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Title PO, Singhal S, Grundler MC, Costa GC, Pyron RA, Colston TJ, Grundler MR, Prates I, Stepanova N, Jones MEH, Cavalcanti LBQ, Colli GR, Di-Poï N, Donnellan SC, Moritz C, Mesquita DO, Pianka ER, Smith SA, Vitt LJ, Rabosky DL. The macroevolutionary singularity of snakes. Science 2024; 383:918-923. [PMID: 38386744 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Snakes and lizards (Squamata) represent a third of terrestrial vertebrates and exhibit spectacular innovations in locomotion, feeding, and sensory processing. However, the evolutionary drivers of this radiation remain poorly known. We infer potential causes and ultimate consequences of squamate macroevolution by combining individual-based natural history observations (>60,000 animals) with a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny that we anchored with genomic data (5400 loci) from 1018 species. Due to shifts in the dynamics of speciation and phenotypic evolution, snakes have transformed the trophic structure of animal communities through the recurrent origin and diversification of specialized predatory strategies. Squamate biodiversity reflects a legacy of singular events that occurred during the early history of snakes and reveals the impact of historical contingency on vertebrate biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal O Title
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Michael C Grundler
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA
| | - R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Maggie R Grundler
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ivan Prates
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natasha Stepanova
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marc E H Jones
- Science Group: Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds Section, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lucas B Q Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Guarino R Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Craig Moritz
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Daniel O Mesquita
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Eric R Pianka
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laurie J Vitt
- Sam Noble Museum and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Marek RD, Felice RN. The neck as a keystone structure in avian macroevolution and mosaicism. BMC Biol 2023; 21:216. [PMID: 37833771 PMCID: PMC10576348 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of birds from non-avian theropod dinosaur ancestors required a comprehensive restructuring of the body plan to enable the evolution of powered flight. One of the proposed key mechanisms that allowed birds to acquire flight and modify the associated anatomical structures into diverse forms is mosaic evolution, which describes the parcelization of phenotypic traits into separate modules that evolve with heterogeneous tempo and mode. Avian mosaicism has been investigated with a focus on the cranial and appendicular skeleton, and as such, we do not understand the role of the axial column in avian macroevolution. The long, flexible neck of extant birds lies between the cranial and pectoral modules and represents an opportunity to study the contribution of the axial skeleton to avian mosaicism. RESULTS Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics in tandem with phylogenetic comparative methods to provide, to our knowledge, the first integrative analysis of avian neck evolution in context with the head and wing and to interrogate how the interactions between these anatomical systems have influenced macroevolutionary trends across a broad sample of extant birds. We find that the neck is integrated with both the head and the forelimb. These patterns of integration are variable across clades, and only specific ecological groups exhibit either head-neck or neck-forelimb integration. Finally, we find that ecological groups that display head-neck and neck-forelimb integration tend to display significant shifts in the rate of neck morphological evolution. CONCLUSIONS Combined, these results suggest that the interaction between trophic ecology and head-neck-forelimb mosaicism influences the evolutionary variance of the avian neck. By linking together the biomechanical functions of these distinct anatomical systems, the cervical vertebral column serves as a keystone structure in avian mosaicism and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Marek
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Ryan N Felice
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Adler KA, De Nault DL, Cardoza CM, Womack M. Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology. Evolution 2022; 76:2724-2738. [PMID: 36117276 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The vertebral column is critical to a vertebrate species' flexibility and skeletal support, making vertebrae a clear target for selection. Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique, truncated vertebral column that appears constrained to provide axial rigidity for efficient jumping. However, no study has examined how presacral vertebrae shape varies among anuran species at the macroevolutionary scale nor how intrinsic (developmental and phylogenetic) and extrinsic (ecological) factors may have influenced vertebrae shape evolution. We used microCT scans and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the vertebrae of hundreds of anuran species that vary in body size as well as adult and larval ecology. We found variation in shape and evolutionary rates among anuran vertebrae, dispelling any notion that trunk vertebrae evolve uniformly. We discovered the highest evolutionary rates in the cervical vertebrae and in the more caudal trunk vertebrae. We found little evidence for selection pressures related to adult or larval ecology affecting vertebrae evolution, but we did find body size was highly associated with vertebrae shape and microhabitat (mainly burrowing) affected those allometric relationships. Our results provide an interesting comparison to vertebrae evolution in other clades and a jumping-off point for studies of anuran vertebrae evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Adler
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Diego L De Nault
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Cassandra M Cardoza
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Molly Womack
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
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4
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Collar DC, Tremaine S, Harrington RC, Beckett HT, Friedman M. Mosaic adaptive peak shifts underlie body shape diversification in pelagiarian fishes (Acanthomorpha: Percomorpha). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Extreme body elongation in fishes is a major evolutionary transformation that extends the boundaries of morphological diversity and alters aspects of function, behaviour and ecology. Prior studies have identified features of the cranial and axial skeleton that characterize elongate fishes, but a lack of detailed reconstructions of anatomical evolution has limited inferences about factors that underlie major shifts in body shape. In this study, we fitted multi-peak adaptive (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to species body shape and anatomical dimensions in Pelagiaria, a radiation of open-ocean fishes whose species span a continuum from deep bodied to highly elongate. We inferred an ancestral fusiform adaptive peak that is retained by several major pelagiarian lineages (e.g. Scombridae) and found robust support for multiple transitions to deep-bodied optima (in the families Stromateidae, Bramidae and Caristiidae) and elongate-bodied optima (within Trichiuroidei), including two instances of sequential shifts towards increasingly elongate optima that followed distinct paths of anatomical evolution. Within Trichiuridae, initial increases in head length and the number of vertebrae were followed by changes in head and vertebral shape. Within an elongate-bodied subclade of taxa traditionally identified as ‘gempylids’, changes in head and vertebral shape and in the number of precaudal vertebrae preceded an increase in the number of caudal vertebrae. Altogether, this mosaic of anatomical peak shifts suggests that body shape transformations were associated with differing selective demands and developmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Collar
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University , Newport News, VA , USA
| | - Samantha Tremaine
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University , Newport News, VA , USA
| | - Richard C Harrington
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Hermione T Beckett
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- Department of Biology, King’s High School for Girls , Warwick , UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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5
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Coordinating tiny limbs and long bodies: Geometric mechanics of lizard terrestrial swimming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118456119. [PMID: 35759665 PMCID: PMC9271186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118456119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although typically possessing four limbs and short bodies, lizards have evolved diverse morphologies, including elongate trunks with tiny limbs. Such forms are hypothesized to aid locomotion in cluttered/fossorial environments but propulsion mechanisms (e.g., the use of body and/or limbs to interact with substrates) and potential body/limb coordination remain unstudied. Here, we use biological experiments, a geometric theory of locomotion, and robophysical models to investigate body-limb coordination in diverse lizards. Locomotor field studies in short-limbed, elongate lizards (Brachymeles and Lerista) and laboratory studies of fully limbed lizards (Uma scoparia and Sceloporus olivaceus) and a snake (Chionactis occipitalis) reveal that body-wave dynamics can be described by a combination of standing and traveling waves; the ratio of the amplitudes of these components is inversely related to the degree of limb reduction and body elongation. The geometric theory (which replaces laborious calculation with diagrams) helps explain our observations, predicting that the advantage of traveling-wave body undulations (compared with a standing wave) emerges when the dominant thrust-generation mechanism arises from the body rather than the limbs and reveals that such soil-dwelling lizards propel via "terrestrial swimming" like sand-swimming lizards and snakes. We test our hypothesis by inducing the use of traveling waves in stereotyped lizards via modulating the ground-penetration resistance. Study of a limbed/undulatory robophysical model demonstrates that a traveling wave is beneficial when propulsion is generated by body-environment interaction. Our models could be valuable in understanding functional constraints on the evolutionary processes of elongation and limb reduction as well as advancing robot designs.
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Abstract
AbstractMorphological diversity is often attributed as adaptations to distinct ecologies. Although biologists have long hypothesized that distinct ecologies drive the evolution of body shape, these relationships are rarely tested across macroevolutionary scales in mammals. Here, I tested hypotheses that locomotor, hunting, and dietary ecologies influenced body shape evolution in carnivorans, a morphologically and ecologically diverse clade of mammals. I found that adaptive models with ecological trait regimes were poor predictors of carnivoran body shape and the underlying morphological components that contribute to body shape variation. Instead, the best-supported model exhibited clade-based evolutionary shifts, indicating that the complexity and variation of body shape landscape cannot be effectively captured by a priori ecological regimes. However, ecological adaptations of body shapes cannot be ruled out, as aquatic and terrestrial carnivorans exhibited opposite allometric patterns of body shape that may be driven by different gravitational constraints associated with these different environments. Similar to body size, body shape is a prominent feature of vertebrate morphology that may transcend one-to-one mapping relationships between morphology and ecological traits, enabling species with distinct body shapes to exploit similar resources and exhibit similar ecologies. Together, these results demonstrate that the multidimensionality of both body shape morphology and ecology makes it difficult to disentangle the complex relationship among morphological evolution, ecological diversity, and phylogeny across macroevolutionary scales.
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7
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Collar DC, DiPaolo ECC, Mai SL, Mehta RS. Body shape transformations by alternate anatomical adaptive peak shifts in blenniiform fishes. Evolution 2021; 75:1552-1566. [PMID: 33890296 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extreme body elongation has occurred repeatedly in the evolutionary history of ray-finned fishes. Lengthening of the anterior-posterior body axis relative to depth and width can involve changes in the cranial skeleton and vertebral column, but to what extent is anatomical evolution determined by selective factors and intrinsic constraints that are shared broadly among closely related lineages? In this study, we fit adaptive (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to body shape and its anatomical determinants and identified two instances of extreme elongation by divergent anatomical peak shifts in the Blenniiformes, a radiation of small-bodied substrate-associated marine teleost fishes. Species in the genus Xiphasia (hairtail blennies) evolved toward a peak defined by a highly elongated caudal vertebral region but ancestral cranial and precaudal vertebral morphology. In contrast, a clade that includes the genera Chaenopsis and Lucayablennius (pike and arrow blennies) evolved toward a peak with a long slender skull but ancestral axial skeletal anatomy. Neither set of anatomical peak shifts aligns closely with the major axis of anatomical diversification in other blenniiform fishes. These results provide little evidence that ancestral constraints have affected body shape transformation, and instead suggest that extreme elongation arose with distinct shifts in selective factors and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Collar
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, 23606
| | - Emma C C DiPaolo
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, 23606
| | - Sienna L Mai
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, 23606
| | - Rita S Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060
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8
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Law CJ. Evolutionary and morphological patterns underlying carnivoran body shape diversity. Evolution 2020; 75:365-375. [PMID: 33314085 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of body shapes is one of the most prominent features of phenotypic variation in vertebrates. Biologists, however, still lack a full understanding of the underlying morphological components that contribute to its diversity, particularly in endothermic vertebrates such as mammals. In this study, hypotheses pertaining to the evolution of the cranial and axial components that contribute to the diversity of carnivoran body shapes were tested. Three trends were found in the evolution of carnivoran body shapes: (1) carnivorans exhibit diverse body shapes with intrafamilial variation predicted best by family clade age, (2) body shape is driven by strong allometric effects of body size where species become more elongate with decreasing size, and (3) the thoracic and lumbar regions and rib length contribute the most to body shape variation, albeit pathways differ between different families. These results reveal the morphological patterns that led to increased diversity in carnivoran body shapes and elucidate the similarities and dissimilarities that govern body shape diversity across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Law
- Department of Mammalogy and Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105
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9
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Bergmann PJ, Morinaga G, Freitas ES, Irschick DJ, Wagner GP, Siler CD. Locomotion and palaeoclimate explain the re-evolution of quadrupedal body form in Brachymeles lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201994. [PMID: 33171093 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary reversals, including re-evolution of lost structures, are commonly found in phylogenetic studies. However, we lack an understanding of how these reversals happen mechanistically. A snake-like body form has evolved many times in vertebrates, and occasionally a quadrupedal form has re-evolved, including in Brachymeles lizards. We use body form and locomotion data for species ranging from snake-like to quadrupedal to address how a quadrupedal form could re-evolve. We show that large, quadrupedal species are faster at burying and surface locomotion than snake-like species, indicating a lack of expected performance trade-off between these modes of locomotion. Species with limbs use them while burying, suggesting that limbs are useful for burying in wet, packed substrates. Palaeoclimatological data suggest that Brachymeles originally evolved a snake-like form under a drier climate probably with looser soil in which it was easier to dig. The quadrupedal clade evolved as the climate became humid, where limbs and large size facilitated fossorial locomotion in packed soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Gen Morinaga
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Elyse S Freitas
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cameron D Siler
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072, USA
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10
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DeLorenzo L, Vander Linden A, Bergmann PJ, Wagner GP, Siler CD, Irschick DJ. Using 3D-digital photogrammetry to examine scaling of the body axis in burrowing skinks. J Morphol 2020; 281:1382-1390. [PMID: 32815588 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) modeling techniques have been increasingly utilized across disciplines for the visualization and analysis of complex structures. We employ 3D-digital photogrammetry for understanding the scaling of the body axis of 12 species of scincid lizards in the genus Brachymeles. These skinks represent a diverse radiation which shows tremendous variation in body size and degree of axial elongation. Because of the complex nature of the body axis, 3D-methods are important for understanding how the body axis evolves. 3D-digital photogrammetry presents a flexible, inexpensive, and portable system for the reconstruction of biological forms. As body size increased among species, the cross-sectional area and circumference of the head and other portions of the body axis increased isometrically, which indicates that species of differing sizes possess proportionally similar head and body shapes. These results suggest that there are no substantial head and body shape changes with body size among the sampled species, but further comparative studies with larger sample sizes and functional studies of size and morphology effects on burrowing or above-ground locomotion are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah DeLorenzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Abby Vander Linden
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gunter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cameron D Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Quipildor AM, Quinteros AS, Lobo FJ. Neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral plexus in a highly diversified clade of South-American lizards. Evolution and phylogenetic implications. J Morphol 2020; 281:970-985. [PMID: 32598554 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Only few published studies that describe the neuroanatomy of lizards. Here, we describe the neuroanatomy of several Iguanian species belonging to three families (species of Liolaemus and Phymaturus belonging to Liolaemidae, Tropidurus and Stenocercus as representatives of Tropiduridae, and Diplolaemus as a representative of Leiosauridae). Based on Sudan Black B staining and conventional dissections, the neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral region is described. Among the most outstanding results is the existence of a neuronal pattern of the lumbosacral plexus characteristic of Liolaemidae. In addition, it was found that in the genus Liolaemus the lumbosacral plexus is composed of five pairs of spinal nerves while in Phymaturus, Tropidurus, Stenocercus and Diplolaemus is composed from five to six pairs of spinal nerves (from pre-sacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae). We find differences in the origin of the spinal nerves that constitute the plexus. In some cases, the pattern of nerves involved includes even the caudal vertebrae. Variation among taxa related to the zeugopodial innervation is described, and the homology of these nervous branches is discussed. Sexual differences were found in some species studied. Based on our results and available literature, we found three different patterns of innervation of the zeugopodium. The major contribution of this study is to provide a detailed description of lumbosacral plexus nerves pathways from their origins at the vertebral column to the muscles that they innervate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Matías Quipildor
- IBIGEO (Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sebastián Quinteros
- IBIGEO (Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Sistemática Filogenética. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Fernando José Lobo
- IBIGEO (Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Anatomía Comparada. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
The origin of birds from their terrestrial antecedents was accompanied by a wholesale transformation of their skeleton as they transitioned from a terrestrial to aerial realm. Part of this dramatic transformation is the reduction of separate vertebral elements into regional fusions to limit axial flexibility. This is partially mirrored within the development of the axial column, with regions of the axial column experiencing increasing morphological modularity and the loss of skeletal elements through vertebral fusions. Using a detailed description of the morphological development of the axial column in the model domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, we present a map of axial ossification based on discrete characters. Delays in ossification are found to occur in conjunction with the formation of fusions. Our study shows that the pattern and sequence of fusion and ossification during development may reflect the presence of independent modules as subsets within the typical regions of the avian axial column. Interestingly, few of these fusion modules correspond to the initial axial Hox expression patterns, suggesting another patterning mechanism is driving axial fusion regionalization. Additionally, two regions of fusion are discovered in the synsacrum. The anterior region of seven fused synsacrals may correspond to the non-ornithuran pygostylian synsacrum of the same number of vertebrae.
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13
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FernÁndez-RodrÍguez I, BraÑa F. The movement dynamics of autotomized lizards and their tails reveal functional costs of caudal autotomy. Integr Zool 2020; 15:511-521. [PMID: 32297699 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autotomy has evolved independently several times in different animal lineages. It frequently involves immediate functional costs, so regeneration evolved in many instances to restore the functionality of that body part. Caudal autotomy is a widespread antipredator strategy in lizards, although it may affect energy storage, locomotion dynamics, or survival in future encounters with predators. Here, we assessed the effect of tail loss on the locomotor performance of wall lizards (Podarcis muralis), as well as the recovery of locomotor functionality of lizards with regenerated tails, and the movement dynamics of shed tails that were either intact or having regenerated portions. Tail loss had no effect on locomotion over unhindered spaces, possibly due to compensation between a negative effect on the stride of front limbs, and a positive effect of losing mass and friction force. We found a clear negative impact of tail loss on locomotion in spaces with interspersed obstacles, in which tailed lizards jumped larger distances when leaving the obstacles. Besides, lizards that used the tail to push off the ground were able to approach the obstacles from further, so that the tail seemed to be useful when used during jumping. Regeneration fully restores lizard's locomotor capacities, but tail antipredator value, as indicated by the intensity of post-autotomic movements, is only partially retrieved. From these results, we propose that, together with the recovery of post-autotomy antipredator capacities, the restoration of the organismal locomotor performance may have been an important, yet frequently neglected factor in the evolution of lizard's regeneration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene FernÁndez-RodrÍguez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Florentino BraÑa
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
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14
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Bergmann PJ, Mann SDW, Morinaga G, Freitas ES, Siler CD. Convergent Evolution of Elongate Forms in Craniates and of Locomotion in Elongate Squamate Reptiles. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:190-201. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Synopsis Elongate, snake- or eel-like, body forms have evolved convergently many times in most major lineages of vertebrates. Despite studies of various clades with elongate species, we still lack an understanding of their evolutionary dynamics and distribution on the vertebrate tree of life. We also do not know whether this convergence in body form coincides with convergence at other biological levels. Here, we present the first craniate-wide analysis of how many times elongate body forms have evolved, as well as rates of its evolution and reversion to a non-elongate form. We then focus on five convergently elongate squamate species and test if they converged in vertebral number and shape, as well as their locomotor performance and kinematics. We compared each elongate species to closely related quadrupedal species and determined whether the direction of vertebral or locomotor change matched in each case. The five lineages examined are obscure species from remote locations, providing a valuable glimpse into their biology. They are the skink lizards Brachymeles lukbani, Lerista praepedita, and Isopachys anguinoides, the basal squamate Dibamus novaeguineae, and the basal snake Malayotyphlops cf. ruficaudus. Our results support convergence among these species in the number of trunk and caudal vertebrae, but not vertebral shape. We also find that the elongate species are relatively slower than their limbed counterparts and move with lower frequency and higher amplitude body undulations, with the exception of Isopachys. This is among the first evidence of locomotor convergence across distantly related, elongate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara D W Mann
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gen Morinaga
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Elyse S Freitas
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Cameron D Siler
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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15
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Sherratt E, Sanders KL. Patterns of intracolumnar size variation inform the heterochronic mechanisms underlying extreme body shape divergence in microcephalic sea snakes. Evol Dev 2019; 22:283-290. [PMID: 31730744 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) that specialize on burrowing eel prey have repeatedly evolved tiny heads and reduced forebody relative to hindbody girths. Previous research has found that these "microcephalic" forms have higher counts of precaudal vertebrae, and postnatal ontogenetic changes cause their hindbodies to reach greater girths relative to their forebodies. We examine variation in vertebral size along the precaudal axis of neonates and adults of three species. In the nonmicrocephalic Hydrophis curtus, these intracolumnar patterns take the form of symmetrical curved profiles, with longer vertebrae in the midbody (50% of body length) relative to distal regions. In contrast, intracolumnar profiles in the microcephalic H. macdowelli and H. obscurus are strongly asymmetrical curves (negative skewness) due to the presence of numerous, smaller-sized vertebrate in the forebody (anterior to the heart). Neonate and adult H. macdowelli and H. obscurus specimens all exhibit this pattern, implying an onset of fore- versus hindbody decoupling in the embryo stage. Based on this, we suggest plausible developmental mechanisms involving the presence and positioning of Hox boundaries and heterochronic changes in segmentation. Tests of our hypotheses would give new insights into the drivers of rapid convergent shifts in evolution, but will ultimately require studies of gene expression in the embryos of relevant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Holovacs NT, Daza JD, Guerra C, Stanley EL, Montero R. You Can't Run, but You Can Hide: The Skeleton of the Sand-Swimmer Lizard Calyptommatus leiolepis (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1305-1326. [PMID: 31469501 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamates exhibit a vast diversity of body plans, which directly determines habitat use and preference. Here the skeleton of the sand-swimmer burrower gymnophthalmid, Calyptommatus leiolepis, is analyzed to investigate how its peculiar fossorial locomotion affects its osteology. Calyptommatus leiolepis is a limb-reduced, short-intermediate tailed lizard. Although there are other studies on its general anatomy, we performed a detailed description of its skeleton. Using high-resolution computer tomography, each bone element within the skeleton was digitally segmented and a detailed description rendered. Anatomical features related to burrowing include the head having a shovel-like snout with a well-developed horizontal soft tissue ridge, nasal cartilages that exclude sand from the nostrils, reduced eyes covered by a brille, lack of forelimbs, extreme reduction of hind limbs, and imbricated scales among others. The genus Calyptommatus has unique features such as a triradiate jugal (with digit-like posterior projections), a reduced pectoral girdle and forelimbs, parasternal processes that interconnect the ribs, and a single digit in the hind limbs. When comparing this species with other gymnophthalmid lizards including, fossorial species, it is clear that Calyptommatus exhibits the highest number of structural modifications within the family. Despite its specialized morphology, it still retains characters that link this genus to other members of Gymnophthalmidae when included in a phylogeny based solely on phenotypic data. Anat Rec, 303:1305-1326, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Holovacs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Cecilia Guerra
- Cátedra Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ricardo Montero
- Cátedra Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
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17
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Morinaga G, Bergmann PJ. Angles and waves: intervertebral joint angles and axial kinematics of limbed lizards, limbless lizards, and snakes. ZOOLOGY 2019; 134:16-26. [PMID: 31146904 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Segmentation gives rise to the anterior-posterior axis in many animals, and in vertebrates this axis comprises serially arranged vertebrae. Modifications to the vertebral column abound, and a recurring, but functionally understudied, change is the elongation of the body through the addition and/or elongation of vertebrae. Here, we compared the vertebral and axial kinematics of the robustly limbed Fire skink (Riopa fernandi) representing the ancestral form, the limbless European glass lizard (Ophisaurus apodus), and the Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon). We induced these animals to traverse through channels and peg arrays of varied widths and densities, respectively, using high-speed X-ray and light video. We found that even though the snake had substantially more and shorter vertebrae than either lizard, intervertebral joint angles did not differ between species in most treatment levels. All three species decreased the amplitude and wavelength of their undulations as channels narrowed and the lizard species increased wave frequency in narrower channels. In peg arrays, both lizard species decreased wave amplitude, while the snake showed no differences. All three species maintained similar wavelengths and frequencies as peg density increased in most cases. Our results suggest that amplitude is decoupled from wavelength and frequency in all three focal taxa. The combination of musculoskeletal differences and the decoupling of axial kinematic traits likely facilitates the formation of different undulatory waves, thereby allowing limbless species to adopt different modes of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Morinaga
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA.
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
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18
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Law CJ, Slater GJ, Mehta RS. Shared extremes by ectotherms and endotherms: Body elongation in mustelids is associated with small size and reduced limbs. Evolution 2019; 73:735-749. [PMID: 30793764 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An elongate body with reduced or absent limbs has evolved independently in many ectothermic vertebrate lineages. While much effort has been spent examining the morphological pathways to elongation in these clades, quantitative investigations into the evolution of elongation in endothermic clades are lacking. We quantified body shape in 61 musteloid mammals (red panda, skunks, raccoons, and weasels) using the head-body elongation ratio. We also examined the morphological changes that may underlie the evolution toward more extreme body plans. We found that a mustelid clade comprised of the subfamilies Helictidinae, Guloninae, Ictonychinae, Mustelinae, and Lutrinae exhibited an evolutionary transition toward more elongate bodies. Furthermore, we discovered that elongation of the body is associated with the evolution of other key traits such as a reduction in body size and a reduction in forelimb length but not hindlimb length. This relationship between body elongation and forelimb length has not previously been quantitatively established for mammals but is consistent with trends exhibited by ectothermic vertebrates and suggests a common pattern of trait covariance associated with body shape evolution. This study provides the framework for documenting body shapes across a wider range of mammalian clades to better understand the morphological changes influencing shape disparity across all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Law
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Coastal Biology Building, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060
| | - Graham J Slater
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Rita S Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Coastal Biology Building, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060
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19
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Sherratt E, Coutts FJ, Rasmussen AR, Sanders KL. Vertebral evolution and ontogenetic allometry: The developmental basis of extreme body shape divergence in microcephalic sea snakes. Evol Dev 2019; 21:135-144. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sherratt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Felicity J. Coutts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Arne R. Rasmussen
- The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kate L. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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20
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Aguirre WE, Young A, Navarrete-Amaya R, Valdiviezo-Rivera J, Jiménez-Prado P, Cucalón RV, Nugra-Salazar F, Calle-Delgado P, Borders T, Shervette VR. Vertebral number covaries with body form and elevation along the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes in the Neotropical fish genusRhoadsia(Teleostei: Characidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Windsor E Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Prado
- Escuela de Gestión Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - Roberto V Cucalón
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fredy Nugra-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados de la Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paola Calle-Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Casilla, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Borders
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Bonett RM, Phillips JG, Ledbetter NM, Martin SD, Lehman L. Rapid phenotypic evolution following shifts in life cycle complexity. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2304. [PMID: 29343600 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Life cycle strategies have evolved extensively throughout the history of metazoans. The expression of disparate life stages within a single ontogeny can present conflicts to trait evolution, and therefore may have played a major role in shaping metazoan forms. However, few studies have examined the consequences of adding or subtracting life stages on patterns of trait evolution. By analysing trait evolution in a clade of closely related salamander lineages we show that shifts in the number of life cycle stages are associated with rapid phenotypic evolution. Specifically, salamanders with an aquatic-only (paedomorphic) life cycle have frequently added vertebrae to their trunk skeleton compared with closely related lineages with a complex aquatic-to-terrestrial (biphasic) life cycle. The rate of vertebral column evolution is also substantially lower in biphasic lineages, which may reflect the functional compromise of a complex cycle. This study demonstrates that the consequences of life cycle evolution can be detected at very fine scales of divergence. Rapid evolutionary responses can result from shifts in selective regimes following changes in life cycle complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Bonett
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - John G Phillips
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | | | - Samuel D Martin
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Luke Lehman
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
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22
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Bergmann PJ, Morinaga G. The convergent evolution of snake‐like forms by divergent evolutionary pathways in squamate reptiles*. Evolution 2018; 73:481-496. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Bergmann
- Department of Biology Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - Gen Morinaga
- Department of Biology Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610
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23
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Powell GL, Russell AP, Sutey J. Patterns of growth in the presacral vertebral column of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Morphol 2018; 279:1088-1103. [PMID: 29732599 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal growth patterns within the vertebral column may be informative about body proportions and regionalization. We measured femur length, lengths of all pre-sacral vertebrae, and lengths of intervertebral spaces, from radiographs of a series of 21 Eublepharis macularius, raised under standard conditions and covering most of the ontogenetic body size range. Vertebrae were grouped into cervical, sternal, and dorsal compartments, and lengths of adjacent pairs of vertebrae were summed before analysis. Femur length was included as an index of body size. Principal component analysis of the variance-covariance matrix of these data was used to investigate scaling among them. PC1 explained 94.19% of total variance, interpreted as the variance due to body size. PC1 differed significantly from the hypothetical isometric vector, indicating overall allometry. The atlas and axis vertebrae displayed strong negative allometry; the remainder of the vertebral pairs exhibited weak negative allometry, isometry or positive allometry. PC1 explained a markedly smaller amount of variance for the vertebral pairs of the cervical compartment than for the remainder of the vertebral pairs, with the exception of the final pair. The relative standard deviations of the eigenvalues from the PCAs of the three vertebral compartments indicated that the vertebrae of the cervical compartment were less strongly integrated by scaling than were the sternal or dorsal vertebrae, which did not differ greatly between themselves in their strong integration, suggesting that the growth of the cervical vertebrae is constrained by the mechanical requirements of the head. Regionalization of the remainder of the vertebral column is less clearly defined but may be associated with wave form propagation incident upon locomotion, and by locomotory changes occasioned by tail autotomy and regeneration. Femur length exhibits negative allometry relative to individual vertebral pairs and to vertebral column length, suggesting a change in locomotor requirements over the ontogenetic size range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Sutey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Kratochvíl L, Kubička L, Vohralík M, Starostová Z. Variability in vertebral numbers does not contribute to sexual size dimorphism, interspecific variability, or phenotypic plasticity in body size in geckos (Squamata: Gekkota:Paroedura). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 329:185-190. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vohralík
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
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25
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Gillooly JF, Gomez JP, Mavrodiev EV. A broad-scale comparison of aerobic activity levels in vertebrates: endotherms versus ectotherms. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2328. [PMID: 28202808 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the limits and range of aerobic activity levels between endotherms and ectotherms remain poorly understood, though such differences help explain basic differences in species' lifestyles (e.g. movement patterns, feeding modes, and interaction rates). We compare the limits and range of aerobic activity in endotherms (birds and mammals) and ectotherms (fishes, reptiles, and amphibians) by evaluating the body mass-dependence of VO2 max, aerobic scope, and heart mass in a phylogenetic context based on a newly constructed vertebrate supertree. Contrary to previous work, results show no significant differences in the body mass scaling of minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates with body mass within endotherms or ectotherms. For a given body mass, resting rates and maximum rates were 24-fold and 30-fold lower, respectively, in ectotherms than endotherms. Factorial aerobic scope ranged from five to eight in both groups, with scope in endotherms showing a modest body mass-dependence. Finally, maximum consumption rates and aerobic scope were positively correlated with residual heart mass. Together, these results quantify similarities and differences in the potential for aerobic activity among ectotherms and endotherms from diverse environments. They provide insights into the models and mechanisms that may underlie the body mass-dependence of oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Gillooly
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Evgeny V Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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26
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Bars-Closel M, Kohlsdorf T, Moen DS, Wiens JJ. Diversification rates are more strongly related to microhabitat than climate in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Evolution 2017; 71:2243-2261. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bars-Closel
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater Oklahoma 74078
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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27
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Soul LC, Benson RBJ. Developmental mechanisms of macroevolutionary change in the tetrapod axis: A case study of Sauropterygia. Evolution 2017; 71:1164-1177. [PMID: 28240769 PMCID: PMC5485078 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how developmental processes change on macroevolutionary timescales to generate body plan disparity is fundamental to the study of vertebrate evolution. Adult morphology of the vertebral column directly reflects the mechanisms that generate vertebral counts (somitogenesis) and their regionalisation (homeotic effects) during embryonic development. Sauropterygians were a group of Mesozoic marine reptiles that exhibited an extremely high disparity of presacral vertebral/somite counts. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we demonstrate that somitogenesis and homeotic effects evolved in a co-ordinated way among sauropterygians, contrasting with the wider pattern in tetrapods, in which somitogenetic and homeotic shifts are uncorrelated. Changes in sauropterygian body proportions were primarily enabled by homeotic shifts, with a lesser, but important, contribution from differences in postpatterning growth among somites. High body plan plasticity was present in Triassic sauropterygians and was maintained among their Jurassic and Cretaceous descendants. The extreme disparity in the body plan of plesiosaurian sauropterygians did not result from accelerated rates of evolutionary change in neck length, but instead reflect this ancestral versatility of sauropterygian axial development. Our results highlight variation in modes of axial development among tetrapods, and show that heterogeneous statistical models can uncover novel macroevolutionary patterns for animal body plans and the developmental mechanisms that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Soul
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of Columbia20013
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford,OX1 3ANUnited Kingdom
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28
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Gillooly JF, Gomez JP, Mavrodiev EV, Rong Y, McLamore ES. Body mass scaling of passive oxygen diffusion in endotherms and ectotherms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5340-5. [PMID: 27118837 PMCID: PMC4868413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519617113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The area and thickness of respiratory surfaces, and the constraints they impose on passive oxygen diffusion, have been linked to differences in oxygen consumption rates and/or aerobic activity levels in vertebrates. However, it remains unclear how respiratory surfaces and associated diffusion rates vary with body mass across vertebrates, particularly in relation to the body mass scaling of oxygen consumption rates. Here we address these issues by first quantifying the body mass dependence of respiratory surface area and respiratory barrier thickness for a diversity of endotherms (birds and mammals) and ectotherms (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles). Based on these findings, we then use Fick's law to predict the body mass scaling of oxygen diffusion for each group. Finally, we compare the predicted body mass dependence of oxygen diffusion to that of oxygen consumption in endotherms and ectotherms. We find that the slopes and intercepts of the relationships describing the body mass dependence of passive oxygen diffusion in these two groups are statistically indistinguishable from those describing the body mass dependence of oxygen consumption. Thus, the area and thickness of respiratory surfaces combine to match oxygen diffusion capacity to oxygen consumption rates in both air- and water-breathing vertebrates. In particular, the substantially lower oxygen consumption rates of ectotherms of a given body mass relative to those of endotherms correspond to differences in oxygen diffusion capacity. These results provide insights into the long-standing effort to understand the structural attributes of organisms that underlie the body mass scaling of oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Gillooly
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
| | - Juan Pablo Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Evgeny V Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Yue Rong
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Eric S McLamore
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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29
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Collar DC, Quintero M, Buttler B, Ward AB, Mehta RS. Body shape transformation along a shared axis of anatomical evolution in labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei). Evolution 2016; 70:555-67. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Collar
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology; Christopher Newport University; Newport News Virginia 23606
| | - Michelle Quintero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95060
| | - Bernardo Buttler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95060
| | - Andrea B. Ward
- Department of Biology; Adelphi University; Garden City New York 11530
| | - Rita S. Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95060
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Kaliontzopoulou A, Carretero MA, Adams DC. Ecomorphological variation in male and female wall lizards and the macroevolution of sexual dimorphism in relation to habitat use. J Evol Biol 2014; 28:80-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources; InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vila do Conde Portugal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - M. A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources; InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vila do Conde Portugal
| | - D. C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
- Department of Statistics; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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Claverie T, Wainwright PC. A morphospace for reef fishes: elongation is the dominant axis of body shape evolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112732. [PMID: 25409027 PMCID: PMC4237352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical reef fishes are widely regarded as being perhaps the most morphologically diverse vertebrate assemblage on earth, yet much remains to be discovered about the scope and patterns of this diversity. We created a morphospace of 2,939 species spanning 56 families of tropical Indo-Pacific reef fishes and established the primary axes of body shape variation, the phylogenetic consistency of these patterns, and whether dominant patterns of shape change can be accomplished by diverse underlying changes. Principal component analysis showed a major axis of shape variation that contrasts deep-bodied species with slender, elongate forms. Furthermore, using custom methods to compare the elongation vector (axis that maximizes elongation deformation) and the main vector of shape variation (first principal component) for each family in the morphospace, we showed that two thirds of the families diversify along an axis of body elongation. Finally, a comparative analysis using a principal coordinate analysis based on the angles among first principal component vectors of each family shape showed that families accomplish changes in elongation with a wide range of underlying modifications. Some groups such as Pomacentridae and Lethrinidae undergo decreases in body depth with proportional increases in all body regions, while other families show disproportionate changes in the length of the head (e.g., Labridae), the trunk or caudal region in all combinations (e.g., Pempheridae and Pinguipedidae). In conclusion, we found that evolutionary changes in body shape along an axis of elongation dominates diversification in reef fishes. Changes in shape on this axis are thought to have immediate implications for swimming performance, defense from gape limited predators, suction feeding performance and access to some highly specialized habitats. The morphological modifications that underlie changes in elongation are highly diverse, suggesting a role for a range of developmental processes and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Claverie
- CUFR de Mayotte, Route nationale 3, 97660 Dembeni, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Camacho A, Pavão R, Moreira CN, Pinto ACBCF, Navas CA, Rodrigues MT. Interaction of morphology, thermal physiology and burrowing performance during the evolution of fossoriality in Gymnophthalmini lizards. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Camacho
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão travessa 14, 101 05422‐970 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pavão
- Instituto do Cérebro Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte Av. Nascimento de Castro 215559056‐450 Natal RNBrazil
| | - Camila Nascimento Moreira
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão 277 05508‐900 São Paulo SPBrazil
| | - Ana Carolina B. C. Fonseca Pinto
- Departamento de Cirurgia Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 Cidade Universitária São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Navas
- Departamento de Fisiologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101 05508‐900 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão travessa 14, 101 05422‐970 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Differential occupation of axial morphospace. ZOOLOGY 2014; 117:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McElroy EJ, Wilson R, Biknevicius AR, Reilly SM. A comparative study of single-leg ground reaction forces in running lizards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:735-42. [PMID: 24198262 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.095620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of different limbs in supporting and propelling the body has been studied in many species with animals appearing to have either similarity in limb function or differential limb function. Differential hindlimb versus forelimb function has been proposed as a general feature of running with a sprawling posture and as benefiting sprawled postured animals by enhancing maneuvering and minimizing joint moments. Yet only a few species have been studied and thus the generality of differential limb function in running animals with sprawled postures is unknown. We measured the limb lengths of seven species of lizard and their single-limb three-dimensional ground reaction forces during high-speed running. We found that all species relied on the hindlimb for producing accelerative forces. Braking forces were forelimb dominated in four species and equally distributed between limbs in the other three. Vertical forces were dominated by the hindlimb in three species and equally distributed between the forelimb and hindlimb in the other four. Medial forces were dominated by the hindlimb in four species and equally distributed in the other three, with all Iguanians exhibiting hindlimb-biased medial forces. Relative hindlimb to forelimb length of each species was related to variation in hindlimb versus forelimb medial forces; species with relatively longer hindlimbs compared with forelimbs exhibited medial forces that were more biased towards the hindlimbs. These results suggest that the function of individual limbs in lizards varies across species with only a single general pattern (hindlimb-dominated accelerative force) being present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J McElroy
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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McElroy EJ, Bergmann PJ. Tail Autotomy, Tail Size, and Locomotor Performance in Lizards. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:669-79. [DOI: 10.1086/673890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Collar DC, Reynaga CM, Ward AB, Mehta RS. A revised metric for quantifying body shape in vertebrates. ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:246-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pyron RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:93. [PMID: 23627680 PMCID: PMC3682911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant squamates (>9400 known species of lizards and snakes) are one of the most diverse and conspicuous radiations of terrestrial vertebrates, but no studies have attempted to reconstruct a phylogeny for the group with large-scale taxon sampling. Such an estimate is invaluable for comparative evolutionary studies, and to address their classification. Here, we present the first large-scale phylogenetic estimate for Squamata. RESULTS The estimated phylogeny contains 4161 species, representing all currently recognized families and subfamilies. The analysis is based on up to 12896 base pairs of sequence data per species (average = 2497 bp) from 12 genes, including seven nuclear loci (BDNF, c-mos, NT3, PDC, R35, RAG-1, and RAG-2), and five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, ND2, and ND4). The tree provides important confirmation for recent estimates of higher-level squamate phylogeny based on molecular data (but with more limited taxon sampling), estimates that are very different from previous morphology-based hypotheses. The tree also includes many relationships that differ from previous molecular estimates and many that differ from traditional taxonomy. CONCLUSIONS We present a new large-scale phylogeny of squamate reptiles that should be a valuable resource for future comparative studies. We also present a revised classification of squamates at the family and subfamily level to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. This classification includes new, resurrected, and modified subfamilies within gymnophthalmid and scincid lizards, and boid, colubrid, and lamprophiid snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Frank T Burbrink
- Department of Biology, The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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Roscito JG, Rodrigues MT. A comparative analysis of the post-cranial skeleton of fossorial and non-fossorial gymnophthalmid lizards. J Morphol 2013; 274:845-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G. Roscito
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - Miguel T. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
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Grigg JW, Buckley LB. Conservatism of lizard thermal tolerances and body temperatures across evolutionary history and geography. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20121056. [PMID: 23325735 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species may exhibit similar thermal tolerances via either common ancestry or environmental filtering and local adaptation, if the species inhabit similar environments. We ask whether upper and lower thermal limits (critical thermal maxima and minima) and body temperatures are more strongly conserved across evolutionary history or geography for lizard populations distributed globally. We find that critical thermal maxima are highly conserved with location accounting for a higher proportion of the variation than phylogeny. Notably, thermal tolerance breadth is conserved across the phylogeny despite critical thermal minima showing little niche conservatism. Body temperatures observed during activity in the field show the greatest degree of conservatism, with phylogeny accounting for most of the variation. This suggests that propensities for thermoregulatory behaviour, which can buffer body temperatures from environmental variation, are similar within lineages. Phylogeny and geography constrain thermal tolerances similarly within continents, but variably within clades. Conservatism of thermal tolerances across lineages suggests that the potential for local adaptation to alleviate the impacts of climate change on lizards may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Grigg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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