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Deng Y, Chen G, Bao X, He J. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera (lindner) Klocker 1907 (saccharomycetales: saccharomycopsidaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2024; 9:743-747. [PMID: 38887218 PMCID: PMC11182061 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2024.2364756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomycopsis fibuligera (Lindner) Klocker 1907 is frequently employed in the fermentation of metabolites such as citric acid, ethanol, mannitol, and pyruvate. Its heat tolerance and alcohol-producing capabilities during fermentation make it a desirable option for bread and wine production. To date, the mitochondrial genome of S. fibuligera has not been sequenced. In the present study, we obtained the full mitochondrial genome of S. fibuligera, which is 57,302 bp long and has a GC content of 24.40%. This genome contained 14 core protein-coding genes, 3 independent ORFs, 21 intronic ORFs, 25 tRNAs, and 2 rRNA genes. By utilizing the Bayesian inference phylogenetic method, we constructed phylogenetic trees for 24 Saccharomycotina fungi, which indicated that S. fibuligera is closely related to S. capsularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangjiu Chen
- Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Bao
- Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie He
- Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Juergens H, Hakkaart XDV, Bras JE, Vente A, Wu L, Benjamin KR, Pronk JT, Daran-Lapujade P, Mans R. Contribution of Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase to Respiratory Energy Coupling in Glucose-Grown Cultures of Ogataea parapolymorpha. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00678-20. [PMID: 32471916 PMCID: PMC7376551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00678-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermotolerant yeast Ogataea parapolymorpha (formerly Hansenula polymorpha) is an industrially relevant production host that exhibits a fully respiratory sugar metabolism in aerobic batch cultures. NADH-derived electrons can enter its mitochondrial respiratory chain either via a proton-translocating complex I NADH-dehydrogenase or via three putative alternative NADH dehydrogenases. This respiratory entry point affects the amount of ATP produced per NADH/O2 consumed and therefore impacts the maximum yield of biomass and/or cellular products from a given amount of substrate. To investigate the physiological importance of complex I, a wild-type O. parapolymorpha strain and a congenic complex I-deficient mutant were grown on glucose in aerobic batch, chemostat, and retentostat cultures in bioreactors. In batch cultures, the two strains exhibited a fully respiratory metabolism and showed the same growth rates and biomass yields, indicating that, under these conditions, the contribution of NADH oxidation via complex I was negligible. Both strains also exhibited a respiratory metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures, but the complex I-deficient mutant showed considerably reduced biomass yields on substrate and oxygen, consistent with a lower efficiency of respiratory energy coupling. In glucose-limited retentostat cultures at specific growth rates down to ∼0.001 h-1, both O. parapolymorpha strains showed high viability. Maintenance energy requirements at these extremely low growth rates were approximately 3-fold lower than estimated from faster-growing chemostat cultures, indicating a stringent-response-like behavior. Quantitative transcriptome and proteome analyses indicated condition-dependent expression patterns of complex I subunits and of alternative NADH dehydrogenases that were consistent with physiological observations.IMPORTANCE Since popular microbial cell factories have typically not been selected for efficient respiratory energy coupling, their ATP yields from sugar catabolism are often suboptimal. In aerobic industrial processes, suboptimal energy coupling results in reduced product yields on sugar, increased process costs for oxygen transfer, and volumetric productivity limitations due to limitations in gas transfer and cooling. This study provides insights into the contribution of mechanisms of respiratory energy coupling in the yeast cell factory Ogataea parapolymorpha under different growth conditions and provides a basis for rational improvement of energy coupling in yeast cell factories. Analysis of energy metabolism of O. parapolymorpha at extremely low specific growth rates indicated that this yeast reduces its energy requirements for cellular maintenance under extreme energy limitation. Exploration of the mechanisms for this increased energetic efficiency may contribute to an optimization of the performance of industrial processes with slow-growing eukaryotic cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Juergens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier D V Hakkaart
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jildau E Bras
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - André Vente
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Mans
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Wai A, Shen C, Carta A, Dansen A, Crous PW, Hausner G. Intron-encoded ribosomal proteins and N-acetyltransferases within the mitochondrial genomes of fungi: here today, gone tomorrow? Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2019; 30:573-584. [DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1580272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvan Wai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Andrell Carta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alexandra Dansen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- The Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Naumov GI, Shalamitskiy MY, Naumova ES, Lee CF. Phylogenetics, Biogeography, and Ecology of Methylotrophic Yeasts of the Heterogeneous Genus Ogataea: Achivements and Prospects. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626171804015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bilto IM, Hausner G. The diversity of mtDNA rns introns among strains of Ophiostoma piliferum, Ophiostoma pluriannulatum and related species. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1408. [PMID: 27610327 PMCID: PMC4995192 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Based on previous studies, it was suspected that the mitochondrial rns gene within the Ophiostomatales is rich in introns. This study focused on a collection of strains representing Ophiostoma piliferum, Ophiostoma pluriannulatum and related species that cause blue-stain; these fungi colonize the sapwood of trees and impart a dark stain. This reduces the value of the lumber. The goal was to examine the mtDNA rns intron landscape for these important blue stain fungi in order to facilitate future annotation of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) and to potentially identify mtDNA introns that can encode homing endonucleases which may have applications in biotechnology. Results Comparative sequence analysis identified five intron insertion sites among the ophiostomatoid fungi examined. Positions mS379 and mS952 harbor group II introns, the mS379 intron encodes a reverse transcriptase, and the mS952 intron encodes a potential homing endonuclease. Positions mS569, mS1224, and mS1247 have group I introns inserted and these encode intact or eroded homing endonuclease open reading frames (ORF). Phylogenetic analysis of the intron ORFs showed that they can be found in the same insertion site in closely and distantly related species. Conclusions Based on the molecular markers examined (rDNA internal transcribed spacers and rns introns), strains representing O. pilifera, O. pluriannulatum and Ophiostoma novae-zelandiae could not be resolved. Phylogenetic studies suggest that introns are gained and lost and that horizontal transfer could explain the presence of related intron in distantly related fungi. With regard to the mS379 group II intron, this study shows that mitochondrial group II introns and their reverse transcriptases may also follow the life cycle previously proposed for group I introns and their homing endonucleases. This consists of intron invasion, decay of intron ORF, loss of intron, and possible reinvasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3076-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M Bilto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Georg Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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Beletsky AV, Malyavko AN, Sukhanova MV, Mardanova ES, Zvereva ME, Mardanov AV, Dontsova OA, Lavrik OI, Ravin NV. Expression of genes involved in DNA repair and telomere maintenance in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL1 under heat stress. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 462:185-8. [PMID: 26163216 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672915030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A V Beletsky
- Bioengineering Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/1, Moscow, 117312, Russia
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Aguileta G, de Vienne DM, Ross ON, Hood ME, Giraud T, Petit E, Gabaldón T. High variability of mitochondrial gene order among fungi. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 6:451-65. [PMID: 24504088 PMCID: PMC3942027 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From their origin as an early alpha proteobacterial endosymbiont to their current state as cellular organelles, large-scale genomic reorganization has taken place in the mitochondria of all main eukaryotic lineages. So far, most studies have focused on plant and animal mitochondrial (mt) genomes (mtDNA), but fungi provide new opportunities to study highly differentiated mtDNAs. Here, we analyzed 38 complete fungal mt genomes to investigate the evolution of mtDNA gene order among fungi. In particular, we looked for evidence of nonhomologous intrachromosomal recombination and investigated the dynamics of gene rearrangements. We investigated the effect that introns, intronic open reading frames (ORFs), and repeats may have on gene order. Additionally, we asked whether the distribution of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) evolves independently to that of mt protein-coding genes. We found that fungal mt genomes display remarkable variation between and within the major fungal phyla in terms of gene order, genome size, composition of intergenic regions, and presence of repeats, introns, and associated ORFs. Our results support previous evidence for the presence of mt recombination in all fungal phyla, a process conspicuously lacking in most Metazoa. Overall, the patterns of rearrangements may be explained by the combined influences of recombination (i.e., most likely nonhomologous and intrachromosomal), accumulated repeats, especially at intergenic regions, and to a lesser extent, mobile element dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguileta
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
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Ravin NV, Eldarov MA, Kadnikov VV, Beletsky AV, Schneider J, Mardanova ES, Smekalova EM, Zvereva MI, Dontsova OA, Mardanov AV, Skryabin KG. Genome sequence and analysis of methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL1. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:837. [PMID: 24279325 PMCID: PMC3866509 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hansenula polymorpha DL1 is a methylotrophic yeast, widely used in fundamental studies of methanol metabolism, peroxisome biogenesis and function, and also as a microbial cell factory for production of recombinant proteins and metabolic engineering towards the goal of high temperature ethanol production. RESULTS We have sequenced the 9 Mbp H. polymorpha DL1 genome and performed whole-genome analysis for the H. polymorpha transcriptome obtained from both methanol- and glucose-grown cells. RNA-seq analysis revealed the complex and dynamic character of the H. polymorpha transcriptome under the two studied conditions, identified abundant and highly unregulated expression of 40% of the genome in methanol grown cells, and revealed alternative splicing events. We have identified subtelomerically biased protein families in H. polymorpha, clusters of LTR elements at G + C-poor chromosomal loci in the middle of each of the seven H. polymorpha chromosomes, and established the evolutionary position of H. polymorpha DL1 within a separate yeast clade together with the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and the non-methylotrophic yeast Dekkera bruxellensis. Intergenome comparisons uncovered extensive gene order reshuffling between the three yeast genomes. Phylogenetic analyses enabled us to reveal patterns of evolution of methylotrophy in yeasts and filamentous fungi. CONCLUSIONS Our results open new opportunities for in-depth understanding of many aspects of H. polymorpha life cycle, physiology and metabolism as well as genome evolution in methylotrophic yeasts and may lead to novel improvements toward the application of H. polymorpha DL-1 as a microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Ravin
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Michael A Eldarov
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Vitaly V Kadnikov
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Alexey V Beletsky
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Institute for Bioinformatics, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eugenia S Mardanova
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Elena M Smekalova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia and Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria I Zvereva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia and Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia and Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Skryabin
- Centre “Bioengineering” of RAS, Prosp. 60-let Oktyabrya, bld. 7-1, Moscow 117312, Russia
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Smekalova EM, Malyavko AN, Zvereva MI, Mardanov AV, Ravin NV, Skryabin KG, Westhof E, Dontsova OA. Specific features of telomerase RNA from Hansenula polymorpha. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1563-1574. [PMID: 24046481 PMCID: PMC3851723 DOI: 10.1261/rna.038612.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for the maintenance of eukaryotic genome integrity by replicating the ends of chromosomes. The core enzyme comprises the conserved protein TERT and an RNA subunit (TER) that, in contrast, displays large variations in size and structure. Here, we report the identification of the telomerase RNA from thermotolerant yeast Hansenula polymorpha (HpTER) and describe its structural features. We show further that the H. polymorpha telomerase reverse transcribes the template beyond the predicted boundary and adds a nontelomeric dT in vitro. Sequencing of the chromosomal ends revealed that this nucleotide is specifically present as a terminal nucleotide at the 3' end of telomeres. Mutational analysis of HpTER confirmed that the incorporation of dT functions to limit telomere length in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. Smekalova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Malyavko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria I. Zvereva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Eric Westhof
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olga A. Dontsova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119999 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Naumova ES, Dmitruk KV, Kshanovskaya BV, Sibirny AA, Naumov GI. Molecular identification of the industrially important strain Ogataea parapolymorpha. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Mitochondrial genome evolution in a single protoploid yeast species. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:1103-11. [PMID: 22973548 PMCID: PMC3429925 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles, which play a key role in some essential functions, including respiration, metabolite biosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and apoptosis. The vast numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of various yeast species, which have recently been published, have also helped to elucidate the structural diversity of these genomes. Although a large corpus of data are now available on the diversity of yeast species, little is known so far about the mtDNA diversity in single yeast species. To study the genetic variations occurring in the mtDNA of wild yeast isolates, we performed a genome-wide polymorphism survey on the mtDNA of 18 Lachancea kluyveri (formerly Saccharomyces kluyveri) strains. We determined the complete mt genome sequences of strains isolated from various geographical locations (in North America, Asia, and Europe) and ecological niches (Drosophila, tree exudates, soil). The mt genome of the NCYC 543 reference strain is 51,525 bp long. It contains the same core of genes as Lachancea thermotolerans, the nearest relative to L. kluyveri. To explore the mt genome variations in a single yeast species, we compared the mtDNAs of the 18 isolates. The phylogeny and population structure of L. kluyveri provide clear-cut evidence for the existence of well-defined geographically isolated lineages. Although these genomes are completely syntenic, their size and the intron content were found to vary among the isolates studied. These genomes are highly polymorphic, showing an average diversity of 28.5 SNPs/kb and 6.6 indels/kb. Analysis of the SNP and indel patterns showed the existence of a particularly high overall level of polymorphism in the intergenic regions. The dN/dS ratios obtained are consistent with purifying selection in all these genes, with the noteworthy exception of the VAR1 gene, which gave a very high ratio. These data suggest that the intergenic regions have evolved very fast in yeast mitochondrial genomes.
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Gaillardin C, Neuvéglise C, Kerscher S, Nicaud JM. Mitochondrial genomes of yeasts of the Yarrowia clade. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:317-31. [PMID: 22188421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida alimentaria, Candida deformans, Candida galli, and Candida phangngensis have been recently reported to be the close relatives of Yarrowia lipolytica. To explore this clade of yeasts, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of these four species and compared it with the mtDNA of Y. lipolytica. The five mtDNAs exhibit a similar architecture and a high level of similarity of protein coding sequences. Genome sizes are variable, ranging from 28 017 bp in C. phangngensis to 48 508 bp in C. galli, mainly because of the variations in intron size and number. All introns are of group I, except for a group II intron inserted in the cob gene of a single species, C. galli. Putative endonuclease coding sequences were present in most group I introns, but also twice as free-standing ORFs in C. galli. Phylogenetic relationships of the five species were explored using protein alignments. No close relative of the Yarrowia clade could be identified, but protein and rRNA gene orders were partially conserved in the mtDNA of Candida salmanticensis.
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Eldarov MA, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, Dzhavakhiya VV, Ravin NV, Skryabin KG. Complete mitochondrial genome of compactin-producing fungus Penicillium solitum and comparative analysis of Trichocomaceae mitochondrial genomes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 329:9-17. [PMID: 22239643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the compactin-producing fungus Penicillium solitum strain 20-01. The 28 601-base pair circular-mapping DNA molecule encodes a characteristic set of mitochondrial proteins and RNA genes and is intron-free. All 46 protein- and RNA-encoding genes are located on one strand and apparently transcribed in one direction. Comparative analysis of this mtDNA and previously sequenced but unannotated mitochondrial genomes of several medically and industrially important species of the Aspergillus/Penicillium group revealed their extensive similarity in terms of size, gene content and sequence, which is also reflected in the almost perfect conservation of mitochondrial gene order in Penicillium and Aspergillus. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences confirmed the monophyletic origin of Eurotiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Eldarov
- Centre 'Bioengineering,' Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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