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Vega‐Trejo R, Boer RA, Fitzpatrick JL, Kotrschal A. Sex‐specific inbreeding depression: A meta‐analysis. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1009-1026. [PMID: 35064612 PMCID: PMC9304238 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Vega‐Trejo
- Department of Zoology: Ethology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Raïssa A. Boer
- Department of Zoology: Ethology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology: Ethology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Behavioural Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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Harms NE, Knight IA, Pratt PD, Reddy AM, Mukherjee A, Gong P, Coetzee J, Raghu S, Diaz R. Climate Mismatch between Introduced Biological Control Agents and Their Invasive Host Plants: Improving Biological Control of Tropical Weeds in Temperate Regions. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060549. [PMID: 34204761 PMCID: PMC8231509 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mismatched distributions between biological control agents and their host plants occur for a variety of reasons but are often linked to climate, specifically differences in their low-temperature tolerances. How to measure and use low-temperature tolerances of control agents to inform agent prioritization, selection for redistribution, or predict efficacy is vitally important, but has not been previously synthesized in a single source. We discuss causes of climate mismatches between agents and target weeds, the traditional and non-traditional approaches that could be used to decrease the degree of mismatch and improve control, and regulatory issues to consider when taking such approaches. We also discuss the variety of cold tolerance metrics, their measurement and ecological value, and the types of modeling that can be carried out to improve predictions about potential distributions of agents. We also briefly touch on molecular bases for cold tolerance and opportunities for improving cold tolerance of agents using modern molecular tools. Abstract Many weed biological control programs suffer from large-scale spatial variation in success due to restricted distributions or abundances of agents in temperate climates. For some of the world’s worst aquatic weeds, agents are established but overwintering conditions limit their survival in higher latitudes or elevations. The resulting need is for new or improved site- or region-specific biological control tools. Here, we review this challenge with a focus on low-temperature limitations of agents and propose a roadmap for improving success. Investigations across spatial scales, from global (e.g., foreign exploration), to local (selective breeding), to individual organisms (molecular modification), are discussed. A combination of traditional (foreign) and non-traditional (introduced range) exploration may lead to the discovery and development of better-adapted agent genotypes. A multivariate approach using ecologically relevant metrics to quantify and compare cold tolerance among agent populations is likely required. These data can be used to inform environmental niche modeling combined with mechanistic modeling of species’ fundamental climate niches and life histories to predict where, when, and at what abundance agents will occur. Finally, synthetic and systems biology approaches in conjunction with advanced modern genomics, gene silencing and gene editing technologies may be used to identify and alter the expression of genes enhancing cold tolerance, but this technology in the context of weed biological control has not been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E. Harms
- Aquatic Ecology and Invasive Species Branch, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-601-634-2976
| | - Ian A. Knight
- Aquatic Ecology and Invasive Species Branch, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;
| | - Paul D. Pratt
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (P.D.P.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Angelica M. Reddy
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (P.D.P.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Ping Gong
- Environmental Processes Branch, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;
| | - Julie Coetzee
- Centre for Biological Control, Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - S. Raghu
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Brisbane 4001, Australia;
| | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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Zilko JP, Harley D, Hansen B, Pavlova A, Sunnucks P. Accounting for cryptic population substructure enhances detection of inbreeding depression with genomic inbreeding coefficients: an example from a critically endangered marsupial. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2978-2993. [PMID: 32627274 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing inbreeding depression in wildlife populations can be critical to their conservation. Coefficients of individual inbreeding can be estimated from genome-wide marker data. The degree to which sensitivity of inbreeding coefficients to population genetic substructure alters estimates of inbreeding depression in wild populations is not well understood. Using generalized linear models, we tested the power of two frequently used inbreeding coefficients that are calculated from genome-wide SNP markers, FH and F^III , to predict four fitness traits estimated over two decades in an isolated population of the critically endangered Leadbeater's possum. FH estimates inbreeding as excess observed homozygotes relative to equilibrium expectations, whereas F^III quantifies allelic similarity between the gametes that formed an individual, and upweights rare homozygotes. We estimated FH and F^III from 1,575 genome-wide SNP loci in individuals with fitness trait data (N = 179-237 per trait), and computed revised coefficients, FH by group and F^IIIby group , adjusted for population genetic substructure by calculating them separately within two different genetic groups of individuals identified in the population. Using FH or F^III in the models, inbreeding depression was detected for survival to sexual maturity, longevity and whether individuals bred during their lifetime. F^IIIby group (but not FH by group ) additionally revealed significant inbreeding depression for lifetime reproductive output (total offspring assigned to each individual). Estimates of numbers of lethal equivalents indicated substantial inbreeding load, but differing between inbreeding estimators. Inbreeding depression, declining population size, and low and declining genetic diversity suggest that genetic rescue may assist in preventing extinction of this unique Leadbeater's possum population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Zilko
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Dan Harley
- Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Birgita Hansen
- Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University, Ballarat, Vic, Australia
| | - Alexandra Pavlova
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Paul Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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4
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Dias VS, Hallman GJ, Cardoso AAS, Hurtado NV, Rivera C, Maxwell F, Cáceres-Barrios CE, Vreysen MJB, Myers SW. Relative Tolerance of Three Morphotypes of the Anastrepha fraterculus Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Cold Phytosanitary Treatment. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1176-1182. [PMID: 32161970 PMCID: PMC7275689 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) complex is currently comprised of at least eight morphotypes, including several that are likely to be described as new species. It is critical to evaluate whether the morphotypes differ in tolerance to phytosanitary treatments. Temperatures from 0 to 3°C are used as a phytosanitary treatment for some commodities exported from the region and at risk of infestation by the A. fraterculus complex. Description of A. fraterculus morphotypes as new species could result in the annulation of phytosanitary treatment schedules for the new species. This study compared the relative cold tolerance of five populations from three morphotypes of the A. fraterculus complex: Andean, Peruvian, and Brazilian-1. Both a laboratory and wild strain of the Brazilian-1 morphotype were studied. Differences in mortality of third instars of the five A. fraterculus populations reared on nectarines were observed only with short treatment durations at temperatures ranging from 1.38 ± 0.04°C to 1.51 ± 0.08°C (mean ± SEM). Estimated times to achieve the LT99.99682 (probit 9) showed that Brazilian-1 wild, Brazilian-1 laboratory, and Cusco population were the most cold tolerant, followed by Andean and Peruvian, the least cold tolerant morphotype (i.e., Brazilian-1 wild = Brazilian-1 laboratory = Cusco population > Andean > Peruvian). These findings suggest that the current cold treatment schedules of 15 d at ≤ 1.11°C and 17 d at ≤ 1.67°C can be applied as cold treatments to any potential new species that may arise from the A. fraterculus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Dias
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amanda A S Cardoso
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nick V Hurtado
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilo Rivera
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florence Maxwell
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos E Cáceres-Barrios
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W Myers
- USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory 1398 W. Truck Road., Buzzards Bay, MA
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Ricote N, Bastias CC, Valladares F, Pérez F, Bozinovic F. Selfing and Drought-Stress Strategies Under Water Deficit for Two Herbaceous Species in the South American Andes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1595. [PMID: 31921244 PMCID: PMC6927913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms are highly diverse in their reproductive systems, including predominantly selfing, exclusive outcrossing, and mixed mating systems. Even though selfing can have negative consequences on natural populations, it has been proposed that plants having a predominantly selfing strategy are also associated with fast development strategies through time limitation mechanisms that allow them to complete their life cycle before the onset of severe drought. This relationship might be affected by the challenges imposed by global change, such as a decrease in pollinator availability and the earlier and more severe onset of droughts. In this work, our aim was to investigate whether selfing is correlated with a dehydration avoidance strategy, and how this could affect drought resistance and survival in two species with different types of selfing: pollinator-independent delayed selfing (Schizanthus grahamii) and pollinator-dependent selfing (Schizanthus hookeri), representing a gradient in selfing rates. We hypothesize that delayed selfing species and highly selfing populations will show "fast" plant traits whereas we will find no pattern in more outcrossed populations of the pollinator-dependent species. However, we predicted that high selfing populations would have lower survival rates when exposed to chronic drought early in their development since fast traits imply physiological compromises that will affect their drought survival. To evaluate these hypotheses, we characterized different physiological and morphological traits in response to two contrasting treatments (moist and dry) in a total of six populations of the two species. We found a relationship between the delayed selfing species and a dehydration avoidance strategy and also with low drought survival. Our work offers evidence to support the importance of abiotic factors, such as drought, on the possible variation in selfing rates on natural populations, and the effect that this mating system could have in their ability to face new environmental conditions such as those imposed by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ricote
- Departmento Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina C. Bastias
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)–CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Fernanda Pérez
- Departmento Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departmento Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Revisiting Adaptive Potential, Population Size, and Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:506-517. [PMID: 28476215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance (VA) reflects the potential for evolutionary shifts and can be low for some traits or populations. High VA is critical for the conservation of threatened species under selection to facilitate adaptation. Theory predicts tight associations between population size and VA, but data from some experimental models, and managed and natural populations do not always support this prediction. However, VA comparisons often have low statistical power, are undertaken in highly controlled environments distinct from natural habitats, and focus on traits with limited ecological relevance. Moreover, investigations of VA typically fail to consider rare alleles, genetic load, or linkage disequilibrium, resulting in deleterious effects associated with favored alleles in small populations. Large population size remains essential for ensuring adaptation.
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7
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Andrew SC, Kemp DJ. Stress tolerance in a novel system: Genetic and environmental sources of (co)variation for cold tolerance in the butterfly
Eurema smilax. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Andrew
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Darrell J. Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
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8
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Dallinger R, Höckner M. Evolutionary concepts in ecotoxicology: tracing the genetic background of differential cadmium sensitivities in invertebrate lineages. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:767-778. [PMID: 23576190 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In many toxicological and ecotoxicological studies and experimental setups, the investigator is mainly interested in traditional parameters such as toxicity data and effects of toxicants on molecular, cellular or physiological functions of individuals, species or statistical populations. It is clear, however, that such approaches focus on the phenotype level of animal species, whilst the genetic and evolutionary background of reactions to environmental toxicants may remain untold. In ecotoxicological risk assessment, moreover, species sensitivities towards pollutants are often regarded as random variables in a statistical approach. Beyond statistics, however, toxicant sensitivity of every species assumes a biological significance, especially if we consider that sensitivity traits have developed in lineages of species with common evolutionary roots. In this article, the genetic and evolutionary background of differential Cd sensitivities among invertebrate populations and species and their potential of adaptation to environmental Cd exposure will be highlighted. Important evolutionary and population genetic concepts such as genome structure and their importance for evolutionary adaptation, population structure of affected individuals, as well as micro and macroevolutionary mechanisms of Cd resistance in invertebrate lineages will be stressed by discussing examples of work from our own laboratory along with a review of relevant literature data and a brief discussion of open questions along with some perspectives for further research. Both, differences and similarities in Cd sensitivity traits of related invertebrate species can only be understood if we consider the underlying evolutionary processes and genetic (or epigenetic) mechanisms. Keeping in mind this perception can help us to better understand and interpret more precisely why the sensitivity of some species or species groups towards a certain toxicant (or metal) may be ranked in the lower or higher range of species sensitivity distributions. Hence, such a perspective will transcend a purely statistical view of the sensitivity distributions concept, and will enhance ecotoxicology in many respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Dallinger
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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9
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Tan CKW, Pizzari T, Wigby S. Parental age, gametic age, and inbreeding interact to modulate offspring viability in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2013; 67:3043-51. [PMID: 24094353 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In principle, parental relatedness, parental age, and the age of parental gametes can all influence offspring fitness through inbreeding depression and the parental effects of organismal and postmeiotic gametic senescence. However, little is known about the extent to which these factors interact and contribute to fitness variation. Here, we show that, in Drosophila melanogaster, offspring viability is strongly affected by a three-way interaction between parental relatedness, parental age, and gametic age at successive developmental stages. Overall egg-to-adult viability was lowest for offspring produced with old gametes of related, young parents. This overall effect was largely determined at the pupa-adult stage, although three-way interactions between parental relatedness, parental age and gametic age also explained variation in egg hatchability and larva-pupa survival. Controlling for the influence of parental and gametic age, we show that inbreeding depression is negligible for egg hatchability but significant at the larva-pupa and pupa-adult stages. At the pupa-adult stage, where offspring could be sexed, parental relatedness, parental age, and gametic age interacted differently in male and female offspring, with daughters suffering higher inbreeding depression than sons. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the architecture of offspring fitness is strongly influenced by a complex interaction between parental effects, inbreeding depression and offspring sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric K W Tan
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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10
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Karl I, Stoks R, Bauerfeind SS, Dierks A, Franke K, Fischer K. No trade-off between growth rate and temperature stress resistance in four insect species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62434. [PMID: 23638084 PMCID: PMC3640073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fast growth seems to be generally favored by natural selection, growth rates are rarely maximized in nature. Consequently, fast growth is predicted to carry costs resulting in intrinsic trade-offs. Disentangling such trade-offs is of great ecological importance in order to fully understand the prospects and limitations of growth rate variation. A recent study provided evidence for a hitherto unknown cost of fast growth, namely reduced cold stress resistance. Such relationships could be especially important under climate change. Against this background we here investigate the relationships between individual larval growth rate and adult heat as well as cold stress resistance, using eleven data sets from four different insect species (three butterfly species: Bicyclus anynana, Lycaena tityrus, Pieris napi; one Dipteran species: Protophormia terraenovae). Despite using different species (and partly different populations within species) and an array of experimental manipulations (e.g. different temperatures, photoperiods, feeding regimes, inbreeding levels), we were not able to provide any consistent evidence for trade-offs between fast growth and temperature stress resistance in these four insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Karl
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Anneke Dierks
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail: Klaus.
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Franke K, Fischer K. Effects of inbreeding and temperature stress on life history and immune function in a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:517-28. [PMID: 23286274 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - K. Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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12
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Franke K, Dierks A, Fischer K. Directional selection on cold tolerance does not constrain plastic capacity in a butterfly. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:235. [PMID: 23217138 PMCID: PMC3538507 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organisms may respond to environmental change by means of genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity or both, which may result in genotype-environment interactions (G x E) if genotypes differ in their phenotypic response. We here specifically target the latter source of variation (i.e. G x E) by comparing plastic responses among lines of the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana that had been selected for increased cold tolerance and according controls. Our main aim here was to test the hypothesis that directional selection on cold tolerance will interfere with plastic capacities. Results Plastic responses to temperature and feeding treatments were strong, with e.g. higher compared to lower temperatures reducing cold tolerance, longevity, pupal mass, and development time. We report a number of statistically significant genotype-environment interactions (i.e. interactions between selection regime and environmental variables), but most of these were not consistent across treatment groups. We found some evidence though for larger plastic responses to different rearing temperatures in the selection compared to the control lines, while plastic responses to different adult temperatures and feeding treatments were overall very similar across selection regimes. Conclusion Our results indicate that plastic capacities are not always constrained by directional selection (on cold tolerance) and therefore genetic changes in trait means, but may operate independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Department of Animal Ecology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, J,-S, Bachstraße 11/12, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Sletvold N, Grindeland JM, Zu P, Ågren J. Strong inbreeding depression and local outbreeding depression in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dierks A, Kölzow N, Franke K, Fischer K. Does selection on increased cold tolerance in the adult stage confer resistance throughout development? J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1650-7. [PMID: 22686583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial selection is a powerful approach to unravel constraints on genetic adaptation. Although it has been frequently used to reveal genetic trade-offs among different fitness-related traits, only a few studies have targeted genetic correlations across developmental stages. Here, we test whether selection on increased cold tolerance in the adult stage increases cold resistance throughout ontogeny in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We used lines selected for decreased chill-coma recovery time and corresponding controls, which had originally been set up from three levels of inbreeding (outbred control, one or two full-sib matings). Four generations after having terminated selection, a response to selection was found in 1-day-old butterflies (the age at which selection took place). Older adults showed a very similar although weaker response. Nevertheless, cold resistance did not increase in either egg, larval or pupal stage in the selection lines but was even lower compared to control lines for eggs and young larvae. These findings suggest a cost of increased adult cold tolerance, presumably reducing resource availability for offspring provisioning and thereby stress tolerance during development, which may substantially affect evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dierks
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Strasse 11 ⁄ 12, Greifswald, Germany.
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