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Thermally dynamic examination of local order in nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Végh EI, Márquez-Grant N, Schulting RJ. Physicochemical Changes in Bone Bioapatite During the Late Postmortem Interval Pre- and Post-Burning. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1080-1099. [PMID: 35188426 PMCID: PMC9490440 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221085600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem chemical transformation of bone bioapatite can take place during early diagenesis, resulting in a more thermodynamically stable mineral phase. This paper examines the impact of a one year postmortem interval on unburnt and burnt bone's structural and chemical alterations. This question is of importance for the reconstruction of funerary practices involving cremation in the archaeological record, as well as forensic anthropological investigations. Fleshed pig (Sus scrofa) tibiae were left exposed in a field, then collected at 14, 34, 91, 180, and 365 day intervals prior to being burnt in an outdoor fire (≤750 °C bone temperature). Fresh (fleshed) tibiae acted as unburnt and burnt controls. Also included in the study were two cremated human bone fragments from Middle-Late Neolithic (ca. 3300-2500 BCE) Ireland. Samples were analyzed for major and trace elements using an electron microprobe wavelength dispersive analyzer and molecular structures using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Linear regression, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis. Results indicate that the concentrations of elements associated with extracellular fluid (K, Na, and Cl) change with the postmortem interval (PMI) and survive burning. K values under 0.07 ± 0.01 wt% in the inner and mid-cortical zones of burnt bones suggest that bones were not burnt immediately after death. Using this criterion, results from the archaeological samples would indicate a PMI of at least weeks to months prior to cremation. Ca, P, Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are not significantly altered with burning, and Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are also unaffected by the PMI. In unburnt bones increased crystallinity and carbonate loss are detectable in <1 year, but both are obscured by burning. Structurally, the carbonate to phosphate ratio (C/P), the phosphate high temperature, and cyanamide to phosphate (CN/P) are the most useful ratios for discriminating between unburnt and burnt bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese I. Végh
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nicholas Márquez-Grant
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, UK
| | - Rick J. Schulting
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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3
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Park JS, Almer JD, James KC, Natanson LJ, Stock SR. Bioapatite in shark centra studied by wide-angle and by small-angle X-ray scattering. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220373. [PMID: 36128705 PMCID: PMC9490346 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of subclass Elasmobranchii possess cartilage skeletons; the centra of many species are mineralized with a bioapatite, but virtually nothing is known about the mineral's organization. This study employed high-energy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS, i.e. X-ray diffraction) to investigate the bioapatite crystallography within blocks cut from centra of four species (two carcharhiniform families, one lamniform family and 1-ID of the Advanced Photon Source). All species' crystallographic quantities closely matched and indicated a bioapatite closely related to that in bone. The centra's lattice parameters a and c were somewhat smaller and somewhat larger, respectively, than in bone. Nanocrystallite sizes (WAXS peak widths) in shark centra were larger than typical of bone, and little microstrain was observed. Compared with bone, shark centra exhibited SAXS D-period peaks with larger D magnitudes, and D-period arcs with narrower azimuthal widths. The shark mineral phase, therefore, is closely related to that in bone but does possess real differences which probably affect mechanical property and which are worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Park
- The Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - J. D. Almer
- The Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - K. C. James
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L. J. Natanson
- (retired) Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - S. R. Stock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Bergslien ET. X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluation of questioned cremains. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 332:111171. [PMID: 35033962 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The practice of cremating human remains is becoming increasingly common around the world, which has also resulted in increased incidents of mishandling, illegal disposal, and fraud. X-ray diffraction (XRD) offers a clear method of differentiating cremated remains from common filler materials, such as cement and wood ash. XRD can also be used to determine if cremated remains have been contaminated, and if so, to what extent. An evaluation of published data and in-house work, however, demonstrates that XRD cannot be used to differentiate human cremains from the processed cremains of other animals. XRD is a powerful analytical technique but must be employed with an understanding of both the limits of the instrumentation and the wide diversity of the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Bergslien
- Earth Sciences and Science Education, 165 Science and Mathematics Complex, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
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5
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Hoelzig H, Muenster T, Blanke S, Kloess G, Garmasukis R, Koenig A. Ivory vs. osseous ivory substitutes-Non-invasive diffractometric discrimination. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110159. [PMID: 32006880 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new discrimination method for the bioapatite materials bone, antler and ivory was developed using X-ray diffractometry and comprises non-invasive measurements in order to take valuable objects into account. Our approach deals with the analysis of peak intensity ratios resulting from several measurements on each object. For instance, the intensity ratio of the apatite reflections 002 and 310 has been described in the literature as representing the degree of apatite crystal orientation and varies depending on the sample orientation. The decisive factor for the material identification is the value dispersion of intensity ratios resulting from the total of all measurements on one object. This pattern of data points, visualised via kernel density estimation (KDE), is characteristic for ivory, bone and antler, respectively, and enables the discrimination of these materials. The observation is justifiable since apatite crystal orientation adapts to the collagen fibre arrangement which shows major differences between different sorts of bioapatite materials. The patterns of data points were received via analysis of 88 objects made of bone (n = 30), antler (n = 27) and ivory (n = 31). In order to verify several identifications X-ray computer tomography was supplemented. The presented method usefully supplements already existing approaches concerning microscopic, elementary and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoelzig
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Germany.
| | - T Muenster
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - S Blanke
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - G Kloess
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - R Garmasukis
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - A Koenig
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany
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6
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Abedin E, Lari R, Mahdavi Shahri N, Fereidoni M. Development of a demineralized and decellularized human epiphyseal bone scaffold for tissue engineering: A histological study. Tissue Cell 2018; 55:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Differentiating human versus non-human bone by exploring the nutrient foramen: implications for forensic anthropology. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1757-1763. [PMID: 28828524 PMCID: PMC5635070 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the roles of a forensic anthropologist is to assist medico-legal investigations in the identification of human skeletal remains. In some instances, only small fragments of bone may be present. In this study, a non-destructive novel technique is presented to distinguish between human and non-human long bones. This technique is based on the macroscopic and computed tomography (CT) analysis of nutrient foramina. The nutrient foramen of long bone diaphyses transmits the nutrient artery which provides much of the oxygen and nutrients to the bone. The nutrient foramen and its canal were analysed in six femora and humeri of human, sheep (Ovies aries) and pig (Sus scrofa) species. The location, position and direction of the nutrient foramina were measured macroscopically. The length of the canal, angle of the canal, circumference and area of the entrance of the foramen were measured from CT images. Macroscopic analysis revealed the femora nutrient foramina are more proximal, whereas humeri foramina are more distal. The human bones and sheep humerus conform to the perceived directionality, but the pig bones and sheep femur do not. Amongst the parameters measured in the CT analysis, the angle of the canal had a discriminatory power. This study shows the potential of this technique to be used independently or complementary to other methods in distinguishing between human and non-human bone in forensic anthropology.
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Krap T, Nota K, Wilk LS, van de Goot FRW, Ruijter JM, Duijst W, Oostra RJ. Luminescence of thermally altered human skeletal remains. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1165-1177. [PMID: 28233101 PMCID: PMC5491595 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Literature on luminescent properties of thermally altered human remains is scarce and contradictory. Therefore, the luminescence of heated bone was systemically reinvestigated. A heating experiment was conducted on fresh human bone, in two different media, and cremated human remains were recovered from a modern crematory. Luminescence was excited with light sources within the range of 350 to 560 nm. The excitation light was filtered out by using different long pass filters, and the luminescence was analysed by means of a scoring method. The results show that temperature, duration and surrounding medium determine the observed emission intensity and bandwidth. It is concluded that the luminescent characteristic of bone can be useful for identifying thermally altered human remains in a difficult context as well as yield information on the perimortem and postmortem events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Krap
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Life Sciences and Technology-Biotechnology-Forensic Science, Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. .,Ars Cogniscendi Centre for Legal and Forensic medicine, Wezep, The Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Nota
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology-Biotechnology-Forensic Science, Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Leah S Wilk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Forensic Technical Solutions B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan M Ruijter
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Duijst
- Ars Cogniscendi Centre for Legal and Forensic medicine, Wezep, The Netherlands.,University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Greenwood C, Clement J, Dicken A, Evans JPO, Lyburn I, Martin RM, Rogers K, Stone N, Zioupos P. Towards new material biomarkers for fracture risk. Bone 2016; 93:55-63. [PMID: 27622884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone condition, characterised by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. Currently, the gold standard for identifying osteoporosis and increased fracture risk is through quantification of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA). However, the risk of osteoporotic fracture is determined collectively by bone mass, architecture and physicochemistry of the mineral composite building blocks. Thus DEXA scans alone inevitably fail to fully discriminate individuals who will suffer a fragility fracture. This study examines trabecular bone at both ultrastructure and microarchitectural levels to provide a detailed material view of bone, and therefore provides a more comprehensive explanation of osteoporotic fracture risk. Physicochemical characterisation obtained through X-ray diffraction and infrared analysis indicated significant differences in apatite crystal chemistry and nanostructure between fracture and non-fracture groups. Further, this study, through considering the potential correlations between the chemical biomarkers and microarchitectural properties of trabecular bone, has investigated the relationship between bone mechanical properties (e.g. fragility) and physicochemical material features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greenwood
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK.
| | - J Clement
- Forensic Odontology, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Dicken
- The Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - J P O Evans
- The Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - R M Martin
- Social and Community Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - K Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK
| | - N Stone
- Physics and Astronomy, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - P Zioupos
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK
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10
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Hale AR, Ross AH. The Impact of Freezing on Bone Mineral Density: Implications for Forensic Research. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:399-404. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences; NCSU; 127 David Clark Labs, Campus Box 7617 Raleigh NC 27695-7617
| | - Ann H. Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences; NCSU; 127 David Clark Labs, Campus Box 7617 Raleigh NC 27695-7617
- Forensic Sciences Institute; NCSU; Raleigh NC 27695
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11
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Croker SL, Reed W, Donlon D. Comparative cortical bone thickness between the long bones of humans and five common non-human mammal taxa. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 260:104.e1-104.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Meizel-Lambert CJ, Schultz JJ, Sigman ME. Chemical Differentiation of Osseous and Nonosseous Materials Using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry and Multivariate Statistical Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1534-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cayli J. Meizel-Lambert
- Department of Anthropology; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
- National Center for Forensic Science; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
| | - John J. Schultz
- Department of Anthropology; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
- National Center for Forensic Science; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
| | - Michael E. Sigman
- National Center for Forensic Science; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
- Department of Chemistry; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816
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13
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Zimmerman HA, Meizel-Lambert CJ, Schultz JJ, Sigman ME. Chemical Differentiation of Osseous, Dental, and Non-skeletal Materials in Forensic Anthropology using Elemental Analysis. Sci Justice 2015; 55:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Galeano S, García-Lorenzo ML. Bone Mineral Change During Experimental Calcination: An X-ray Diffraction Study. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1602-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galeano
- National Police Corps; Homicide Central Command; Avenida Mirador de La Reina 4 Madrid Spain
| | - Mari Luz García-Lorenzo
- Department of Petrology and Geochemistry; Faculty of Geology; University Complutense of Madrid; José Antonio Novais 2 28040 Madrid Spain
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Sui T, Sandholzer MA, Lunt AJG, Baimpas N, Smith A, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. In situ X-ray scattering evaluation of heat-induced ultrastructural changes in dental tissues and synthetic hydroxyapatite. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20130928. [PMID: 24718447 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental tissues consist of inorganic constituents (mainly crystallites of hydroxyapatite, HAp) and organic matrix. In addition, synthetic HAp powders are frequently used in medical and chemical applications. Insights into the ultrastructural alterations of skeletal hard tissues exposed to thermal treatment are crucial for the estimation of temperature of exposure in forensic and archaeological studies. However, at present, only limited data exist on the heat-induced structural alterations of human dental tissues. In this paper, advanced non-destructive small- and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) synchrotron techniques were used to investigate the in situ ultrastructural alterations in thermally treated human dental tissues and synthetic HAp powders. The crystallographic properties were probed by WAXS, whereas HAp grain size distribution changes were evaluated by SAXS. The results demonstrate the important role of the organic matrix that binds together the HAp crystallites in responding to heat exposure. This is highlighted by the difference in the thermal behaviour between human dental tissues and synthetic HAp powders. The X-ray analysis results are supported by thermogravimetric analysis. The results concerning the HAp crystalline architecture in natural and synthetic HAp powders provide a reliable basis for deducing the heating history for dental tissues in the forensic and archaeological context, and the foundation for further development and optimization of biomimetic material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Sui
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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16
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Sandholzer MA, Sui T, Korsunsky AM, Damien Walmsley A, Lumley PJ, Landini G. X-ray Scattering Evaluation of Ultrastructural Changes in Human Dental Tissues with Thermal Treatment. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:769-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sandholzer
- School of Dentistry; College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; St Chad's Queensway Birmingham B4 6NN U.K
| | - Tan Sui
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Oxford; Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ U.K
| | | | - Anthony Damien Walmsley
- School of Dentistry; College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; St Chad's Queensway Birmingham B4 6NN U.K
| | - Philip J. Lumley
- School of Dentistry; College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; St Chad's Queensway Birmingham B4 6NN U.K
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry; College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; St Chad's Queensway Birmingham B4 6NN U.K
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17
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Sui T, Sandholzer MA, Le Bourhis E, Baimpas N, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Structure-mechanical function relations at nano-scale in heat-affected human dental tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 32:113-124. [PMID: 24445004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the mechanical properties of dental materials related to their hierarchical structure is essential for understanding and predicting the effect of microstructural alterations on the performance of dental tissues in the context of forensic and archaeological investigation as well as laser irradiation treatment of caries. So far, few studies have focused on the nano-scale structure-mechanical function relations of human teeth altered by chemical or thermal treatment. The response of dental tissues to thermal treatment is thought to be strongly affected by the mineral crystallite size, their spatial arrangement and preferred orientation. In this study, synchrotron-based small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques were used to investigate the micro-structural alterations (mean crystalline thickness, crystal perfection and degree of alignment) of heat-affected dentine and enamel in human dental teeth. Additionally, nanoindentation mapping was applied to detect the spatial and temperature-dependent nano-mechanical properties variation. The SAXS/WAXS results revealed that the mean crystalline thickness distribution in dentine was more uniform compared with that in enamel. Although in general the mean crystalline thickness increased both in dentine and enamel as the temperature increased, the local structural variations gradually reduced. Meanwhile, the hardness and reduced modulus in enamel decreased as the temperature increased, while for dentine, the tendency reversed at high temperature. The analysis of the correlation between the ultrastructure and mechanical properties coupled with the effect of temperature demonstrates the effect of mean thickness and orientation on the local variation of mechanical property. This structural-mechanical property alteration is likely to be due to changes of HAp crystallites, thus dentine and enamel exhibit different responses at different temperatures. Our results enable an improved understanding of the mechanical properties correlation in hierarchical biological materials, and human dental tissue in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Sui
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael A Sandholzer
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Le Bourhis
- Institut P',CNRS UPR 3346, University of Poitiers, SP2MI, BP 30179, F86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France
| | - Nikolaos Baimpas
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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18
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Greenwood C, Rogers K, Beckett S, Clement J. Initial observations of dynamically heated bone. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201300254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Greenwood
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science; Cranfield University; Shrivenham Wiltshire SN6 8LA UK
| | - K. Rogers
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science; Cranfield University; Shrivenham Wiltshire SN6 8LA UK
| | - S. Beckett
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science; Cranfield University; Shrivenham Wiltshire SN6 8LA UK
| | - J. Clement
- Faculty of Medicine; Dentistry and Health Science; Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; 720 Swanston Street Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
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19
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Berketa JW. Maximizing postmortem oral-facial data to assist identification following severe incineration. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 10:208-16. [PMID: 24158682 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-013-9497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper reviews the literature for methods of maximizing the postmortem oral-facial information available for a comparison to be made for identification following an incident resulting in incineration. METHOD A search was initially instigated utilizing PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with further library searches and correspondences among peers around the world leading to a comprehensive review of the literature. CONCLUSION Maximizing postmortem dental evidence in a severe incineration event requires correct recognition and recording of dental data. Odontologists should attend the scene to facilitate this recognition. The information should be documented, photographed, and stabilized before retrieval. Wrapping, padding, and further support of the remains during transportation to the examination mortuary will aid this process. Examination at the mortuary requires further photography, complete charting, and radiographic examination of any dental material available, as well as awareness of other possible medical evidence, to enable identification of the human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Berketa
- Forensic Odontology Unit, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia,
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Greenwood C, Rogers K, Beckett S, Clement J. Bone mineral crystallisation kinetics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2055-2060. [PMID: 22743865 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of bone apatite crystallisation are examined using a novel approach to obtain quantitative, direction dependence features such as growth rate and activation energy. X-ray diffraction was employed for analysis of bovine, porcine and 'anorganic' bone specimens. Apatite coherence length was utilised as the independent variable within a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model. A direction averaged crystallisation activation energy of 183 ± 8 kJ mol(-1) was observed for the three bone groups. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami 'n' exponent decreased with increasing temperature for all bone groups, indicating that apatite crystallisation changes to a diffusion limited process at higher temperatures. The results revealed little evidence to support any organic component 'protective' effect, and, on the contrary indicated that the organic matrix promotes apatite crystallisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greenwood
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Wiltshire, SN6 8LA, UK.
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