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McKenney EA, Hale AR, Anderson J, Larsen R, Grant C, Dunn RR. Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15148. [PMID: 37123005 PMCID: PMC10135406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- SNA International for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, United States of America
| | - Janiaya Anderson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Larsen
- Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Hale AR, Ruegger PM, Rolshausen P, Borneman J, Yang JI. Fungi associated with the potato taste defect in coffee beans from Rwanda. Bot Stud 2022; 63:17. [PMID: 35604510 PMCID: PMC9127006 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato taste defect (PTD) of coffee is characterized by a raw potato like smell that leads to a lower quality taste in the brewed coffee, and harms the commercial value of some East African coffees. Although several causes for PTD have been proposed, none of them have been confirmed. Recently, high throughput sequencing techniques and bioinformatic analysis have shown great potential for identifying putative causal agents of plant diseases. Toward the goal of determining the cause of PTD, we examined raw coffee beans from Rwanda exhibiting varying PTD scores using an Illumina-based sequence analysis of the fungal rRNA ITS region. RESULTS Six fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with high relative abundances correlated with coffee taste scores. Four of these ASVs exhibited negative correlations - Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium cinnamopurpureum, Talaromyces radicus, and Thermomyces lanuginosus - indicating that they might be causing PTD. Two of these fungi exhibited positive correlations - Kazachstania humilis and Clavispora lusitaniae - indicating that they might be inhibiting organisms that cause PTD. CONCLUSIONS This study addressed PTD causality from a new angle by examining fungi with high throughput sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first study characterizing fungi associated with PTD, providing candidates for both causality and biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Hale
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Paul M Ruegger
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Philippe Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jiue-In Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Abstract
There is currently a dearth of research investigating the progression and rate of decomposition for juvenile remains. It is thought that juveniles and infants decompose at an increased rate relative to adults due simply to body mass and that skeletal preservation is commonly dependent on intrinsic levels of bone mineral density (BMD). This study investigates the environmental variables important in driving juvenile decomposition as well as examining if currently accepted methodology for quantifying adult decomposition can be applied to juvenile remains. Furthermore, histological analysis is undertaken to test the Histological Index (HI) as a semi-quantitative indicator of decomposition. Thirty-five Sus scrofa ranging between 1.8 and 22.7 kg were deposited to simulate body mass of human infant and juvenile remains. Pigs were deposited every season over two years in the southeastern US with five depositional types: bagged, blanket wrapped, and surface control foetal remains, surface, and buried juvenile remains. Remains were scored quantitatively throughout soft tissue decomposition. Following study completion and skeletonization, a femur was selected from each set of remains for histological analysis. Thick sections were assessed under standard brightfield light and scored using Oxford Histological Index (OHI). Results indicate that seasonal variation is an important factor to consider even when using a standardized time variable such as accumulated degree days (ADD), particularly variation in soil moisture. Soil moisture was a consistent significant variable in the mixed effects model. The pattern of decomposition using total body score (TBS) was similar to that observed by others prior to log transformation with a rapid incline early in decomposition with levelling off. The correlation between time in days, ADD, and TBS was not as strong as those previously reported (R 2 = 0.317 and 0.499, respectively) suggesting that TBS as it is currently formulated cannot be directly applied to juvenile remains. Finally, the OHI model performed moderately well, but was variable even within seasons across multiple years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann H Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCUSA
| | - Amanda R Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCUSA
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a promising, novel method to aid in the assessment of bone quality in forensically relevant skeletal remains. BMD is an important component of bone's nutritional status and in skeletal remains of both juveniles and adults, and it can provide information about bone quality. For adults remains, it can provide information on pathological conditions or when bone insufficiency may have occurred. In juveniles, it provides a useful metric to elucidate cases of fatal starvation or neglect, which are generally difficult to identify. This paper provides a protocol for the anatomical orientation and analysis of skeletal remains for scanning via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Three case studies are presented to illustrate when DXA scans can be informative to the forensic practitioner. The first case study presents an individual with observed longitudinal fractures in the weight bearing bones and DXA is used to assess bone insufficiency. BMD is found to be normal suggesting another etiology for the fracture pattern present. The second case study employed DXA to investigate suspected chronic malnutrition. The BMD results are consistent with results from long bone lengths and suggest the juvenile had suffered from chronic malnutrition. The final case study provides an example where fatal starvation in a fourteen-month infant is suspected, which supports autopsy findings of fatal starvation. DXA scans showed low bone mineral density for chronological age and is substantiated by traditional assessments of infant health. However, when dealing with skeletal remains taphonomic alterations should be considered before applying this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University;
| | - Ann H Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
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Houtenbos M, de Winter JCF, Hale AR, Wieringa PA, Hagenzieker MP. Concurrent audio-visual feedback for supporting drivers at intersections: A study using two linked driving simulators. Appl Ergon 2017; 60:30-42. [PMID: 28166889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of road traffic crashes occur at intersections for the reason that drivers lack necessary visual information. This research examined the effects of an audio-visual display that provides real-time sonification and visualization of the speed and direction of another car approaching the crossroads on an intersecting road. The location of red blinking lights (left vs. right on the speedometer) and the lateral input direction of beeps (left vs. right ear in headphones) corresponded to the direction from where the other car approached, and the blink and beep rates were a function of the approaching car's speed. Two driving simulators were linked so that the participant and the experimenter drove in the same virtual world. Participants (N = 25) completed four sessions (two with the audio-visual display on, two with the audio-visual display off), each session consisting of 22 intersections at which the experimenter approached from the left or right and either maintained speed or slowed down. Compared to driving with the display off, the audio-visual display resulted in enhanced traffic efficiency (i.e., greater mean speed, less coasting) while not compromising safety (i.e., the time gap between the two vehicles was equivalent). A post-experiment questionnaire showed that the beeps were regarded as more useful than the lights. It is argued that the audio-visual display is a promising means of supporting drivers until fully automated driving is technically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Houtenbos
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC, The Hague, The Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Safety Science Group, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J C F de Winter
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - A R Hale
- Delft University of Technology, Safety Science Group, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P A Wieringa
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M P Hagenzieker
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC, The Hague, The Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Department of Transport & Planning, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands
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McFrederick QS, Thomas JM, Neff JL, Vuong HQ, Russell KA, Hale AR, Mueller UG. Flowers and Wild Megachilid Bees Share Microbes. Microb Ecol 2017; 73:188-200. [PMID: 27592345 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Transmission pathways have fundamental influence on microbial symbiont persistence and evolution. For example, the core gut microbiome of honey bees is transmitted socially and via hive surfaces, but some non-core bacteria associated with honey bees are also found on flowers, and these bacteria may therefore be transmitted indirectly between bees via flowers. Here, we test whether multiple flower and wild megachilid bee species share microbes, which would suggest that flowers may act as hubs of microbial transmission. We sampled the microbiomes of flowers (either bagged to exclude bees or open to allow bee visitation), adults, and larvae of seven megachilid bee species and their pollen provisions. We found a Lactobacillus operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in all samples but in the highest relative and absolute abundances in adult and larval bee guts and pollen provisions. The presence of the same bacterial types in open and bagged flowers, pollen provisions, and bees supports the hypothesis that flowers act as hubs of transmission of these bacteria between bees. The presence of bee-associated bacteria in flowers that have not been visited by bees suggests that these bacteria may also be transmitted to flowers via plant surfaces, the air, or minute insect vectors such as thrips. Phylogenetic analyses of nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the Lactobacillus OTU dominating in flower- and megachilid-associated microbiomes is monophyletic, and we propose the name Lactobacillus micheneri sp. nov. for this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Thomas
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - John L Neff
- Central Texas Melittological Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hoang Q Vuong
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kaleigh A Russell
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Amanda R Hale
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ulrich G Mueller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Hale AR, Ross AH. The Impact of Freezing on Bone Mineral Density: Implications for Forensic Research. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:399-404. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences; NCSU; 127 David Clark Labs, Campus Box 7617 Raleigh NC 27695-7617
| | - Ann H. Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences; NCSU; 127 David Clark Labs, Campus Box 7617 Raleigh NC 27695-7617
- Forensic Sciences Institute; NCSU; Raleigh NC 27695
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Hale AR, Coombes ID, Stokes J, McDougall D, Whitfield K, Maycock E, Nissen L. Perioperative medication management: expanding the role of the preadmission clinic pharmacist in a single centre, randomised controlled trial of collaborative prescribing. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-003027. [PMID: 23847268 PMCID: PMC3710977 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current evidence to support non-medical prescribing is predominantly qualitative, with little evaluation of accuracy, safety and appropriateness. Our aim was to evaluate a new model of service for the Australia healthcare system, of inpatient medication prescribing by a pharmacist in an elective surgery preadmission clinic (PAC) against usual care, using an endorsed performance framework. DESIGN Single centre, randomised controlled, two-arm trial. SETTING Elective surgery PAC in a Brisbane-based tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS 400 adults scheduled for elective surgery were randomised to intervention or control. INTERVENTION A pharmacist generated the inpatient medication chart to reflect the patient's regular medication, made a plan for medication perioperatively and prescribed venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. In the control arm, the medication chart was generated by the Resident Medical Officers. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was frequency of omissions and prescribing errors when compared against the medication history. The clinical significance of omissions was also analysed. Secondary outcome was appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis prescribing. RESULTS There were significantly less unintended omissions of medications: 11 of 887 (1.2%) intervention orders compared with 383 of 1217 (31.5%) control (p<0.001). There were significantly less prescribing errors involving selection of drug, dose or frequency: 2 in 857 (0.2%) intervention orders compared with 51 in 807 (6.3%) control (p<0.001). Orders with at least one component of the prescription missing, incorrect or unclear occurred in 208 of 904 (23%) intervention orders and 445 of 1034 (43%) controls (p<0.001). VTE prophylaxis on admission to the ward was appropriate in 93% of intervention patients and 90% controls (p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS Medication charts in the intervention arm contained fewer clinically significant omissions, and prescribing errors, when compared with controls. There was no difference in appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis on admission between the two groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered with ANZCTR-ACTR Number ACTRN12609000426280.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hale
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I D Coombes
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Stokes
- Medicines Regulation and Quality, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D McDougall
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Whitfield
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - E Maycock
- Department of Anaesthetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Nissen
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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van der Molen HF, Hoonakker PLT, Lehtola MM, Hsiao H, Haslam RA, Hale AR, Verbeek JH. Writing a Cochrane systematic review on preventive interventions to improve safety: the case of the construction industry. Med Lav 2009; 100:258-267. [PMID: 19764181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper is to describe the main steps and to conduct a systematic literature review on preventive interventions concerning work-related injuries and to illustrate the process. METHODS Based on the Cochrane handbook, a structured framework of six steps was outlined for the development of a systematic review. This framework was used to describe a Cochrane systematic review (CSR) on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent work related injuries in the construction industry. RESULTS The 6 main steps to write a CSR were: formulating the problem and objectives; locating and selecting studies; assessing study quality; collecting data; analysing data and presenting results; and interpreting results. The CSR on preventing injuries in the construction industry yielded five eligible intervention studies. Re-analysis of original injury data of the studies on regulatory interventions, through correcting for pre-intervention injury trends led to different conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions than those reported in the original studies. CONCLUSIONS The Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions provides a practical and feasible six-step framework for developing and reporting a systematic review for preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F van der Molen
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van der Molen HF, Lehtola MM, Lappalainen J, Hoonakker PLT, Hsiao H, Haslam R, Hale AR, Verbeek J. Interventions for preventing injuries in the construction industry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD006251. [PMID: 17943901 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006251.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Construction workers are frequently exposed to various types of injury-inducing hazards. A number of injury prevention interventions have been proposed, yet the effectiveness of these is uncertain. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions for preventing injuries among workers at construction sites. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's specialised register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, OSH-ROM (including NIOSHTIC and HSELINE), EI Compendex. The reference lists of relevant papers, reviews and websites were also searched. The searches were not restricted by language or publication status. All databases were searched up to June 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series of all types of interventions for preventing fatal and non-fatal injuries among workers at construction sites. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. For interrupted time series, we reanalysed the studies and used an initial effect, measured as the change in injury-rate in the year after the intervention, as well as a sustained effect, measured as the change in time trend before and after the intervention. MAIN RESULTS Five interrupted time series studies met the inclusion criteria. Three studies evaluated the effect of regulations, one evaluated a safety campaign, and one a drug-free workplace program on fatal or non-fatal injuries compared to no drug-free workplace program. The overall methodological quality was low. The regulatory interventions did not show either an initial or sustained effect on fatal or non-fatal injuries, with effect sizes of 0.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.70 to 3.09) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.51). The safety campaign did have an initial and sustained effect, reducing non-fatal injuries with effect sizes of -1.82 (95% CI -2.90 to -0.75) and -1.30 (95% CI -1.79 to -0.80) respectively. The drug-free workplace program did have an initial and sustained effect, reducing non-fatal injuries compared to no intervention, with effect sizes of -6.74 (95% CI -10.02 to -3.54) and -1.76 (95% CI -3.11 to -0.41) respectively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of technical, human factors and organisational interventions which are recommended by standard texts of safety, consultants and safety courses, have not been adequately evaluated. There is no evidence that regulations for reducing fatal and non-fatal injuries are effective. There is limited evidence that a multifaceted safety campaign and a multifaceted drug program can reduce non-fatal injuries in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F van der Molen
- Coronel Institute, Arbouw, P.O. Box 8114, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1005.
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van der Molen HF, Lehtola MM, Lappalainen J, Hoonakker PLT, Hsiao H, Haslam R, Hale AR, Verbeek J. Interventions for preventing injuries in the construction industry. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lipshultz SE, Orav EJ, Sanders SP, Hale AR, McIntosh K, Colan SD. Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1260-5. [PMID: 1406818 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199210293271802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of cardiac structure and function are common in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is unclear, however, whether these abnormalities are attributable to the disease itself, associated infections, or possible cardiotoxic effects of the most commonly used treatment, zidovudine. METHODS We performed echocardiography in 24 children with symptomatic HIV infection immediately before they started zidovudine therapy and a mean of 1.32 years after therapy began. Sixteen of these children were also studied a mean of 1.26 years before starting zidovudine treatment. Comparison groups included 27 age-matched children with symptomatic HIV infection who had not received zidovudine and 191 normal children. RESULTS As compared with the normal children, the children treated with zidovudine had progressive left ventricular dilatation and an increase in ventricular-wall stress at end-systole (a measure of ventricular afterload); dilatation and stress were significantly elevated both before and during zidovudine treatment. The ratio of ventricular thickness to internal dimension was below normal before zidovudine treatment began (P < 0.001). After treatment with zidovudine, however, overall left ventricular mass was increased (P = 0.02), as was peak wall stress (a stimulus to ventricular hypertrophy) (P = 0.01). Ventricular contractility remained normal, but fractional shortening of the left ventricle was decreased (P = 0.004). No statistically significant differences were detected at follow-up in any of these measurements between HIV-infected children treated with zidovudine and those not so treated. CONCLUSIONS Progressive left ventricular dilatation occurred in children with symptomatic HIV infection. Compensatory hypertrophy also occurred but was inadequate to maintain peak systolic wall stress within the normal range. The progressive elevation of ventricular afterload due to dilatation resulted in depressed ventricular performance, but intrinsic ventricular contractility remained normal. Zidovudine did not appear to worsen or ameliorate these cardiac changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lipshultz
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Hale AR. [Stress, work pressures and mistakes]. TVZ 1988; 42:673-5. [PMID: 3145618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hale AR, Piney M, Alesbury RJ. The development of occupational hygiene and the training of health and safety professionals. Ann Occup Hyg 1986; 30:1-18. [PMID: 3717829 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hale AR. Safety: acceptable to you? Occup Health (Lond) 1983; 35:349-53. [PMID: 6556494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Hale AR. Safety: attributing cause. Occup Health (Lond) 1980; 32:519-21. [PMID: 6904921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hale AR. Accident investigation: collecting the facts? Occup Health (Lond) 1977; 29:400-3. [PMID: 243143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hale AR. Safety: who is the safety officer? Occup Health (Lond) 1976; 28:580-2. [PMID: 1050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hale AR. Safety: inside information. Occup Health (Lond) 1976; 28:256-8. [PMID: 1047219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Glendon AI, Hale AR. Where research is needed. Occup Health (Lond) 1976; 28:205-7. [PMID: 1046158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hale AR, Kelly MJ. The safety policy. Occup Health (Lond) 1975; 27:212-6. [PMID: 1039588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hale AR. Accident investigation systems. Occup Health (Lond) 1975; 27:110-3. [PMID: 1038592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hale AR. Guards prevent injuries not errors. Occup Health (Lond) 1972; 24:164-5. [PMID: 4482161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hale AR. History of anesthesia. Dent Stud 1970; 48:38-9. [PMID: 5271391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Burch GE, DePasquale NP, Sun SC, Hale AR, Mogabgab WJ. Experimental coxsackievirus endocarditis. JAMA 1966; 196:349-52. [PMID: 5952205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Endocarditis has not been generally considered to be a complication of viral infection. We show that mural and valvular endocarditis can be produced in mice infected with Coxsackie virus B(4). Because this virus commonly infects man and is highly cardiotropic, it is important to know whether it produces valvular lesions in man similar to those we describe in mice.
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