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Dinache A, Pascu ML, Smarandache A. Spectral Properties of Foams and Emulsions. Molecules 2021; 26:7704. [PMID: 34946785 PMCID: PMC8707813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical and spectral properties of foams and emulsions provide information about their micro-/nanostructures, chemical and time stability and molecular data of their components. Foams and emulsions are collections of different kinds of bubbles or drops with particular properties. A summary of various surfactant and emulsifier types is performed here, as well as an overview of methods for producing foams and emulsions. Absorption, reflectance, and vibrational spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy-FTIR, Raman spectroscopy) studies are detailed in connection with the spectral characterization techniques of colloidal systems. Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS) data for foams and emulsions are likewise introduced. The utility of spectroscopic approaches has grown as processing power and analysis capabilities have improved. In addition, lasers offer advantages due to the specific properties of the emitted beams which allow focusing on very small volumes and enable accurate, fast, and high spatial resolution sample characterization. Emulsions and foams provide exceptional sensitive bases for measuring low concentrations of molecules down to the level of traces using spectroscopy techniques, thus opening new horizons in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Dinache
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania; (A.D.); (M.-L.P.)
| | - Mihail-Lucian Pascu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania; (A.D.); (M.-L.P.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania; (A.D.); (M.-L.P.)
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Seo SH, Park SE, Kim EJ, Cho KM, Kwon SJ, Son HS. Effect of Fungi on Metabolite Changes in Kimchi During Fermentation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215040. [PMID: 33143004 PMCID: PMC7663158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fungi on kimchi metabolites during fermentation. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolite profiling approach in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) is performed to differentiate metabolites produced by fungi or bacteria. To avoid bacterial growth, kimchi is treated with 100 μg/mL of ampicillin every three days from 30 to 50 days of fermentation. The relative content of the major fungi at 50 days of fermentation, between the control group and the ampicillin treatment group, was not significantly different. The administration of ampicillin changed the metabolites in kimchi by affecting the growth of kimchi bacteria. Based on the pattern of change of each metabolite, the changed metabolites are grouped into four categories: (1) metabolites produced or consumed by fungi, (2) metabolites involving both fungi and bacteria, (3) metabolites produced or consumed by bacteria, and (4) metabolites of undetermined origin. Alanine, thymine, galacturonic acid, and malonic acid can be regarded as the metabolites produced by fungi between 30 and 50 days of fermentation. In contrast, malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, galactitol, glucose, and mannitol are presumed to be the metabolites mainly consumed by fungi. This study is meaningful as the first study conducted by inhibiting growth of bacteria to identify the metabolites contributed by fungi or bacteria in the kimchi fermentation process. These results could be used to make customized kimchi that controls the production of desired metabolites by selectively controlling the formation of microbial communities in the kimchi industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Seo
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (S.-E.P.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Seong-Eun Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (S.-E.P.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (S.-E.P.); (E.-J.K.)
| | | | - Sun Jae Kwon
- AccuGene Inc., Incheon 22006, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.J.K.); (H.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-32-551-3629 (S.J.K.); +82-61-330-3513 (H.-S.S.)
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (S.-E.P.); (E.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.K.); (H.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-32-551-3629 (S.J.K.); +82-61-330-3513 (H.-S.S.)
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Ahmed MR, Doyle N, Connolly C, McSweeney S, Krüse J, Morrissey J, Prentice MB, Fitzpatrick D. Tracking Yeast Metabolism and the Crabtree Effect in Real Time via CO 2 Production using Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS). J Biotechnol 2019; 308:63-73. [PMID: 31794782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new approach to measure metabolic activity of yeast via the Crabtree effect is described. BARDS is an analytical technique developed to aid powder and tablet characterisation by monitoring changes in the compressibility of a solvent during solute dissolution. It is a rapid and simple method which utilises a magnetic stir bar to mix added solute and induce the acoustic resonance of a vessel containing a fixed volume of solvent. In this study it is shown that initiation of fermentation in a yeast suspension, in aqueous buffer, is accompanied by reproducible changes in the frequency of induced acoustic resonance. These changes signify increased compressibility of the suspension due to CO2 release by the yeast. A simple standardised BARDS protocol reveals yeast carbon source preferences and can generate quantitative kinetic data on carbon source metabolism which are characteristic of each yeast strain. The Crawford-Woods equation can be used to quantify total gaseous CO2 produced by a given number of viable yeast when supplied with a fixed amount of carbon source. This allows for a value to be calculated for the amount of gaseous CO2 produced by each yeast cell. The approach has the potential to transform the way in which yeast metabolism is tracked and potentially provide an orthogonal or surrogate method to determining viability, vitality and attenuation measurements in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizwan Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Doyle
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - John Morrissey
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Dara Fitzpatrick
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland.
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Compositional, ultrastructural and nanotechnological characterization of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus: Towards a more complete fermentation yeast cell analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200552. [PMID: 29995965 PMCID: PMC6040772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano scanning Auger microscopy (NanoSAM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) have been used in materials science research for some time, but NanoSAM, in particular, has only recently been applied to biological specimens. Here, the first concurrent utilization of NanoSAM, TOF-SIMS and microscopic techniques for the examination of a standard beverage fermentation strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus uncovered the presence of intracellular networks of CO2 in fermenting cells. Respiring cells produced few bubbles and instead had large internal vacuolar structures. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also showed osmiophilic layers at the cell exterior of fermenting cells that became more prevalent with fermentation duration, while osmiophilic layers were largely absent in respiring cells. TOF-SIMS analysis showed a compositional difference at the exterior and interior of SMA cells and between fermenting and respiring cells. Fermenting cells also appeared to have different 3-OH oxylipin profiles compared to respiring cells based upon examination with immunofluorescence microscopy. The results of this work and further study using these materials science techniques will substantially enhance our understanding of the chemical, ultrastructural and metabolic changes that occur in fermentation yeasts.
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Opekun AR, Balesh AM, Shelby HT. Use of the Biphasic (13)C-Sucrose/Glucose Breath Test to Assess Sucrose Maldigestion in Adults with Functional Bowel Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7952891. [PMID: 27579322 PMCID: PMC4992795 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7952891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sucrase insufficiency has been observed in children with of functional bowel disorders (FBD) and symptoms of dietary carbohydrate intolerance may be indistinguishable from those of FBD. A two-phase (13)C-sucrose/(13)C-glucose breath test ((13)C-S/GBT) was used to assess sucrase activity because disaccharidase assays are seldom performed in adults. When (13)C-sucrose is hydrolyzed to liberate monosaccharides, oxidation to (13)CO2 is a proportional indicator of sucrase activity. Subsequently, (13)C-glucose oxidation rate was determined after a secondary substrate ingestion (superdose) to adjust for individual habitus effects (Phase II). (13)CO2 enrichment recovery ratio from (13)C-sucrose and secondary (13)C-glucose loads reflect the individualized sucrase activity [Coefficient of Glucose Oxidation for Sucrose (CGO-S)]. To determine if sucrase insufficiency could be a factor in FBD, (13)C-S/GBT was validated using subjects with known sucrase gene mutation status by comparing (13)CO2-breath enrichment with plasma (13)C-glucose enrichment. (13)C-S/GBT was used to assess sucrose digestion in FBD patients and asymptomatic controls. (13)CO2-breath enrichment correlated with the appearance of (13)C-sucrose-derived glucose in plasma (r (2) = 0.80). Mean, control group CGO-S-enrichment outcomes were 1.01 at 60', 0.92 at 75', and 0.96 at mean 60'-75' with normal CGO-S defined as >0.85 (95% C.I.). In contrast, FBD patients demonstrated lower CGO-S values of 0.77 at 60', 0.77 at 75', and 0.76 at mean 60'-75' (Chi Square: 6.55; p < 0.01), which points to sucrose maldigestion as a cause of FBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antone R. Opekun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albert M. Balesh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harold T. Shelby
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Repurposing of Aspirin and Ibuprofen as Candidate Anti-Cryptococcus Drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4799-808. [PMID: 27246782 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02810-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of fluconazole and amphotericin B in clinical settings is often limited by, among other things, drug resistance development and undesired side effects. Thus, there is a constant need to find new drugs to better manage fungal infections. Toward this end, the study described in this paper considered the repurposing of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and ibuprofen as alternative drugs to control the growth of cryptococcal cells. In vitro susceptibility tests, including a checkerboard assay, were performed to assess the response of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii to the above-mentioned anti-inflammatory drugs. Next, the capacity of these two drugs to induce stress as well as their mode of action in the killing of cryptococcal cells was determined. The studied fungal strains revealed a response to both aspirin and ibuprofen that was dose dependent, with ibuprofen exerting greater antimicrobial action. More importantly, the MICs of these drugs did not negatively (i) affect growth or (ii) impair the functioning of macrophages; rather, they enhanced the ability of these immune cells to phagocytose cryptococcal cells. Ibuprofen was also shown to act in synergy with fluconazole and amphotericin B. The treatment of cryptococcal cells with aspirin or ibuprofen led to stress induction via activation of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and cell death was eventually achieved through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated membrane damage. The presented data highlight the potential clinical application of aspirin and ibuprofen as candidate anti-Cryptococcus drugs.
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Swart CW, Pohl CH, Kock JLF. Auger-Architectomics: Introducing a New Nanotechnology to Infectious Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 807:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Swart CW, Dithebe K, van Wyk PWJ, Pohl CH, Swart HC, Coetsee E, Lodolo E, Kock JLF. Intracellular gas bubbles deform organelles in fermenting brewing yeasts. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Swart
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - K. Dithebe
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - P. W. J. van Wyk
- Centre for Microscopy; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - C. H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - H. C. Swart
- Department of Physics; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - E. Coetsee
- Department of Physics; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
| | - E. Lodolo
- SAB Ltd Brewing Centre of Excellence; PO Box 123902; Alrode; 1451; South Africa
| | - J. L. F. Kock
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; 9300; South Africa
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