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El Harati R, Fancello F, Multineddu C, Zara G, Zara S. Screening and In Silico Analyses of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b Bank Mutants Using Citral as a Natural Antimicrobial. Foods 2024; 13:1457. [PMID: 38790757 PMCID: PMC11119076 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial function of citral, one of the main compounds of the essential oils (EO) of the Citrus genus, and widely used by the food industry toward spoilage yeast, was previously proven. In this study, the possible mode of action of citral against yeast cells was evaluated by using a global deletome approach. Firstly, the suitability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b to serve as model yeast was assessed by determining its sensitivity to citral (MIC = 0.5 μL/mL). Subsequently, the complete library of Σ1278b haploid mutants deleted in 4019 non-essential genes was screened to identify potential molecular targets of citral. Finally, the deleted genes in the 590 mutants showing increased citral resistance was analyzed with an in-silico approach (Gene Ontology). The significantly enriched GO Terms were "cytoplasm", "vacuole", and "mitochondrion" (cellular components); "catalytic activity" (molecular function); "pseudohyphal growth" (biological process). For molecular function, resistant mutants were grouped into thiosulfate sulfur transferase activity, transferase activity, and oxidoreductase activity; for cellular components, resistant mutants were grouped as: cytoplasm, intracellular organelle, membrane-bounded organelle, mitochondrion, organelle membrane, and vacuole; and finally, with regard to biological process, deleted genes were grouped as: pseudohyphal growth, mitochondrion organization, lipid metabolic process, DNA recombination and repair, and proteolysis. Interestingly, many identified genes were associated with the cellular response to oxidative stress and ROS scavenging. These findings have important implications for the development of citral-based antimicrobials and the elucidation of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Severino Zara
- Department di Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.E.H.); (F.F.); (C.M.); (G.Z.)
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Mota MN, Matos M, Bahri N, Sá-Correia I. Shared and more specific genetic determinants and pathways underlying yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:71. [PMID: 38419072 PMCID: PMC10903034 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement of yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids is an important step for the implementation of economically and technologically sustainable bioprocesses for the bioconversion of renewable biomass resources and wastes. To guide genome engineering of promising yeast cell factories toward highly robust superior strains, it is instrumental to identify molecular targets and understand the mechanisms underlying tolerance to those monocarboxylic fatty acids. A chemogenomic analysis was performed, complemented with physiological studies, to unveil genetic tolerance determinants in the model yeast and cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to equivalent moderate inhibitory concentrations of acetic, butyric, or octanoic acids. RESULTS Results indicate the existence of multiple shared genetic determinants and pathways underlying tolerance to these short- and medium-chain fatty acids, such as vacuolar acidification, intracellular trafficking, autophagy, and protein synthesis. The number of tolerance genes identified increased with the linear chain length and the datasets for butyric and octanoic acids include the highest number of genes in common suggesting the existence of more similar toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. Results of this analysis, at the systems level, point to a more marked deleterious effect of an equivalent inhibitory concentration of the more lipophilic octanoic acid, followed by butyric acid, on the cell envelope and on cellular membranes function and lipid remodeling. The importance of mitochondrial genome maintenance and functional mitochondria to obtain ATP for energy-dependent detoxification processes also emerged from this chemogenomic analysis, especially for octanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new biological knowledge of interest to gain further mechanistic insights into toxicity and tolerance to linear-chain monocarboxylic acids of increasing liposolubility and reports the first lists of tolerance genes, at the genome scale, for butyric and octanoic acids. These genes and biological functions are potential targets for synthetic biology approaches applied to promising yeast cell factories, toward more robust superior strains, a highly desirable phenotype to increase the economic viability of bioprocesses based on mixtures of volatiles/medium-chain fatty acids derived from low-cost biodegradable substrates or lignocellulose hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Mota
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Matos
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nada Bahri
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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de Oya IG, Jiménez-Gutiérrez E, Gaillard H, Molina M, Martín H, Wellinger RE. Manganese Stress Tolerance Depends on Yap1 and Stress-Activated MAP Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415706. [PMID: 36555348 PMCID: PMC9779322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding which intracellular signaling pathways are activated by manganese stress is crucial to decipher how metal overload compromise cellular integrity. Here, we unveil a role for oxidative and cell wall stress signaling in the response to manganese stress in yeast. We find that the oxidative stress transcription factor Yap1 protects cells against manganese toxicity. Conversely, extracellular manganese addition causes a rapid decay in Yap1 protein levels. In addition, manganese stress activates the MAPKs Hog1 and Slt2 (Mpk1) and leads to an up-regulation of the Slt2 downstream transcription factor target Rlm1. Importantly, Yap1 and Slt2 are both required to protect cells from oxidative stress in mutants impaired in manganese detoxification. Under such circumstances, Slt2 activation is enhanced upon Yap1 depletion suggesting an interplay between different stress signaling nodes to optimize cellular stress responses and manganese tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés G. de Oya
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hélène Gaillard
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Chen BC, Lin HY. Deletion of NTH1 and HSP12 increases the freeze–thaw resistance of baker’s yeast in bread dough. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:149. [PMID: 35879798 PMCID: PMC9310457 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intracellular molecule trehalose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae may have a major protective function under extreme environmental conditions. NTH1 is one gene which expresses trehalase to degrade trehalose. Small heat shock protein 12 (HSP12 expressed) plays a role in protecting membranes and enhancing freezing stress tolerance. Results An optimized S. cerevisiae CRISPR-Cpf1 genome-editing system was constructed. Multiplex genome editing using a single crRNA array was shown to be functional. NTH1 or/and HSP12 knockout in S. cerevisiae enhanced the freezing stress tolerance and improved the leavening ability after freezing and thawing. Conclusions Deleting NTH1 in the combination with deleting HSP12 would strengthen the freezing tolerance and protect the cell viability from high rates of death in longer-term freezing. It provides valuable insights for breeding novel S. cerevisiae strains for the baking industry through a more precise, speedy, and economic genome-editing system.
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Wagner A, Schosserer M. The epitranscriptome in ageing and stress resistance: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101700. [PMID: 35908668 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of RNA, collectively called the "epitranscriptome", might provide novel biomarkers and innovative targets for interventions in geroscience but are just beginning to be studied in the context of ageing and stress resistance. RNA modifications modulate gene expression by affecting translation initiation and speed, miRNA binding, RNA stability, and RNA degradation. Nonetheless, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of most alterations of the epitranscriptome are still only poorly understood. We here systematically review different types of modifications of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, the methodology to analyze them, current challenges in the field, and human disease associations. Furthermore, we compiled evidence for a connection between individual enzymes, which install RNA modifications, and lifespan in yeast, worm and fly. We also included resistance to different stressors and competitive fitness as search criteria for genes potentially relevant to ageing. Promising candidates identified by this approach include RCM1/NSUN5, RRP8, and F33A8.4/ZCCHC4 that introduce base methylations in rRNA, the methyltransferases DNMT2 and TRM9/ALKBH8, as well as factors involved in the thiolation or A to I editing in tRNA, and finally the m6A machinery for mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Sanz AB, Díez-Muñiz S, Moya J, Petryk Y, Nombela C, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Arroyo J. Systematic Identification of Essential Genes Required for Yeast Cell Wall Integrity: Involvement of the RSC Remodelling Complex. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070718. [PMID: 35887473 PMCID: PMC9323250 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions altering the yeast cell wall lead to the activation of an adaptive transcriptional response mainly governed by the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Two high-throughput screenings were developed using the yTHC collection of yeast conditional mutant strains to systematically identify essential genes related to cell wall integrity, and those required for the transcriptional program elicited by cell wall stress. Depleted expression of 52 essential genes resulted in hypersensitivity to the dye Calcofluor white, with chromatin organization, Golgi vesicle transport, rRNA processing, and protein glycosylation processes, as the most highly representative functional groups. Via a flow cytometry-based quantitative assay using a CWI reporter plasmid, 97 strains exhibiting reduced gene-reporter expression levels upon stress were uncovered, highlighting genes associated with RNA metabolism, transcription/translation, protein degradation, and chromatin organization. This screening also led to the discovery of 41 strains displaying a basal increase in CWI-associated gene expression, including mainly putative cell wall-related genes. Interestingly, several members of the RSC chromatin remodelling complex were uncovered in both screenings. Notably, Rsc9 was necessary to regulate the gene expression of CWI-related genes both under stress and non-stress conditions, suggesting distinct requirements of the RSC complex for remodelling particular genes.
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Kim HS. Disruption of YCP4 enhances freeze-thaw tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:503-511. [PMID: 35124760 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify genes related to freeze-thaw tolerance and elucidate the tolerance mechanism in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an appropriate eukaryote model. RESULTS In this study, one tolerant strain exposed to freeze-thaw stress was isolated by screening a transposon-mediated mutant library and the disrupted gene was identified to be YCP4. In addition, this phenotype related to freeze-thaw tolerance was confirmed by deletion and overexpressing of this corresponding gene. This mutant strain showed a freeze-thaw tolerance by reducing the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species and the activation of the MSN2/4 and STRE-mediated genes such as CTT1 and HSP12. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of YCP4 in S. cerevisiae results in increased tolerance to freeze-thaw stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jungwon University, 85, Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, 367-805, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Molecular Responses to High Hydrostatic Pressure in Eukaryotes: Genetic Insights from Studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121305. [PMID: 34943220 PMCID: PMC8698847 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary High hydrostatic pressure generally has an adverse effect on the biological systems of organisms inhabiting lands or shallow sea regions. Deep-sea piezophiles that prefer high hydrostatic pressure for growth have garnered considerable scientific attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their adaptation to high pressure remains unclear owing to the challenges of culturing and manipulating the genome of piezophiles. Humans also experience high hydrostatic pressure during exercise. A long-term stay in space can cause muscle weakness in astronauts. Thus, the human body indubitably senses mechanical stresses such as hydrostatic pressure and gravity. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying biological responses to high pressures are not clearly understood. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level. Abstract High hydrostatic pressure is common mechanical stress in nature and is also experienced by the human body. Organisms in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench are habitually exposed to pressures up to 110 MPa. Human joints are intermittently exposed to hydrostatic pressures of 3–10 MPa. Pressures less than 50 MPa do not deform or kill the cells. However, high pressure can have various effects on the cell’s biological processes. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not a deep-sea piezophile, it can be used to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cell’s responses to high pressures by applying basic knowledge of the effects of pressure on industrial processes involving microorganisms. We have explored the genes associated with the growth of S. cerevisiae under high pressure by employing functional genomic strategies and transcriptomics analysis and indicated a strong association between high-pressure signaling and the cell’s response to nutrient availability. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects on complex metabolic and genetic networks in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level. Mechanosensation in humans has also been discussed.
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Takagi H. Molecular mechanisms and highly functional development for stress tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1017-1037. [PMID: 33836532 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, microorganisms adapt to drastic changes while exerting cellular functions by controlling gene expression, metabolic pathways, enzyme activities, and protein-protein interactions. Microbial cells that undergo a fermentation process are subjected to stresses, such as high temperature, freezing, drying, changes in pH and osmotic pressure, and organic solvents. Combinations of these stresses that continue over long terms often inhibit cells' growth and lead to their death, markedly limiting the useful functions of microorganisms (eg their fermentation ability). Thus, high stress tolerance of cells is required to improve productivity and add value to fermented/brewed foods and biofuels. This review focuses on stress tolerance mechanisms, including l-proline/l-arginine metabolism, ubiquitin system, and transcription factors, and the functional development of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been used not only in basic science as a model of higher eukaryotes but also in fermentation processes for making alcoholic beverages, food products, and bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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10
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Nakazawa N, Fukuda M, Ashizaki M, Shibata Y, Takahashi K. Hsp104 contributes to freeze-thaw tolerance by maintaining proteasomal activity in a spore clone isolated from Shirakami kodama yeast. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:170-178. [PMID: 34148914 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The supply of oven-fresh bakery products to consumers has been improved by frozen dough technology; however, freeze-thaw stress decreases the activity of yeast cells. To breed better baker's yeasts for frozen dough, it is important to understand the factors affecting freeze-thaw stress tolerance in baker's yeast. We analyzed the stress response in IB1411, a spore clone from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shirakami kodama yeast, with an exceptionally high tolerance to freeze-thaw stress. Genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS1), catalase (CTT1), and disaggregase (HSP104) were highly expressed in IB1411 cells even under conditions of non-stress. The expression of Hsp104 protein was also higher in IB1411 cells even under non-stress conditions. Deletion of HSP104 (hsp104Δ) in IB1411 cells reduced the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). By monitoring the accumulation of aggregated proteins using the ΔssCPY*-GFP fusion protein under freeze-thaw stress or treatment with proteasomal inhibitor, we found that IB1411 cells resolved aggregated proteins faster than the hsp104Δ strain. Thus, Hsp104 seems to contribute to freeze-thaw tolerance by maintaining UPS activity via the disaggregation of aggregated proteins. Lastly, we found that the IB1411 cells maintained high leavening ability in frozen dough as compared with the parental strain, Shirakami kodama yeast, and thus will be useful for making bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobushige Nakazawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Mami Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Mizuki Ashizaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Yukari Shibata
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
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11
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Ribeiro RA, Vitorino MV, Godinho CP, Bourbon-Melo N, Robalo TT, Fernandes F, Rodrigues MS, Sá-Correia I. Yeast adaptive response to acetic acid stress involves structural alterations and increased stiffness of the cell wall. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12652. [PMID: 34135398 PMCID: PMC8209030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a coordinate and comprehensive view on the time course of the alterations occurring at the level of the cell wall during adaptation of a yeast cell population to sudden exposure to a sub-lethal stress induced by acetic acid. Acetic acid is a major inhibitory compound in industrial bioprocesses and a widely used preservative in foods and beverages. Results indicate that yeast cell wall resistance to lyticase activity increases during acetic acid-induced growth latency, corresponding to yeast population adaptation to sudden exposure to this stress. This response correlates with: (i) increased cell stiffness, assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM); (ii) increased content of cell wall β-glucans, assessed by fluorescence microscopy, and (iii) slight increase of the transcription level of the GAS1 gene encoding a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase that leads to elongation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan chains. Collectively, results reinforce the notion that the adaptive yeast response to acetic acid stress involves a coordinate alteration of the cell wall at the biophysical and molecular levels. These alterations guarantee a robust adaptive response essential to limit the futile cycle associated to the re-entry of the toxic acid form after the active expulsion of acetate from the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Ribeiro
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel V Vitorino
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departament of Physics, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bourbon-Melo
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago T Robalo
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departament of Physics, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário S Rodrigues
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departament of Physics, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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12
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Casas-Godoy L, Arellano-Plaza M, Kirchmayr M, Barrera-Martínez I, Gschaedler-Mathis A. Preservation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: Current technologies and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3464-3503. [PMID: 34096187 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a recent and growing interest in the study and application of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, mainly in fermented foods. Numerous publications and patents show the importance of these yeasts. However, a fundamental issue in studying and applying them is to ensure an appropriate preservation scheme that allows to the non-Saccharomyces yeasts conserve their characteristics and fermentative capabilities by long periods of time. The main objective of this review is to present and analyze the techniques available to preserve these yeasts (by conventional and non-conventional methods), in small or large quantities for laboratory or industrial applications, respectively. Wine fermentation is one of the few industrial applications of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, but the preservation stage has been a major obstacle to achieve a wider application of these yeasts. This review considers the preservation techniques, and clearly defines parameters such as culturability, viability, vitality and robustness. Several conservation strategies published in research articles as well as patents are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique used are discussed. Another important issue during conservation processes is the stress to which yeasts are subjected at the time of preservation (mainly oxidative stress). There is little published information on the subject for non-Saccharomyces yeast, but it is a fundamental point to consider when designing a preservation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Casas-Godoy
- Industrial Biotechnology Unit, National Council for Science and Technology-Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Melchor Arellano-Plaza
- Industrial Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Manuel Kirchmayr
- Industrial Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Iliana Barrera-Martínez
- Industrial Biotechnology Unit, National Council for Science and Technology-Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Anne Gschaedler-Mathis
- Industrial Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, Zapopan, Mexico
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13
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Molin M, Logg K, Bodvard K, Peeters K, Forsmark A, Roger F, Jörhov A, Mishra N, Billod JM, Amir S, Andersson M, Eriksson LA, Warringer J, Käll M, Blomberg A. Protein kinase A controls yeast growth in visible light. BMC Biol 2020; 18:168. [PMID: 33198745 PMCID: PMC7667738 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wide variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species sense and respond to light, having developed protective mechanisms to adapt to damaging effects on DNA and proteins. While the biology of UV light-induced damage has been well studied, cellular responses to stress from visible light (400–700 nm) remain poorly understood despite being a regular part of the life cycle of many organisms. Here, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring growth under visible light stress and used it to screen for light sensitivity in the yeast gene deletion collection. Results We found genes involved in HOG pathway signaling, RNA polymerase II transcription, translation, diphthamide modifications of the translational elongation factor eEF2, and the oxidative stress response to be required for light resistance. Reduced nuclear localization of the transcription factor Msn2 and lower glycogen accumulation indicated higher protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA) activity in many light-sensitive gene deletion strains. We therefore used an ectopic fluorescent PKA reporter and mutants with constitutively altered PKA activity to show that repression of PKA is essential for resistance to visible light. Conclusion We conclude that yeast photobiology is multifaceted and that protein kinase A plays a key role in the ability of cells to grow upon visible light exposure. We propose that visible light impacts on the biology and evolution of many non-photosynthetic organisms and have practical implications for how organisms are studied in the laboratory, with or without illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Molin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Logg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Bodvard
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ken Peeters
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annabelle Forsmark
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Friederike Roger
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Jörhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Horizon Discovery, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Bio-Me A/S, Oslo Science Park, Gaustadalléen, 210349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabiha Amir
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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Cabrera E, Welch LC, Robinson MR, Sturgeon CM, Crow MM, Segarra VA. Cryopreservation and the Freeze-Thaw Stress Response in Yeast. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080835. [PMID: 32707778 PMCID: PMC7463829 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of yeast to survive freezing and thawing is most frequently considered in the context of cryopreservation, a practical step in both industrial and research applications of these organisms. However, it also relates to an evolved ability to withstand freeze-thaw stress that is integrated with a larger network of survival responses. These responses vary between different strains and species of yeast according to the environments to which they are adapted, and the basis of this adaptation appears to be both conditioned and genetic in origin. This review article briefly touches upon common yeast cryopreservation methods and describes in detail what is known about the biochemical and genetic determinants of cell viability following freeze-thaw stress. While we focus on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the freeze-thaw stress response is best understood, we also highlight the emerging diversity of yeast freeze-thaw responses as a manifestation of biodiversity among these organisms.
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15
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Maitra N, He C, Blank HM, Tsuchiya M, Schilling B, Kaeberlein M, Aramayo R, Kennedy BK, Polymenis M. Translational control of one-carbon metabolism underpins ribosomal protein phenotypes in cell division and longevity. eLife 2020; 9:53127. [PMID: 32432546 PMCID: PMC7263821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing problem is how cells that lack one of the highly similar ribosomal proteins (RPs) often display distinct phenotypes. Yeast and other organisms live longer when they lack specific ribosomal proteins, especially of the large 60S subunit of the ribosome. However, longevity is neither associated with the generation time of RP deletion mutants nor with bulk inhibition of protein synthesis. Here, we queried actively dividing RP mutants through the cell cycle. Our data link transcriptional, translational, and metabolic changes to phenotypes associated with the loss of paralogous RPs. We uncovered translational control of transcripts encoding enzymes of methionine and serine metabolism, which are part of one-carbon (1C) pathways. Cells lacking Rpl22Ap, which are long-lived, have lower levels of metabolites associated with 1C metabolism. Loss of 1C enzymes increased the longevity of wild type cells. 1C pathways exist in all organisms and targeting the relevant enzymes could represent longevity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairita Maitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Chong He
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, United States
| | - Heidi M Blank
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Rodolfo Aramayo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, United States.,Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Polymenis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
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16
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Ndukwe JK, Aliyu GO, Onwosi CO, Chukwu KO, Ezugworie FN. Mechanisms of weak acid-induced stress tolerance in yeasts: Prospects for improved bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Sun X, Zhang J, Fan ZH, Xiao P, Liu SN, Li RP, Zhu WB, Huang L. MAL62 Overexpression Enhances Freezing Tolerance of Baker's Yeast in Lean Dough by Enhancing Tps1 Activity and Maltose Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8986-8993. [PMID: 31347835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose plays a crucial role in response to freezing stress in baker's yeast. MAL62, a gene involved in the adenosine diphosphoglucose-dependent trehalose synthesis pathway, can increase trehalose content. However, the difference between MAL62-related trehalose synthesis and traditional uridine diphosphoglucose-dependent trehalose synthesis is not well-understood. MAL62 overexpression showed less effect in enhancing intracellular trehalose compared to TPS1 overexpression. However, MAL62 overexpression elicited trehalose synthesis before fermentation with enhanced maltose metabolism and had a similar effect on cell viability after freezing. Furthermore, MAL62 and TPS1 overexpression in the NTH1 deletion background further strengthened freezing tolerance and improved leavening ability. Our results suggest that the enhancement in freezing tolerance by MAL62 overexpression may involve multiple pathways rather than simply enhancing trehalose synthesis. The results reveal valuable insights into the relationship between maltose metabolism and freezing tolerance and may help to develop better yeast strains for enhancing fermentation characteristics of frozen dough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Fan
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Na Liu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Peng Li
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing , Tianjin 300384 , People's Republic of China
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18
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Takagi H. Metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of functional amino acids and their applications in yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1449-1462. [PMID: 30712454 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1576500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, amino acid metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms vary under different growth environments by regulating anabolic and catabolic processes, including uptake and export, and the metabolic styles form a complicated but robust network. There is also crosstalk with various metabolic pathways, products and signal molecules. The elucidation of metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles is important fundamental research for understanding life phenomenon. In terms of industrial application, the control of amino acid composition and content is expected to contribute to an improvement in productivity, and to add to the value of fermented foods, alcoholic beverages, bioethanol, and other valuable compounds (proteins and amino acids, etc.). This review article mainly describes our research in constructing yeast strains with high functionality, focused on the metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of "functional amino acids", such as l-proline, l-arginine, l-leucine, l-valine, l-cysteine, and l-methionine, found in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- a Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , Nara , Japan
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19
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Effect of Trehalose and Glycerol on the Resistance of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains to Desiccation, Freeze-Thaw and Osmotic Stresses. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/scine14.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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20
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Huang M, Kao KC. Identifying novel genetic determinants for oxidative stress tolerance in Candida glabrata via adaptive laboratory evolution. Yeast 2018; 35:605-618. [PMID: 30141215 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C glabrata) is an important yeast of industrial and medical significance. Resistance to oxidative stress is an important trait affecting its robustness as a production host or virulence as a pathogenic agent, but current understanding of resistance mechanisms is still limited in this fungus. In this study, we rapidly evolved C glabrata population to adapt to oxidative challenge (from 80mM to 350mM of H2 O2 ) through short-term adaptive laboratory evolution. Adaptive mutants were isolated from evolved populations and subjected to phenotypic and omics analyses to identify potential mechanisms of tolerance to H2 O2 . Phenotypic characterizations revealed faster detoxification of H2 O2 and ability to initiate growth at a higher concentration of the oxidant in the isolated adaptive mutants compared with the wild type. Genome resequencing and genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed multiple genetic determinants (eg, CAGL0E01243g, CAGL0F06831g, and CAGL0C00385g) that potentially contribute to enhanced H2 O2 resistance. Subsequent experimental verification confirmed that CgCth2 (CAGL0E01243g) and CgMga2 (CAGL0F06831g) are important in C glabrata tolerance to oxidative stress. Transcriptome profiling of adaptive mutants and bioinformatic analysis suggest that NADPH regeneration, modulation of membrane composition, cell wall remodeling, and/or global regulatory changes are involved in C glabrata tolerance to H2 O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Huang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Katy C Kao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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21
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Differential Proteome Analysis of a Flor Yeast Strain under Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040720. [PMID: 28350350 PMCID: PMC5412306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (flor yeasts) form a biofilm (flor velum) on the surface of Sherry wines after fermentation, when glucose is depleted. This flor velum is fundamental to biological aging of these particular wines. In this study, we identify abundant proteins in the formation of the biofilm of an industrial flor yeast strain. A database search to enrich flor yeast “biological process” and “cellular component” according to Gene Ontology Terminology (GO Terms) and, “pathways” was carried out. The most abundant proteins detected were largely involved in respiration, translation, stress damage prevention and repair, amino acid metabolism (glycine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and biosynthesis of vitamin B9 (folate). These proteins were located in cellular components as in the peroxisome, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall and extracellular region; being these two last directly related with the flor formation. Proteins like Bgl2p, Gcv3p, Hyp2p, Mdh1p, Suc2p and Ygp1p were quantified in very high levels. This study reveals some expected processes and provides new and important information for the design of conditions and genetic constructions of flor yeasts for improving the cellular survival and, thus, to optimize biological aging of Sherry wine production.
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22
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Samalova M, Mélida H, Vilaplana F, Bulone V, Soanes DM, Talbot NJ, Gurr SJ. The β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases (Gels) affect the structure of the rice blast fungal cell wall during appressorium-mediated plant infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27568483 PMCID: PMC5396357 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The fungal wall is pivotal for cell shape and function, and in interfacial protection during host infection and environmental challenge. Here, we provide the first description of the carbohydrate composition and structure of the cell wall of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We focus on the family of glucan elongation proteins (Gels) and characterize five putative β‐1,3‐glucan glucanosyltransferases that each carry the Glycoside Hydrolase 72 signature. We generated targeted deletion mutants of all Gel isoforms, that is, the GH72+, which carry a putative carbohydrate‐binding module, and the GH72− Gels, without this motif. We reveal that M. oryzaeGH72+GELs are expressed in spores and during both infective and vegetative growth, but each individual Gel enzymes are dispensable for pathogenicity. Further, we demonstrated that a Δgel1Δgel3Δgel4 null mutant has a modified cell wall in which 1,3‐glucans have a higher degree of polymerization and are less branched than the wild‐type strain. The mutant showed significant differences in global patterns of gene expression, a hyper‐branching phenotype and no sporulation, and thus was unable to cause rice blast lesions (except via wounded tissues). We conclude that Gel proteins play significant roles in structural modification of the fungal cell wall during appressorium‐mediated plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darren M Soanes
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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23
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Tatehashi Y, Watanabe D, Takagi H. γ-Glutamyl kinase is involved in selective autophagy of ribosomes inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2906-14. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tatehashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
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24
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Ribosome quality control is a central protection mechanism for yeast exposed to deoxynivalenol and trichothecin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:417. [PMID: 27245696 PMCID: PMC4888481 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and trichothecin (TTC) are inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Their effect on cellular homeostasis is poorly understood. We report a systematic functional investigation of the effect of DON and TTC on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using genetic array, network and microarray analysis. To focus the genetic analysis on intracellular consequences of toxin action we eliminated the PDR5 gene coding for a potent pleiotropic drug efflux protein potentially confounding results. We therefore used a knockout library with a pdr5Δ strain background. Results DON or TTC treatment creates a fitness bottleneck connected to ribosome efficiency. Genes isolated by systematic genetic array analysis as contributing to toxin resistance function in ribosome quality control, translation fidelity, and in transcription. Mutants in the E3 ligase Hel2, involved in ribosome quality control, and several members of the Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex were highly sensitive to DON. DON and TTC have similar genetic profiles despite their different toxic potency. Network analysis shows a coherent and tight network of genetic interactions among the DON and TTC resistance conferring gene products. The networks exhibited topological properties commonly associated with efficient processing of information. Many sensitive mutants have a "slow growth" gene expression signature. DON-exposed yeast cells increase transcripts of ribosomal protein and histone genes indicating an internal signal for growth enhancement. Conclusions The combination of gene expression profiling and analysis of mutants reveals cellular pathways which become bottlenecks under DON and TTC stress. These are generally directly or indirectly connected to ribosome biosynthesis such as the general secretory pathway, cytoskeleton, cell cycle delay, ribosome synthesis and translation quality control. Gene expression profiling points to an increased demand of ribosomal components and does not reveal activation of stress pathways. Our analysis highlights ribosome quality control and a contribution of a histone deacetylase complex as main sources of resistance against DON and TTC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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25
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Takagi H, Taguchi J, Kaino T. Proline accumulation protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in stationary phase from ethanol stress by reducing reactive oxygen species levels. Yeast 2016; 33:355-63. [PMID: 26833688 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During fermentation processes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are exposed to multiple stresses, including a high concentration of ethanol that represents toxicity through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We previously reported that proline protected yeast cells from damage caused by various stresses, such as freezing and ethanol. As an anti-oxidant, proline is suggested to scavenge intracellular ROS. In this study, we examined the role of intracellular proline during ethanol treatment in S. cerevisiae strains that accumulate different concentrations of proline. When cultured in YPD medium, there was a significant accumulation of proline in the put1 mutant strain, which is deficient in proline oxidase, in the stationary phase. Expression of the mutant PRO1 gene, which encodes the γ-glutamyl kinase variant (Asp154Asn or Ile150Thr) with desensitization to feedback inhibition by proline in the put1 mutant strain, showed a prominent increase in proline content as compared with that of the wild-type strain. The oxidation level was clearly increased in wild-type cells after exposure to ethanol, indicating that the generation of ROS occurred. Interestingly, proline accumulation significantly reduces the ROS level and increases the survival rate of yeast cells in the stationary phase under ethanol stress conditions. However, there was not a clear correlation between proline content and survival rate in yeast cells. An appropriate level of intracellular proline in yeast might be important for its stress-protective effect. Hence, the engineering of proline metabolism could be promising for breeding stress-tolerant industrial yeast strains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Junpei Taguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaino
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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26
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Sun X, Zhang CY, Wu MY, Fan ZH, Liu SN, Zhu WB, Xiao DG. MAL62 overexpression and NTH1 deletion enhance the freezing tolerance and fermentation capacity of the baker's yeast in lean dough. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:54. [PMID: 27039899 PMCID: PMC4819290 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trehalose is related to several types of stress responses, especially freezing response in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). It is desirable to manipulate trehalose-related genes to create yeast strains that better tolerate freezing-thaw stress with improved fermentation capacity, which are in high demand in the baking industry. RESULTS The strain overexpressing MAL62 gene showed increased trehalose content and cell viability after prefermention-freezing and long-term frozen. Deletion of NTH1 in combination of MAL62 overexpression further strengthens freezing tolerance and improves the leavening ability after freezing-thaw stress. CONCLUSIONS The mutants of the industrial baker's yeast with enhanced freezing tolerance and leavening ability in lean dough were developed by genetic engineering. These strains had excellent potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yue Wu
- Diagreat Biotechnologies., Ltd, Beijing, 101111, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Fan
- College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Na Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bi Zhu
- College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Guang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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27
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García R, Botet J, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Bermejo C, Ribas JC, Revuelta JL, Nombela C, Arroyo J. Genomic profiling of fungal cell wall-interfering compounds: identification of a common gene signature. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:683. [PMID: 26341223 PMCID: PMC4560923 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal cell wall forms a compact network whose integrity is essential for cell morphology and viability. Thus, fungal cells have evolved mechanisms to elicit adequate adaptive responses when cell wall integrity (CWI) is compromised. Functional genomic approaches provide a unique opportunity to globally characterize these adaptive mechanisms. To provide a global perspective on these CWI regulatory mechanisms, we developed chemical-genomic profiling of haploid mutant budding yeast cells to systematically identify in parallel those genes required to cope with stresses interfering the cell wall by different modes of action: β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase activities (zymolyase), inhibition of β-1,3 glucan synthase (caspofungin) and binding to chitin (Congo red). Results Measurement of the relative fitness of the whole collection of 4786 haploid budding yeast knock-out mutants identified 222 mutants hypersensitive to caspofungin, 154 mutants hypersensitive to zymolyase, and 446 mutants hypersensitive to Congo red. Functional profiling uncovered both common and specific requirements to cope with different cell wall damages. We identified a cluster of 43 genes highly important for the integrity of the cell wall as the common “signature of cell wall maintenance (CWM)”. This cluster was enriched in genes related to vesicular trafficking and transport, cell wall remodeling and morphogenesis, transcription and chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and RNA metabolism. Although the CWI pathway is the main MAPK pathway regulating cell wall integrity, the collaboration with other signal transduction pathways like the HOG pathway and the invasive growth pathway is also required to cope with the cell wall damage depending on the nature of the stress. Finally, 25 mutant strains showed enhanced caspofungin resistance, including 13 that had not been previously identified. Only three of them, wsc1Δ, elo2Δ and elo3Δ, showed a significant decrease in β-1,3-glucan synthase activity. Conclusions This work provides a global perspective about the mechanisms involved in cell wall stress adaptive responses and the cellular functions required for cell wall integrity. The results may be useful to uncover new potential antifungal targets and develop efficient antifungal strategies by combination of two drugs, one targeting the cell wall and the other interfering with the adaptive mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1879-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Botet
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Peña
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Bermejo
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Revuelta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - César Nombela
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Pénicaud C, Landaud S, Jamme F, Talbot P, Bouix M, Ghorbal S, Fonseca F. Physiological and biochemical responses of Yarrowia lipolytica to dehydration induced by air-drying and freezing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111138. [PMID: 25350121 PMCID: PMC4211883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms that can withstand anhydrobiosis possess the unique ability to temporarily and reversibly suspend their metabolism for the periods when they live in a dehydrated state. However, the mechanisms underlying the cell's ability to tolerate dehydration are far from being fully understood. The objective of this study was to highlight, for the first time, the cellular damage to Yarrowia lipolytica as a result of dehydration induced by drying/rehydration and freezing/thawing. Cellular response was evaluated through cell cultivability determined by plate counts, esterase activity and membrane integrity assessed by flow cytometry, and the biochemical composition of cells as determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. The effects of the harvesting time (in the log or stationary phase) and of the addition of a protective molecule, trehalose, were investigated. All freshly harvested cells exhibited esterase activity and no alteration of membrane integrity. Cells freshly harvested in the stationary phase presented spectral contributions suggesting lower nucleic acid content and thicker cell walls, as well as longer lipid chains than cells harvested in the log phase. Moreover, it was found that drying/rehydration induced cell plasma membrane permeabilization, loss of esterase activity with concomitant protein denaturation, wall damage and oxidation of nucleic acids. Plasma membrane permeabilization and loss of esterase activity could be reduced by harvesting in the stationary phase and/or with trehalose addition. Protein denaturation and wall damage could be reduced by harvesting in the stationary phase. In addition, it was shown that measurements of loss of membrane integrity and preservation of esterase activity were suitable indicators of loss and preservation of cultivability, respectively. Conversely, no clear effect of freezing/thawing could be observed, probably because of the favorable operating conditions applied. These results give insights into Y. lipolytica mechanisms of cellular response to dehydration and provide a basis to better understand its ability to tolerate anhydrobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pénicaud
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sophie Landaud
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Pauline Talbot
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marielle Bouix
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sarrah Ghorbal
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Liang X, Dickman MB, Becker DF. Proline biosynthesis is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27794-806. [PMID: 25112878 PMCID: PMC4183814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid proline is uniquely involved in cellular processes that underlie stress response in a variety of organisms. Proline is known to minimize protein aggregation, but a detailed study of how proline impacts cell survival during accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has not been performed. To address this we examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the effect of knocking out the PRO1, PRO2, and PRO3 genes responsible for proline biosynthesis. The null mutants pro1, pro2, and pro3 were shown to have increased sensitivity to ER stress relative to wild-type cells, which could be restored by proline or the corresponding genetic complementation. Of these mutants, pro3 was the most sensitive to tunicamycin and was rescued by anaerobic growth conditions or reduced thiol reagents. The pro3 mutant cells have higher intracellular reactive oxygen species, total glutathione, and a NADP(+)/NADPH ratio than wild-type cells under limiting proline conditions. Depletion of proline biosynthesis also inhibits the unfolded protein response (UPR) indicating proline protection involves the UPR. To more broadly test the role of proline in ER stress, increased proline biosynthesis was shown to partially rescue the ER stress sensitivity of a hog1 null mutant in which the high osmolality pathway is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
| | - Martin B Dickman
- the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Donald F Becker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
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Okada N, Ogawa J, Shima J. Comprehensive analysis of genes involved in the oxidative stress tolerance using yeast heterozygous deletion collection. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:425-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Okada
- Research Division of Microbial Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Jun Shima
- Research Division of Microbial Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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Genome-wide identification of the targets for genetic manipulation to improve L-lactate production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using a single-gene deletion strain collection. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:185-93. [PMID: 23665193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify genome-wide targets for gene manipulation for increasing L-lactate production in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, we transformed all available single-gene deletion strains of S. cerevisiae with a plasmid carrying the human L-lactate dehydrogenase gene, and examined L-lactate production in the obtained transformants. The thresholds of increased or decreased L-lactate production were determined based on L-lactate production by the standard strain in repetitive experiments. L-lactate production data for 4802 deletion strains were obtained, and deletion strains with increased or decreased L-lactate production were identified. Functional category analysis of genes whose deletion increased L-lactate production revealed that ribosome biogenesis-related genes were overrepresented. Most deletion strains for genes related to ribosome biogenesis exhibited increased L-lactate production in 200-ml batch cultures. We deleted the genes related to ribosome biogenesis in a recombinant strain of S. cerevisiae with a genetic background different from that of the above deletion strains, and examined the effect of target gene deletion on L-lactate production. We observed that deletion of genes related to ribosome biogenesis leads to increased L-lactate production by recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, and the single-gene deletion strain collection could be utilized in identifying target genes for improving L-lactate production in S. cerevisiae recombinant strains.
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Hasegawa S, Ogata T, Tanaka K, Ando A, Takagi H, Shima J. Overexpression of vacuolar H+-ATPase-related genes in bottom-fermenting yeast enhances ethanol tolerance and fermentation rates during high-gravity fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- Research Division of Microbial Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogata
- Research Laboratories for Brewing; Asahi Breweries Ltd; Ibaraki; Japan
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Research Division of Microbial Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- NARO Food Research Institute; Ibaraki; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara; Japan
| | - Jun Shima
- Research Division of Microbial Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
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Carlquist M, Fernandes RL, Helmark S, Heins AL, Lundin L, Sørensen SJ, Gernaey KV, Lantz AE. Physiological heterogeneities in microbial populations and implications for physical stress tolerance. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:94. [PMID: 22799461 PMCID: PMC3443036 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally average values of the whole population are considered when analysing microbial cell cultivations. However, a typical microbial population in a bioreactor is heterogeneous in most phenotypes measurable at a single-cell level. There are indications that such heterogeneity may be unfavourable on the one hand (reduces yields and productivities), but also beneficial on the other hand (facilitates quick adaptation to new conditions--i.e. increases the robustness of the fermentation process). Understanding and control of microbial population heterogeneity is thus of major importance for improving microbial cell factory processes. RESULTS In this work, a dual reporter system was developed and applied to map growth and cell fitness heterogeneities within budding yeast populations during aerobic cultivation in well-mixed bioreactors. The reporter strain, which was based on the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the ribosomal protein RPL22a promoter, made it possible to distinguish cell growth phases by the level of fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, by exploiting the strong correlation of intracellular GFP level and cell membrane integrity it was possible to distinguish subpopulations with high and low cell membrane robustness and hence ability to withstand freeze-thaw stress. A strong inverse correlation between growth and cell membrane robustness was observed, which further supports the hypothesis that cellular resources are limited and need to be distributed as a trade-off between two functions: growth and robustness. In addition, the trade-off was shown to vary within the population, and the occurrence of two distinct subpopulations shifting between these two antagonistic modes of cell operation could be distinguished. CONCLUSIONS The reporter strain enabled mapping of population heterogeneities in growth and cell membrane robustness towards freeze-thaw stress at different phases of cell cultivation. The described reporter system is a valuable tool for understanding the effect of environmental conditions on population heterogeneity of microbial cells and thereby to understand cell responses during industrial process-like conditions. It may be applied to identify more robust subpopulations, and for developing novel strategies for strain improvement and process design for more effective bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Carlquist
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Stead BE, Brandl CJ, Sandre MK, Davey MJ. Mcm2 phosphorylation and the response to replicative stress. BMC Genet 2012; 13:36. [PMID: 22564307 PMCID: PMC3517340 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The replicative helicase in eukaryotic cells is comprised of minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins 2 through 7 (Mcm2-7) and is a key target for regulation of cell proliferation. In addition, it is regulated in response to replicative stress. One of the protein kinases that targets Mcm2-7 is the Dbf4-dependent kinase Cdc7 (DDK). In a previous study, we showed that alanine mutations of the DDK phosphorylation sites at S164 and S170 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mcm2 result in sensitivity to caffeine and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) leading us to suggest that DDK phosphorylation of Mcm2 is required in response to replicative stress. Results We show here that a strain with the mcm2 allele lacking DDK phosphorylation sites (mcm2AA) is also sensitive to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, hydroxyurea (HU) and to the base analogue 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) but not the radiomimetic drug, phleomycin. We screened the budding yeast non-essential deletion collection for synthetic lethal interactions with mcm2AA and isolated deletions that include genes involved in the control of genome integrity and oxidative stress. In addition, the spontaneous mutation rate, as measured by mutations in CAN1, was increased in the mcm2AA strain compared to wild type, whereas with a phosphomimetic allele (mcm2EE) the mutation rate was decreased. These results led to the idea that the mcm2AA strain is unable to respond properly to DNA damage. We examined this by screening the deletion collection for suppressors of the caffeine sensitivity of mcm2AA. Deletions that decrease spontaneous DNA damage, increase homologous recombination or slow replication forks were isolated. Many of the suppressors of caffeine sensitivity suppressed other phenotypes of mcm2AA including sensitivity to genotoxic drugs, the increased frequency of cells with RPA foci and the increased mutation rate. Conclusions Together these observations point to a role for DDK-mediated phosphorylation of Mcm2 in the response to replicative stress, including some forms of DNA damage. We suggest that phosphorylation of Mcm2 modulates Mcm2-7 activity resulting in the stabilization of replication forks in response to replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent E Stead
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Sasano Y, Haitani Y, Hashida K, Ohtsu I, Shima J, Takagi H. Enhancement of the proline and nitric oxide synthetic pathway improves fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stress conditions in industrial baker's yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:40. [PMID: 22462683 PMCID: PMC3359278 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the bread-making process, industrial baker's yeast, mostly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is exposed to baking-associated stresses, such as air-drying and freeze-thaw stress. These baking-associated stresses exert severe injury to yeast cells, mainly due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell death and reduced fermentation ability. Thus, there is a great need for a baker's yeast strain with higher tolerance to baking-associated stresses. Recently, we revealed a novel antioxidative mechanism in a laboratory yeast strain that is involved in stress-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from proline via proline oxidase Put1 and N-acetyltransferase Mpr1. We also found that expression of the proline-feedback inhibition-less sensitive mutant γ-glutamyl kinase (Pro1-I150T) and the thermostable mutant Mpr1-F65L resulted in an enhanced fermentation ability of baker's yeast in bread dough after freeze-thaw stress and air-drying stress, respectively. However, baker's yeast strains with high fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stresses have not yet been developed. Results We constructed a self-cloned diploid baker's yeast strain with enhanced proline and NO synthesis by expressing Pro1-I150T and Mpr1-F65L in the presence of functional Put1. The engineered strain increased the intracellular NO level in response to air-drying stress, and the strain was tolerant not only to oxidative stress but also to both air-drying and freeze-thaw stresses probably due to the reduced intracellular ROS level. We also showed that the resultant strain retained higher leavening activity in bread dough after air-drying and freeze-thaw stress than that of the wild-type strain. On the other hand, enhanced stress tolerance and fermentation ability did not occur in the put1-deficient strain. This result suggests that NO is synthesized in baker's yeast from proline in response to oxidative stresses that induce ROS generation and that increased NO plays an important role in baking-associated stress tolerance. Conclusions In this work, we clarified the importance of Put1- and Mpr1-mediated NO generation from proline to the baking-associated stress tolerance in industrial baker's yeast. We also demonstrated that baker's yeast that enhances the proline and NO synthetic pathway by expressing the Pro1-I150T and Mpr1-F65L variants showed improved fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stress conditions. From a biotechnological perspective, the enhancement of proline and NO synthesis could be promising for breeding novel baker's yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sasano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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A novel dehydrin-like protein from Aspergillus fumigatus regulates freezing tolerance. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
In this chapter, we present an up-to-date view of the optimal characteristics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model eukaryote for systems biology studies, with main molecular mechanisms, biological networks, and sub-cellular organization essentially conserved in all eukaryotes, derived from a complex common ancestor. The existence of advanced tools for molecular studies together with high-throughput experimental and computational methods, most of them being implemented and validated in yeast, with new ones being developed, is opening the way to the characterization of the core modular architecture and complex networks essential to all eukaryotes. Selected examples of the latest discoveries in eukaryote complexity and systems biology studies using yeast as a reference model and their applications in biotechnology and medicine are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Castrillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB21GA, UK.
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Teixeira MC, Mira NP, Sá-Correia I. A genome-wide perspective on the response and tolerance to food-relevant stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 22:150-6. [PMID: 21087853 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The success of food and beverage production processes carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the thriving of food spoilage fungi are dependent on the ability of a cell to cope with the many environmental insults imposed during food production and preservation processes. Post-genomic approaches, especially transcriptomics, proteomics and chemogenomics, applied to S. cerevisiae made possible the unveiling of general and specific genome-wide adaptive response programs against stress induced by weak acids, ethanol, sulfite, heat and cold shock, osmotic pressure and nutrient limitation. These programs and the underlying signaling pathways are overviewed herein, highlighting the recent identification of genes and pathways found to be involved in stress response and tolerance. These are good candidate targets for genetic engineering aiming at the development of improved strains. The extension of the data gathered in S. cerevisiae to food spoilage fungi is considered. The relevance of the different genome-wide approaches in this context is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Teixeira
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Hernández-López MJ, Prieto JA, Randez-Gil F. Isolation and characterization of the carbon catabolite-derepressing protein kinase Snf1 from the stress tolerant yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii. Yeast 2010; 27:1061-9. [PMID: 20824888 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a genomic DNA fragment of the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii by complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae snf1Δ mutant strain. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the fragment contained a complete open reading frame (ORF), which shares a high similarity with the S. cerevisiae energy sensor protein kinase Snf1. The cloned TdSNF1 gene was able to restore growth of the S. cerevisiae snf1Δ mutant strain on media containing nonfermentable carbon sources. Furthermore, cells of the Tdsnf1Δ mutant were unable to proliferate under nonfermenting conditions. Finally, protein domain analysis showed that TdSnf1p contains a typical catalytic protein kinase domain (positions 41-293), which is also present in other Snf1p homologues. Within this region we identified a protein kinase ATP-binding region (positions 48-71) and a consensus Ser/Thr protein kinase active site (positions 160-172).
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Hernández-López
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PO Box 73, E-46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Nakamura T, Takahashi S, Takagi H, Shima J. Multicopy suppression of oxidant-sensitive eos1 mutation by IZH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the involvement of Eos1 in zinc homeostasis. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:259-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Fang W, St. Leger RJ. RNA binding proteins mediate the ability of a fungus to adapt to the cold. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:810-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Momose Y, Matsumoto R, Maruyama A, Yamaoka M. Comparative analysis of transcriptional responses to the cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide and trehalose, which confer tolerance to freeze-thaw stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cryobiology 2010; 60:245-61. [PMID: 20067782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have used microarray analysis to monitor the gene expression profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4743 in the presence of the cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and trehalose. Analysis of these profiles suggests that both cryoprotectants increased the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis, ribosomal biogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cellular accumulation of low molecular compounds such as glycerol, arginine and proline. Cryoprotectant treatment reduced the expression of genes involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. In addition, Me(2)SO increased the expression of genes involved in protein refolding and trehalose increased the expression of genes involved in spore formation. This study supported that exposure to cryoprotectants prior to freezing not only reduce the freeze-thaw damage but also provide various process to the recovery from freeze-thaw damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Momose
- International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Ando A, Nakamura T, Shima J. Comprehensive Phenotype Analysis of Budding Yeast under Baking-associated Stresses and Breeding of Stress-tolerant Baker's yeast. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.57.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Insufficiency of copper ion homeostasis causes freeze-thaw injury of yeast cells as revealed by indirect gene expression analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6706-11. [PMID: 19749072 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00905-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is exposed to freeze-thaw stress in commercial processes, including frozen dough baking. Cell viability and fermentation activity after a freeze-thaw cycle were dramatically decreased due to freeze-thaw injury. Because this type of injury involves complex phenomena, the injury mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined freeze-thaw injury by indirect gene expression analysis during postthaw incubation after freeze-thaw treatment using DNA microarray profiling. The results showed that genes involved in the homeostasis of metal ions were frequently contained in genes that were upregulated, depending on the freezing period. We assessed the phenotype of deletion mutants of the metal ion homeostasis genes that exhibited freezing period-dependent upregulation and found that the strains with deletion of the MAC1 and CTR1 genes involved in copper ion homeostasis exhibited freeze-thaw sensitivity, suggesting that copper ion homeostasis is required for freeze-thaw tolerance. We found that supplementation with copper ions during postthaw incubation increased intracellular superoxide dismutase activity and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were decreased. Moreover, cell viability was increased by supplementation with copper ions. These results suggest that insufficiency of copper ion homeostasis may be one of the causes of freeze-thaw injury.
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Stress-tolerance of baker's-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells: stress-protective molecules and genes involved in stress tolerance. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 53:155-64. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Proline as a stress protectant in yeast: physiological functions, metabolic regulations, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:211-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kaino T, Takagi H. Gene expression profiles and intracellular contents of stress protectants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under ethanol and sorbitol stresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:273-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Endo A, Nakamura T, Ando A, Tokuyasu K, Shima J. Genome-wide screening of the genes required for tolerance to vanillin, which is a potential inhibitor of bioethanol fermentation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2008; 1:3. [PMID: 18471310 PMCID: PMC2375868 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic materials are abundant and among the most important potential sources for bioethanol production. Although the pretreatment of lignocellulose is necessary for efficient saccharification and fermentation, numerous by-products, including furan derivatives, weak acids, and phenolic compounds, are generated in the pretreatment step. Many of these components inhibit the growth and fermentation of yeast. In particular, vanillin is one of the most effective inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates because it inhibits fermentation at very low concentrations. To identify the genes required for tolerance to vanillin, we screened a set of diploid yeast deletion mutants, which are powerful tools for clarifying the function of particular genes. RESULTS Seventy-six deletion mutants were identified as vanillin-sensitive mutants. The numerous deleted genes in the vanillin-sensitive mutants were classified under the functional categories for 'chromatin remodeling' and 'vesicle transport', suggesting that these functions are important for vanillin tolerance. The cross-sensitivity of the vanillin-sensitive mutants to furan derivatives, weak acids, and phenolic compounds was also examined. Genes for ergosterol biosynthesis were required for tolerance to all inhibitory compounds tested, suggesting that ergosterol is a key component of tolerance to various inhibitors. CONCLUSION Our analysis predicts that vanillin tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by various complicated processes that take place on both the molecular and the cellular level. In addition, the ergosterol biosynthetic process is important for achieving a tolerance to various inhibitors. Our findings provide a biotechnological basis for the molecular engineering as well as for screening of more robust yeast strains that may potentially be useful in bioethanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Endo
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nakamura
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Ken Tokuyasu
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Jun Shima
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Shima J, Ando A, Takagi H. Possible roles of vacuolar H+-ATPase and mitochondrial function in tolerance to air-drying stress revealed by genome-wide screening ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains. Yeast 2008; 25:179-90. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Sekine T, Kawaguchi A, Hamano Y, Takagi H. Desensitization of feedback inhibition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gamma-glutamyl kinase enhances proline accumulation and freezing tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4011-9. [PMID: 17449694 PMCID: PMC1932739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00730-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to osmotic stress, proline is accumulated in many bacterial and plant cells as an osmoprotectant. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces trehalose or glycerol synthesis but does not increase intracellular proline levels during various stresses. Using a proline-accumulating mutant, we previously found that proline protects yeast cells from damage by freezing, oxidative, or ethanol stress. This mutant was recently shown to carry an allele of PRO1 which encodes the Asp154Asn mutant gamma-glutamyl kinase (GK), the first enzyme of the proline biosynthetic pathway. Here, enzymatic analysis of recombinant proteins revealed that the GK activity of S. cerevisiae is subject to feedback inhibition by proline. The Asp154Asn mutant was less sensitive to feedback inhibition than wild-type GK, leading to proline accumulation. To improve the enzymatic properties of GK, PCR random mutagenesis in PRO1 was employed. The mutagenized plasmid library was introduced into an S. cerevisiae non-proline-utilizing strain, and proline-overproducing mutants were selected on minimal medium containing the toxic proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. We successfully isolated several mutant GKs that, due to extreme desensitization to inhibition, enhanced the ability to synthesize proline better than the Asp154Asn mutant. The amino acid changes were localized at the region between positions 142 and 154, probably on the molecular surface, suggesting that this region is involved in allosteric regulation. Furthermore, we found that yeast cells expressing Ile150Thr and Asn142Asp/Ile166Val mutant GKs were more tolerant to freezing stress than cells expressing the Asp154Asn mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sekine
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Japan
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