inch delivery catheter (necessary for simultaneous access) and by avoiding the possibility of an open cell strut getting caught on the deflated balloon. We hope this technique will prove useful to readers who may find themselves in a similar predicament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Ladner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lucy He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brandon J Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael T Froehler
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Mocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ladner TR, He L, Davis BJ, Froehler MT, Mocco J. Simultaneous stent expansion/balloon deflation technique to salvage failed balloon remodeling. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-011600. [PMID: 25786815 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-011600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herniation, with possible embolization, of coils into the parent vessel following aneurysm coiling remains a frequent challenge. For this reason, balloon or stent assisted embolization remains an important technique. Despite the use of balloon remodeling, there are occasions where, on deflation of the balloon, some coils, or even the entire coil mass, may migrate. We report the successful use of a simultaneous adjacent stent deployment bailout technique in order to salvage coil prolapse during balloon remodeling in three patients. Case No 1 was a wide neck left internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysm, measuring 9 mm×7.9 mm×6 mm with a 5 mm neck. Case No 2 was a complex left superior hypophyseal artery aneurysm, measuring 5.3 mm×4 mm×5 mm with a 2.9 mm neck. Case No 3 was a ruptured right posterior communicating artery aneurysm, measuring 4 mm×4 mm×4.5 mm with a 4 mm neck. This technique successfully returned the prolapsed coil mass into the aneurysm sac in all cases without procedural complications. The closed cell design of the Enterprise VRD (Codman and Shurtleff Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts, USA) makes it ideal for this bailout technique, by allowing the use of an 0.021 inch delivery catheter (necessary for simultaneous access) and by avoiding the possibility of an open cell strut getting caught on the deflated balloon. We hope this technique will prove useful to readers who may find themselves in a similar predicament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Ladner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lucy He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brandon J Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael T Froehler
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Mocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Maame Yaa A B Yiadom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Cooper Heart Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper University Hospital, 1 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nordt SP, Clark RF, Castillo EM, Guss DA. Comparison of three aspirin formulations in human volunteers. West J Emerg Med 2011; 12:381-5. [PMID: 22224124 PMCID: PMC3236147 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2011.4.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) includes the administration of aspirin. Current guidelines recommend chewing aspirin tablets to increase absorption. While this is intuitive, there are scant data supporting this recommendation. The purpose of this study is to assess which of 3 different aspirin formulations is most rapidly absorbed after ingestion. METHODS A prospective, open-label, 3-way crossover volunteer study at a tertiary university medical center with human subjects 18 years or older. Fasted subjects were randomly assigned to receive aspirin 1,950 mg as (1) solid aspirin tablets swallowed whole, (2) solid aspirin tablet chewed then swallowed, or (3) a chewable aspirin formulation chewed and swallowed. Serum salicylate measurements were obtained over a period of 180 minutes. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. RESULTS Thirteen males and 1 female completed all 3 arms of study. Peak serum salicylate concentrations were seen at 180 minutes in all groups. Mean peaks were 10.4, 11.3, and 12.2 mg/dL in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mean area under the time concentration was 1,153, 1,401, and 1,743 mg-min/dL in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No measurable salicylate concentrations were seen in 6 subjects in group 1 at 60 minutes as compared to 1 subject in group 2. All subjects in group 3 had measurable levels at 45 minutes. There were no adverse effects in any of the subjects during the study period. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the chewable aspirin formulation achieved the most rapid rate of absorption. In addition, the chewable formulation absorption was more complete than the other formulations at 180 minutes. These data suggest that in the treatment of ACS, a chewable aspirin formulation may be preferable to solid tablet aspirin, either chewed or swallowed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Patrick Nordt
- University of Southern California, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard F Clark
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Edward M Castillo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - David A Guss
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarkanen JR, Mannerström M, Vuorenpää H, Uotila J, Ylikomi T, Heinonen T. Intra-Laboratory Pre-Validation of a Human Cell Based in vitro Angiogenesis Assay for Testing Angiogenesis Modulators. Front Pharmacol 2011; 1:147. [PMID: 21779245 PMCID: PMC3134867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The developed standardized human cell based in vitro angiogenesis assay was intra-laboratory pre-validated to verify that the method is reliable and relevant for routine testing of modulators of angiogenesis, e.g., pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. This assay is based on the earlier published method but it was improved and shown to be more sensitive and rapid than the previous assay. The performance of the assay was assessed by using six reference chemicals, which are widely used pharmaceuticals that inhibit angiogenesis: acetyl salicylic acid, erlotinib, 2-methoxyestradiol, levamisole, thalidomide, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. In the intra-laboratory pre-validation, the sensitivity of the assay (upper and lower limits of detection and linearity of response in tubule formation), batch to batch variation in tubule formation between different Master cell bank batches, and precision as well as the reliability of the assay (reproducibility and repeatability) were tested. The pre-set acceptance criteria for the intra-laboratory pre-validation study were met. The relevance of the assay in man was investigated by comparing the effects of reference chemicals and their concentrations to the published human data. The comparison showed a good concordance, which indicates that this human cell based angiogenesis model predicts well the effects in man and has the potential to be used to supplement and/or replace of animal tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jertta-Riina Sarkanen
- Finnish Center for Alternative Methods, Medical School, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pesola GR. Emergent aspirin use in cardiovascular disease in the emergency department: oral dosing versus rectal suppositories. Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16:162-4. [PMID: 19133846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|