1
|
Røed ES, Engelstädter J. Cytoplasmic incompatibility in hybrid zones: infection dynamics and resistance evolution. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:240-253. [PMID: 34953157 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic incompatibility is an endosymbiont-induced mating incompatibility common in arthropods. Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility impairs crosses between infected males and uninfected females, whereas bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility occurs when two host lineages are infected with reciprocally in compatible endosymbionts. Bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility is unstable in unstructured populations, but may be stable in hybrid zones. Stable coexistence of incompatible host lineages should generate frequent incompatible crosses. Therefore, hosts are expected to be under selection to resist their endosymbionts. Here, we for mulate a mathematical model of hybrid zones where two bidirectionally incompatible host lineages meet. We expand this model to consider the invasion of a hypothetical resistance allele. To corroborate our mathematical predictions, we test each prediction with stochastic, individual-based simulations. Our models suggest that hybrid zones may sustain stable coinfections of bidirectionally incompatible endosymbiont strains. Over a range of conditions, host are under selection for resistance against cytoplasmic incompatibility. Under asymetric migration, a resistance allele can facilitate infection turnover and subsequently either persist or become lost. The predictions we present may inform our understanding of the cophylogenetic relationship between the endosym biont Wolbachia and its hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sandertun Røed
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4702, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sutter A, Price TA, Wedell N. The impact of female mating strategies on the success of insect control technologies. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:75-83. [PMID: 33601059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to control insect pests and disease vectors have a long history. Recently, new technology has opened a whole new range of possible methods to suppress or transform natural populations. But it has also become clear that a better understanding of the ecology of targeted populations is needed. One key parameter is mating behaviour. Often modified males are released which need to successfully reproduce with females while competing with wild males. Insect control techniques can be affected by target species' mating ecology, and conversely mating ecology is likely to evolve in response to manipulation attempts. A better understanding of (female) mating behaviour will help anticipate and overcome potential challenges, and thus make desirable outcomes more likely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | - Tom Ar Price
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Halimubieke N, Kupán K, Valdebenito JO, Kubelka V, Carmona-Isunza MC, Burgas D, Catlin D, St Clair JJH, Cohen J, Figuerola J, Yasué M, Johnson M, Mencarelli M, Cruz-López M, Stantial M, Weston MA, Lloyd P, Que P, Montalvo T, Bansal U, McDonald GC, Liu Y, Kosztolányi A, Székely T. Successful breeding predicts divorce in plovers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15576. [PMID: 32968190 PMCID: PMC7511398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When individuals breed more than once, parents are faced with the choice of whether to re-mate with their old partner or divorce and select a new mate. Evolutionary theory predicts that, following successful reproduction with a given partner, that partner should be retained for future reproduction. However, recent work in a polygamous bird, has instead indicated that successful parents divorced more often than failed breeders (Halimubieke et al. in Ecol Evol 9:10734-10745, 2019), because one parent can benefit by mating with a new partner and reproducing shortly after divorce. Here we investigate whether successful breeding predicts divorce using data from 14 well-monitored populations of plovers (Charadrius spp.). We show that successful nesting leads to divorce, whereas nest failure leads to retention of the mate for follow-up breeding. Plovers that divorced their partners and simultaneously deserted their broods produced more offspring within a season than parents that retained their mate. Our work provides a counterpoint to theoretical expectations that divorce is triggered by low reproductive success, and supports adaptive explanations of divorce as a strategy to improve individual reproductive success. In addition, we show that temperature may modulate these costs and benefits, and contribute to dynamic variation in patterns of divorce across plover breeding systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naerhulan Halimubieke
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Krisztina Kupán
- Behaviour Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - José O Valdebenito
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Vojtěch Kubelka
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - María Cristina Carmona-Isunza
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Burgas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel Catlin
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blackburg, USA
| | - James J H St Clair
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, USA
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maï Yasué
- Quest University Canada, Squamish, Canada
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Forest Supervisor's Office, USDA Forest Service, Plumas National Forest, Quincy, CA, USA
| | | | - Medardo Cruz-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Michelle Stantial
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, USA
| | - Michael A Weston
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Penn Lloyd
- FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pinjia Que
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Tomás Montalvo
- Servei de Vigilancia I Control de Plagues Urbanes, Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Udita Bansal
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Grant C McDonald
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Abstract
Females mate multiply despite numerous costs. It is well established that polyandry can result in sexual conflict, favoring male adaptations that prevent sperm competition often to the disadvantage of the female. Such adaptations are extreme in spiders with one-shot genitalia of which parts break off and act as mating plugs, rendering them dysfunctional. In the spider Argiope bruennichi, mating plugs effectively prevent further males from inseminating and males that inseminate and plug both genital openings of a female secure exclusive paternity. However, females frequently prevent monopolization by attacking and cannibalizing males during their first copulation, leaving their second spermatheca free for another male. Here, we test whether the high frequency of sexual cannibalism evolved as a female adaptation to resist monopolization and secure indirect benefits of polyandry. To standardize conditions, we double-mated females either with the same or two different males and prevented male consumption. Using a split-brood design, we raised offspring to maturity under poor and rich food conditions and measured their survival, duration of juvenile phase, and adult body mass. Under low food, daughters of polyandrous mothers matured later but slightly heavier than daughters of monandrous females. Since the adaptive value of this combination is unclear, these findings lend no conclusive support to our hypothesis. We discuss the stereotypic nature of the female attack in the context of antagonistic co-evolution considering previous studies that found modest direct benefits of cannibalism as well as a potential for non-additive benefits.
Significance statement
Sexual conflict is extreme in spiders where sexual cannibalism impairs male mating rates. Males of the spider Argiope bruennichi possess one-shot genitalia which they break off to plug female genital openings. They gain exclusive paternity with a female if two copulations are achieved and both genital openings plugged. Females, however, stereotypically attack every male at the onset of copulation, limiting most males to single copulation but retaining the option to secure potential benefits of polyandry. Previous studies revealed weak direct and non-additive indirect benefits of multiple mating. In this study, we tested for the presence of additive genetic benefits but again found only inconclusive evidence for adaptive differences in offspring quality between monandrous and polyandrous females. All results combined, we here speculate that the stereotypic female attack might be a ghost of a past antagonistic co-evolution.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mateos M, Martinez Montoya H, Lanzavecchia SB, Conte C, Guillén K, Morán-Aceves BM, Toledo J, Liedo P, Asimakis ED, Doudoumis V, Kyritsis GA, Papadopoulos NT, Augustinos AA, Segura DF, Tsiamis G. Wolbachia pipientis Associated With Tephritid Fruit Fly Pests: From Basic Research to Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1080. [PMID: 32582067 PMCID: PMC7283806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the true fruit flies (family Tephritidae) are among the most serious agricultural pests worldwide, whose control and management demands large and costly international efforts. The need for cost-effective and environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) has led to the development and implementation of autocidal control strategies. These approaches include the widely used sterile insect technique and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). IIT relies on maternally transmitted bacteria (namely Wolbachia) to cause a conditional sterility in crosses between released mass-reared Wolbachia-infected males and wild females, which are either uninfected or infected with a different Wolbachia strain (i.e., cytoplasmic incompatibility; CI). Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on Wolbachia-tephritid interactions including infection prevalence in wild populations, phenotypic consequences, and their impact on life history traits. Numerous pest tephritid species are reported to harbor Wolbachia infections, with a subset exhibiting high prevalence. The phenotypic effects of Wolbachia have been assessed in very few tephritid species, due in part to the difficulty of manipulating Wolbachia infection (removal or transinfection). Based on recent methodological advances (high-throughput DNA sequencing) and breakthroughs concerning the mechanistic basis of CI, we suggest research avenues that could accelerate generation of necessary knowledge for the potential use of Wolbachia-based IIT in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) strategies for the population control of tephritid pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Departments of Ecology and Conservation Biology, and Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Humberto Martinez Montoya
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Comparativa, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Silvia B Lanzavecchia
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Conte
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jorge Toledo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Elias D Asimakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Georgios A Kyritsis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios A Augustinos
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, Patras, Greece
| | - Diego F Segura
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sutter A, Travers LM, Oku K, L. Delaney K, J. Store S, Price TAR, Wedell N. Flexible polyandry in female flies is an adaptive response to infertile males. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Infertility is common in nature despite its obvious cost to individual fitness. Rising global temperatures are predicted to decrease fertility, and male sterility is frequently used in attempts to regulate pest or disease vector populations. When males are infertile, females may mate with multiple males to ensure fertilization, and changes in female mating behavior in turn could intensify selection on male fertility. Fertility assurance is a potentially wide-spread explanation for polyandry, but whether and how it actually contributes to the evolution of polyandry is not clear. Moreover, whether a drop in male fertility would lead to a genetic increase in polyandry depends on whether females respond genetically or through behavioral plasticity to male infertility. Here, we experimentally manipulate male fertility through heat-exposure in Drosophila pseudoobscura, and test female discrimination against infertile males before and after mating. Using isogenic lines, we compare the roles of behaviorally plastic versus genetically fixed polyandry. We find that heat-exposed males are less active and attractive, and that females are more likely to remate after mating with these males. Remating rate increases with reduced reproductive output, indicating that females use current sperm storage threshold to make dynamic remating decisions. After remating with fertile males, females restore normal fecundity levels. Our results suggest that male infertility could explain the evolution of adaptively flexible polyandry, but is less likely to cause an increase in genetic polyandry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, and
| | - Laura M Travers
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, and
| | - Keiko Oku
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Kynan L. Delaney
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Stefan J. Store
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Tom A R Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duffy E, Archer CR, Sharma MD, Prus M, Joag RA, Radwan J, Wedell N, Hosken DJ. Wolbachia infection can bias estimates of intralocus sexual conflict. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:328-338. [PMID: 30680117 PMCID: PMC6342094 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females share most of their genome and develop many of the same traits. However, each sex frequently has different optimal values for these shared traits, creating intralocus sexual conflict. This conflict has been observed in wild and laboratory populations of insects and affects important evolutionary processes such as sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and possibly even speciation. Given the broad impacts of intralocus conflict, accurately detecting and measuring it is important. A common way to detect intralocus sexual conflict is to calculate the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness, with negative values suggesting conflict. Here, we highlight a potential confounder of this measure-cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Infection with Wolbachia can generate negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness in insects, suggestive of intralocus sexual conflict. This is because cytoplasmic incompatibility reduces the fitness of uninfected females mated to infected males, while uninfected males will not suffer reductions in fitness if they mate with infected females and may even be fitter than infected males. This can lead to strong negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness, mimicking intralocus conflict. We illustrate this issue using simulations and then present Drosophila simulans data that show how reproductive incompatibilities caused by Wolbachia infection can generate signals of intralocus sexual conflict. Given that Wolbachia infection in insect populations is pervasive, but populations usually contain both infected and uninfected individuals providing scope for cytoplasmic incompatibility, this is an important consideration for sexual conflict research but one which, to date, has been largely underappreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Duffy
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - C. Ruth Archer
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Manmohan Dev Sharma
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Monika Prus
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Richa A. Joag
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Nina Wedell
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - David J. Hosken
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yeap HL, Endersby-Harshman NM, Hoffmann AA. The Effect of Nonrandom Mating on Wolbachia Dynamics: Implications for Population Replacement and Sterile Releases in Aedes Mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:608-617. [PMID: 29968550 PMCID: PMC6169187 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria are known to cause deviations from random mating and affect sperm competition (SC) in some of their arthropod hosts. Because these effects could influence the effectiveness of Wolbachia in mosquito population replacement and suppression programs, we developed a theoretical framework to investigate them and we collected relevant data for the wMel infection in Aedes aegypti. Using incompatibility patterns as a measure of mating success of infected versus uninfected mosquitoes, we found some evidence that uninfected males sire more offspring than infected males. However, our theoretical framework suggests that this effect is unlikely to hamper Wolbachia invasion and has only minor effects on population suppression programs. Nevertheless, we suggest that mating effects and SC need to be monitored in an ongoing manner in release programs, given the possibility of ongoing selection for altered mating patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin Yeap
- Pest, and Environmental Adaptation Research Group (PEARG), School of Bioscience, Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific, and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain Laboratories, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nancy Margaret Endersby-Harshman
- Pest, and Environmental Adaptation Research Group (PEARG), School of Bioscience, Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Pest, and Environmental Adaptation Research Group (PEARG), School of Bioscience, Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kvarnemo C. Why do some animals mate with one partner rather than many? A review of causes and consequences of monogamy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1795-1812. [PMID: 29687607 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Why do some animals mate with one partner rather than many? Here, I investigate factors related to (i) spatial constraints (habitat limitation, mate availability), (ii) time constraints (breeding synchrony, length of breeding season), (iii) need for parental care, and (iv) genetic compatibility, to see what support can be found in different taxa regarding the importance of these factors in explaining the occurrence of monogamy, whether shown by one sex (monogyny or monandry) or by both sexes (mutual monogamy). Focusing on reproductive rather than social monogamy whenever possible, I review the empirical literature for birds, mammals and fishes, with occasional examples from other taxa. Each of these factors can explain mating patterns in some taxa, but not in all. In general, there is mixed support for how well the factors listed above predict monogamy. The factor that shows greatest support across taxa is habitat limitation. By contrast, while a need for parental care might explain monogamy in freshwater fishes and birds, there is clear evidence that this is not the case in marine fishes and mammals. Hence, reproductive monogamy does not appear to have a single overriding explanation, but is more taxon specific. Genetic compatibility is a promising avenue for future work likely to improve our understanding of monogamy and other mating patterns. I also discuss eight important consequences of reproductive monogamy: (i) parentage, (ii) parental care, (iii) eusociality and altruism, (iv) infanticide, (v) effective population size, (vi) mate choice before mating, (vii) sexual selection, and (viii) sexual conflict. Of these, eusociality and infanticide have been subject to debate, briefly summarised herein. A common expectation is that monogamy leads to little sexual conflict and no or little sexual selection. However, as reviewed here, sexual selection can be substantial under mutual monogamy, and both sexes can be subject to such selection. Under long-term mutual monogamy, mate quality is obviously more important than mate numbers, which in turn affects the need for pre-mating mate choice. Overall, I conclude that, despite much research on genetic mating patterns, reproductive monogamy is still surprisingly poorly understood and further experimental and comparative work is needed. This review identifies several areas in need of more data and also proposes new hypotheses to test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valette V, Durand S, Bech N, Grandjean F, Beltran-Bech S. Multiple paternity in a wild population of Armadillidium vulgare
: influence of infection with Wolbachia
? J Evol Biol 2016; 30:235-243. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Valette
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - S. Durand
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - N. Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - F. Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - S. Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bull JJ. Lethal gene drive selects inbreeding. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 2017:1-16. [PMID: 28013241 PMCID: PMC5226014 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of ‘selfish’ gene drive systems to suppress or even extinguish populations has been proposed on theoretical grounds for almost half a century. Creating these genes has recently become possible with CRISPR technology. One seemingly feasible approach, originally proposed by Burt, is to create a homing endonuclease gene (HEG) that inserts into an essential gene, enabling heterozygote viability but causing homozygote lethality. With 100% segregation distortion in gametes, such genes can cause profound population suppression if resistance does not evolve. Here, population genetic models are used to consider the evolution of inbreeding (specifically selfing) as a possible response to a recessively lethal HEG with complete segregation distortion. Numerical analyses indicate a rich set of outcomes, but selfing often evolves in response to the HEG, with a corresponding partial restoration of mean fitness. Whether selfing does indeed evolve and its effect in restoring fitness depends heavily on the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Overall, these results point toward an underappreciated evolutionary response to block the harmful effects of a selfish gene. They raise the possibility that extreme population suppression may be resisted by mechanisms that are independent of the molecular basis of gene drive. At the same time, the evolution of inbreeding is not assured even if the genetic basis for inbreeding is present. As the models here strictly apply to hermaphrodites (plants), an important next step is to consider inbreeding in populations with separate sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Bull
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA .,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sahoo RK. Why Antagonistic Traits against Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Are So Elusive. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:392. [PMID: 27065360 PMCID: PMC4814451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sutter A, Lindholm AK. Detrimental effects of an autosomal selfish genetic element on sperm competitiveness in house mice. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2015.0974. [PMID: 26136452 PMCID: PMC4528557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female multiple mating (polyandry) is widespread across many animal taxa and indirect genetic benefits are a major evolutionary force favouring polyandry. An incentive for polyandry arises when multiple mating leads to sperm competition that disadvantages sperm from genetically inferior mates. A reduction in genetic quality is associated with costly selfish genetic elements (SGEs), and studies in invertebrates have shown that males bearing sex ratio distorting SGEs are worse sperm competitors than wild-type males.We used a vertebrate model species to test whether females can avoid an autosomal SGE, the t haplotype, through polyandry. The t haplotype inhouse mice exhibits strong drive in t heterozygous males by affecting spermatogenesis and is associated with homozygous in utero lethality. We used controlled matings to test the effect of the t haplotype on sperm competitiveness. Regardless of mating order, t heterozygous males sired only 11% of zygotes when competing against wild-type males, suggesting a very strong effect of the t haplotype on sperm quality. We provide, to our knowledge,the first substantial evidence that polyandry ameliorates the harmful effects of an autosomal SGE arising through genetic incompatibility. We discuss potential mechanisms in our study species and the broader implications for the benefits of polyandry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Holman L, Price TAR, Wedell N, Kokko H. Coevolutionary dynamics of polyandry and sex-linked meiotic drive. Evolution 2015; 69:709-20. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Holman
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Division of Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Thomas A. R. Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Nina Wedell
- Biosciences, University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus; Penryn TR10 9FE United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Division of Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Awrahman ZA, Champion de Crespigny F, Wedell N. The impact of Wolbachia, male age and mating history on cytoplasmic incompatibility and sperm transfer in Drosophila simulans. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:1-10. [PMID: 24164708 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most insects harbour a variety of maternally inherited endosymbionts, the most widespread being Wolbachia pipientis that commonly induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and reduced hatching success in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. High temperature and increasing male age are known to reduce the level of CI in a variety of insects. In Drosophila simulans, infected males have been shown to mate at a higher rate than uninfected males. By examining the impact of mating rate independent of age, this study investigates whether a high mating rate confers an advantage to infected males through restoring their compatibility with uninfected females over and above the effect of age. The impact of Wolbachia infection, male mating rate and age on the number of sperm transferred to females during copulation and how it relates to CI expression was also assessed. As predicted, we found that reproductive compatibility was restored faster in males that mate at higher rate than that of low mating and virgin males, and that the effect of mating history was over and above the effect of male age. Nonvirgin infected males transferred fewer sperm than uninfected males during copulation, and mating at a high rate resulted in the transfer of fewer sperm per mating irrespective of infection status. These results indicate that the advantage to infected males of mating at a high rate is through restoration of reproductive compatibility with uninfected females, whereas uninfected males appear to trade off the number of sperm transferred per mating with female encounter rate and success in sperm competition. This study highlights the importance Wolbachia may play in sexual selection by affecting male reproductive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z A Awrahman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - F Champion de Crespigny
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - N Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rittschof CC, Pattanaik S, Johnson L, Matos LF, Brusini J, Wayne ML. Sigma virus and male reproductive success in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013; 67:529-540. [PMID: 27616808 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The risk of disease transmission can affect female mating rate, and thus sexual conflict. Furthermore, the interests of a sexually transmitted organism may align or diverge with those of either sex, potentially making the disease agent a third participant in the sexual arms race. In Drosophila melanogaster, where sexual conflict over female mating rate is well established, we investigated how a common, non-lethal virus (sigma virus) might affect this conflict. We gave uninfected females the opportunity to copulate twice in no-choice trials: either with two uninfected males, or with one male infected with sigma virus followed by an uninfected male. We assessed whether females respond behaviorally to male infection, determined whether male infection affects either female or male reproductive success, and measured offspring infection rates. Male infection status did not influence time to copulation, or time to re-mating. However, male infection did affect male reproductive success: first males sired a significantly greater proportion of offspring, as well as more total offspring, when they were infected with sigma virus. Thus viral infection may provide males an advantage in sperm competition, or, possibly, females may preferentially use infected sperm. We found no clear costs of infection in terms of offspring survival. Viral reproductive success (the number of infected offspring) was strongly correlated with male reproductive success. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether virus-induced changes in reproductive success affect male and female lifetime fitness, and whether virus-induced changes are under male, female, or viral control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Swetapadma Pattanaik
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Laura Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Luis F Matos
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA
| | - Jérémie Brusini
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wedell N. The dynamic relationship between polyandry and selfish genetic elements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120049. [PMID: 23339240 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and bacteria, and make up a large part of the genome. They frequently target sperm to increase their transmission success, but these manipulations are often associated with reduced male fertility. Low fertility of SGE-carrying males is suggested to promote polyandry as a female strategy to bias paternity against male carriers. Support for this hypothesis is found in several taxa, where SGE-carrying males have reduced sperm competitive ability. In contrast, when SGEs give rise to reproductive incompatibilities between SGE-carrying males and females, polyandry is not necessarily favoured, irrespective of the detrimental impact on male fertility. This is due to the frequency-dependent nature of these incompatibilities, because they will decrease in the population as the frequency of SGEs increases. However, reduced fertility of SGE-carrying males can prevent the successful population invasion of SGEs. In addition, SGEs can directly influence male and female mating behaviour, mating rates and reproductive traits (e.g. female reproductive tract length and male sperm). This reveals a potent and dynamic interaction between SGEs and polyandry highlighting the potential to generate sexual selection and conflict, but also indicates that polyandry can promote harmony within the genome by undermining the spread of SGEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wedell
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kvarnemo C, Simmons LW. Polyandry as a mediator of sexual selection before and after mating. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120042. [PMID: 23339234 PMCID: PMC3576577 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Darwin–Bateman paradigm recognizes competition among males for access to multiple mates as the main driver of sexual selection. Increasingly, however, females are also being found to benefit from multiple mating so that polyandry can generate competition among females for access to multiple males, and impose sexual selection on female traits that influence their mating success. Polyandry can reduce a male's ability to monopolize females, and thus weaken male focused sexual selection. Perhaps the most important effect of polyandry on males arises because of sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Polyandry favours increased male ejaculate expenditure that can affect sexual selection on males by reducing their potential reproductive rate. Moreover, sexual selection after mating can ameliorate or exaggerate sexual selection before mating. Currently, estimates of sexual selection intensity rely heavily on measures of male mating success, but polyandry now raises serious questions over the validity of such approaches. Future work must take into account both pre- and post-copulatory episodes of selection. A change in focus from the products of sexual selection expected in males, to less obvious traits in females, such as sensory perception, is likely to reveal a greater role of sexual selection in female evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bonomi A, Bassetti F, Gabrieli P, Beadell J, Falchetto M, Scolari F, Gomulski LM, Regazzini E, Ouma JO, Caccone A, Okedi LM, Attardo GM, Guglielmino CR, Aksoy S, Malacrida AR. Polyandry is a common event in wild populations of the Tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and may impact population reduction measures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1190. [PMID: 21666797 PMCID: PMC3110164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa, particularly in Uganda. Attempts to control/eradicate this species using biological methods require knowledge of its reproductive biology. An important aspect is the number of times a female mates in the wild as this influences the effective population size and may constitute a critical factor in determining the success of control methods. To date, polyandry in G.f. fuscipes has not been investigated in the laboratory or in the wild. Interest in assessing the presence of remating in Ugandan populations is driven by the fact that eradication of this species is at the planning stage in this country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two well established populations, Kabukanga in the West and Buvuma Island in Lake Victoria, were sampled to assess the presence and frequency of female remating. Six informative microsatellite loci were used to estimate the number of matings per female by genotyping sperm preserved in the female spermathecae. The direct count of the minimum number of males that transferred sperm to the spermathecae was compared to Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian probability estimates. The three estimates provided evidence that remating is common in the populations but the frequency is substantially different: 57% in Kabukanga and 33% in Buvuma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The presence of remating, with females maintaining sperm from different mates, may constitute a critical factor in cases of re-infestation of cleared areas and/or of residual populations. Remating may enhance the reproductive potential of re-invading propagules in terms of their effective population size. We suggest that population age structure may influence remating frequency. Considering the seasonal demographic changes that this fly undergoes during the dry and wet seasons, control programmes based on SIT should release large numbers of sterile males, even in residual surviving target populations, in the dry season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bonomi
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jon Beadell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marco Falchetto
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Johnson O. Ouma
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Loyce M. Okedi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Serap Aksoy
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Slatyer RA, Mautz BS, Backwell PRY, Jennions MD. Estimating genetic benefits of polyandry from experimental studies: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:1-33. [PMID: 21545390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Slatyer
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Engelstädter J, Telschow A. Cytoplasmic incompatibility and host population structure. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 103:196-207. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
22
|
Price TAR, Bretman AJ, Avent TD, Snook RR, Hurst GDD, Wedell N. Sex ratio distorter reduces sperm competitive ability in an insect. Evolution 2008; 62:1644-1652. [PMID: 18373627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in animals and often associated with low male fertility due to reduced sperm number in male carriers. In the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura, the meiotic driving X chromosome "sex ratio" kills Y-bearing sperm in carrier males (SR males), resulting in female only broods. We competed SR males against the ejaculates of noncarrying standard males (ST males), and quantified the number of sperm transferred by SR and ST males to females. We show that SR males are very poor sperm competitors, which is partly related to transfer of fewer sperm during mating. However, sperm numbers alone cannot explain the observed paternity reduction, indicating SR males' sperm may be of reduced quality, possibly due to damage during the killing of the noncarrying Y-sperm. The reduction in sperm competitive ability due to SR is large enough to potentially stabilize the spread of sex ratio drive through populations. The poor sperm competitive ability of SR males coupled with their low fitness as mates could favor increased remating by females to reduce paternity by SR males. Given the generally poor performance of SGE-carrying males in sperm competition, this may generate strong selective pressure favoring polyandry in many species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A R Price
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|