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Gómez-Martínez DG, Ramos F, Ramos M, Robles F. A bioinspired model for the generation of a motivational state from energy homeostasis. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dhurandhar NV, Petersen KS, Webster C. Key Causes and Contributors of Obesity: A Perspective. Nurs Clin North Am 2021; 56:449-464. [PMID: 34749887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a disease with several potential causes and contributors. This article provides a focused overview of key known causes of obesity and factors that contribute to obesity. Obesity ultimately results from impaired energy storage mechanisms, such as dysregulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, fat storage, and metabolic rate. In addition, myriad contributors promote its expression, including dietary factors, sleep quality and duration, psychological health and well-being, and tobacco cessation, among others. This article concludes with a discussion of the clinical relevance of causes and contributors in obesity prevention and treatment, which is paramount to providing effective, individualized clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Avenue, P.O. Box 41270, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Avenue, P.O. Box 41270, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Chelsi Webster
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Avenue, P.O. Box 41270, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Cao J, Wang X, Powley TL, Liu Z. Gastric neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius are selective to the orientation of gastric electrical stimulation. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/ac2ec6. [PMID: 34634781 PMCID: PMC8625070 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac2ec6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a bioelectric intervention for gastroparesis, obesity, and other functional gastrointestinal disorders. In a potential mechanism of action, GES activates the nerve endings of vagal afferent neurons and induces the vago-vagal reflex through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brainstem. However, it is unclear where and how to stimulate in order to optimize the vagal afferent responses.Approach.To address this question with electrophysiology in rats, we applied mild electrical currents to two serosal targets on the distal forestomach with dense distributions of vagal intramuscular arrays (IMAs) that innervated the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers. During stimulation, we recorded single and multi-unit responses from gastric neurons in NTS and evaluated how the recorded responses depended on the stimulus orientation and amplitude.Main results.We found that NTS responses were highly selective to the stimulus orientation for a range of stimulus amplitudes. The strongest responses were observed when the applied current flowed in the same direction as the IMAs in parallel with the underlying smooth muscle fibers. Our results suggest that gastric neurons in NTS may encode the orientation-specific activity of gastric smooth muscles relayed by vagal afferent neurons.Significance.This finding suggests that the orientation of GES is critical to effective engagement of vagal afferents and should be considered in light of the structural phenotypes of vagal terminals in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
| | - Terry L. Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette
| | - Zhongming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
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Leicht CA, James LJ, Briscoe JHB, Hoekstra SP. Hot water immersion acutely increases postprandial glucose concentrations. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14223. [PMID: 31642205 PMCID: PMC6805849 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hot water immersion (HWI) confers health benefits, including a reduction in fasting blood glucose concentration. Here we investigate acute glycemic control immediately after HWI. Ten participants (age: 25 ± 6 years, body mass: 84 ± 14 kg, height 1.85 ± 0.09 m) were immersed in water (39°C) to the neck (HWI) or sat at room temperature (CON) for 60 min. One hour afterward they underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with blood collected before and after HWI/CON and during the 2 h OGTT. Glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the OGTT was higher for HWI (HWI 233 ± 88, CON 156 ± 79 mmol·L-1 ·2 h, P = 0.02). Insulin iAUC did not differ between conditions (HWI 4309 ± 3660, CON 3893 ± 3031 mU·L-1 ·2 h, P = 0.32). Core temperature increased to 38.6 ± 0.2°C during HWI, but was similar between trials during the OGTT (HWI 37.0 ± 0.2, CON 36.9 ± 0.4°C, P = 0.34). Directly following HWI, plasma average adrenaline and growth hormone concentrations increased 2.7 and 10.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.001). Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and acylated ghrelin concentrations were not different between trials during the OGTT (P > 0.11). In conclusion, HWI increased postprandial glucose concentration to an OGTT, which was accompanied by acute elevations of stress hormones following HWI. The altered glycemic control appears to be unrelated to changes in gut hormones during the OGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jane H B Briscoe
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sven P Hoekstra
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Computational Models for the Mechanical Investigation of Stomach Tissues and Structure. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1237-1249. [PMID: 30783831 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is performed on obese people aiming at reducing the capacity of the stomach and/or the absorbing capability of the gastrointestinal tract. A more reliable and effective approach to bariatric surgery may integrate different expertise, in the areas of surgery, physiology and biomechanics, availing of a strong cooperation between clinicians and engineers. This work aimed at developing a computational model of the stomach, as a computational tool for the physio-mechanical investigation of stomach functionality and the planning of bariatric procedures. In this sense, coupled experimental and numerical activities were developed. Experimental investigations on pig and piglet stomachs aimed at providing information about stomach geometrical configuration and structural behavior. The computational model was defined starting from the analysis of data from histo-morphometric investigations and mechanical tests. A fiber-reinforced visco-hyperelastic constitutive model was developed to interpret the mechanical response of stomach tissues; constitutive parameters were identified considering mechanical tests at both tissue and structure levels. Computational analyses were performed to investigate the pressure-volume behavior of the stomach. The developed model satisfactorily interpreted results from experimental activities, suggesting its reliability. Furthermore, the model was exploited to investigate stress and strain fields within gastric tissues, as the stimuli for mechanoreceptors that interact with the central nervous system leading to the feeling of satiety. In this respect, the developed computational model may be employed to evaluate the influence of bariatric intervention on the stimulation of mechanoreceptors, and the following meal induced satiety.
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Brownlee IA, Gill S, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP, Chater PI. Starch digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain A. Brownlee
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle Research and Innovation InstituteNewcastle UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Saloni Gill
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle Research and Innovation InstituteNewcastle UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Matt D. Wilcox
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeff P. Pearson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter I. Chater
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneUnited Kingdom
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Study of intragastric structuring ability of sodium alginate based o/w emulsions under in vitro physiological pre-absorptive digestion conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 140:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Baur DA, Schroer AB, Luden ND, Womack CJ, Smyth SA, Saunders MJ. Glucose-fructose enhances performance versus isocaloric, but not moderate, glucose. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1778-86. [PMID: 25134001 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of glucose-and-fructose (GF) coingestion on cycling time trial (TT) performance and physiological responses to exercise were examined under postprandial conditions. METHODS Eight trained male cyclists (age, 25 ± 6 yr; height, 180 ± 4 cm; weight, 77 ± 9 kg; V˙O2max, 62 ± 6 mL·kg·min) completed the study. Subjects ingested either an artificially sweetened placebo (PL), a moderate-glucose beverage (MG, 1.03 g·min), a high-glucose beverage (HG, 1.55 g·min), or a GF beverage (1.55 g·min, 2:1 ratio) during approximately 3 h of exercise, including 2 h of constant-load cycling (55% Wmax, 195 ± 17 W), immediately followed by a computer-simulated 30-km TT. Physiological responses (V˙E, V˙O2, RER, HR, blood glucose level, blood lactate level, and RPE) and incidences of gastrointestinal distress were assessed during early (15-20 min), middle (55-60 min), and late exercise (115-120 min) and during the TT. Magnitude-based qualitative inferences were used to evaluate differences between treatments. RESULTS In comparison with that in PL (52.9 ± 3.7 min), TT performances were faster with GF (50.4 ± 2.2 min, "very likely" benefit), MG (51.1 ± 2.4 min, "likely" benefit), and HG (52.0 ± 3.7 min, "possible" benefit). GF resulted in a "likely" improvement versus HG (3.0%) and an "unclear" effect relative to MG (1.2%). MG was "possibly" beneficial versus HG (1.8%). Few incidences of GI distress were reported in any trials. CONCLUSIONS GF ingestion seems to enhance performance, relative to PL and HG. However, it is unclear whether GF improves performance versus moderate doses of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Baur
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA
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Powley TL, Hudson CN, McAdams JL, Baronowsky EA, Phillips RJ. Vagal Intramuscular Arrays: The Specialized Mechanoreceptor Arbors That Innervate the Smooth Muscle Layers of the Stomach Examined in the Rat. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:713-37. [PMID: 26355387 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental roles that the stomach plays in ingestion and digestion notwithstanding, little morphological information is available on vagal intramuscular arrays (IMAs), the afferents that innervate gastric smooth muscle. To characterize IMAs better, rats were given injections of dextran biotin in the nodose ganglia, and, after tracer transport, stomach whole mounts were collected. Specimens were processed for avidin-biotin permanent labeling, and subsets of the whole mounts were immunohistochemically processed for c-Kit or stained with cuprolinic blue. IMAs (n = 184) were digitized for morphometry and mapping. Throughout the gastric muscle wall, IMAs possessed common phenotypic features. Each IMA was generated by a parent neurite arborizing extensively, forming an array of multiple (mean = 212) branches averaging 193 µm in length. These branches paralleled, and coursed in apposition with, bundles of muscle fibers and interstitial cells of Cajal. Individual arrays averaged 4.3 mm in length and innervated volumes of muscle sheet, presumptive receptive fields, averaging 0.1 mm(3) . Evaluated by region and by muscle sheet, IMAs displayed architectural adaptations to the different loci. A subset (32%) of circular muscle IMAs issued specialized polymorphic collaterals to myenteric ganglia, and a subset (41%) of antral longitudinal muscle IMAs formed specialized net endings associated with the serosal boundary. IMAs were concentrated in regional patterns that correlated with the unique biomechanical adaptations of the stomach, specifically proximal stomach reservoir functions and antral emptying operations. Overall, the structural adaptations and distributions of the IMAs were consonant with the hypothesized stretch receptor roles of the afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2081
| | - Cherie N Hudson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2081
| | - Jennifer L McAdams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2081
| | - Elizabeth A Baronowsky
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2081
| | - Robert J Phillips
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2081
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Verschueren S, Janssen P, Van Oudenhove L, Hultin L, Tack J. Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on gastric accommodation and gastric emptying in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G122-8. [PMID: 24742985 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is an anorexigenic hormone released from pancreatic F cells upon food intake. We aimed to determine the effect of PP on gastric accommodation and gastric emptying in conscious Wistar HAN rats to investigate whether effects on motor function could contribute to its anorexigenic effects. Intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured through a chronically implanted gastric fistula during the infusion of a nutrient meal (Nutridrink; 0.5 ml/min). Rats were treated with PP (0, 33 and 100 pmol·kg(-1)·min(-1)) in combination with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 180 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), atropine (3 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), or vehicle. Furthermore, the effect of PP was tested after subdiaphragmal vagotomy of the stomach. Gastric emptying of a noncaloric and a caloric meal after treatment with 100 pmol·kg(-1)·min(-1) PP or vehicle was compared using X-rays. PP significantly increased IGP during nutrient infusion compared with vehicle (P < 0.01). L-NAME and atropine significantly increased IGP during nutrient infusion compared with vehicle treatment (P < 0.005 and 0.01, respectively). The effect of PP on IGP during nutrient infusion was abolished in the presence of L-NAME and in the presence of atropine. In vagotomized rats, PP increased IGP compared with intact controls (P < 0.05). PP significantly delayed gastric emptying of both a noncaloric (P < 0.05) and a caloric (P < 0.005) meal. PP inhibits gastric accommodation and delays gastric emptying, probably through inhibition of nitric oxide release. These results indicate that, besides the well-known centrally mediated effects, PP might decrease food intake through peripheral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Verschueren
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Pieter Janssen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | | | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium; and
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Gastric and intestinal satiation in obese and normal weight healthy people. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:265-71. [PMID: 24582673 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in feelings of satiation. It is known that there is a reciprocal interaction between the stomach and intestine, but it is not known which factors are of gastric origin and which are intestinal. This three-step study therefore sought to provide illumination on satiation parameters with respect to body mass. METHOD In the first part, the time needed to reach maximal satiation and total caloric intake was calculated after participants (20 normal weight, 20 obese) imbibed a standardized nutrient drink. In the second part gastric emptying of solids and liquids was evaluated using the (13)C-breath test (participants: 16 normal weight, 9 obese for gastric emptying of solids; 15 normal weight, 14 obese for gastric emptying of liquids). And in the third part, fasting and post-prandial plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and ghrelin levels were measured after a standardized nutrient drink (participants: 20 normal weight, 20 obese). RESULTS Our results show that, when compared to those of normal weight, obese participants reached maximal satiation sooner (P=0.006), their total intake of calories was higher (P=0.013), and their gastric emptying rates were delayed (P<0.001). Furthermore, their post-prandial increase in plasma GLP-1 and PYY was reduced, (P<0.001 for both), as was their ghrelin suppression (P=0.001). DISCUSSION We conclude that, in obese subjects gastric emptying can be impaired with delayed interaction of nutrients with the intestine resulting in decreased GLP-1 and PYY secretion. This could imply that obese participants would require more calories before their maximal satiation is reached and they stop eating.
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Nikiforova AS. Stress-induced gastrointestinal motility is responsible for epileptic susceptibility. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:442-51. [PMID: 24566236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to explain observations linking epileptic EEG patterns (3 Hz spike wave complexes and β-γ activity of 25-40 Hz) and the involuntary slow wave of the gut (3 c/min) and colonic contractile electrical complexes (25-40 c/min), the physiological and pathological electrographic patterns recorded from different anatomical structures were compared. The similarities in shape and pattern provided the basis to hypothesise that these waves exist as a continuum associated with different cell types and that stress induces high-force involuntary tonic contractions and resistance to the segmental rhythmic contractions of the gut's circular muscles. As a consequence, electrographic patterns with a waveform of 3 c/min and 25-40 c/min are organised in the periphery and transmitted to the central nervous system via visceral afferents with the same shape. The electrical interactions between the adjacent neurons of the enteric network, as well as between the interconnected gut/brain neuronal circuits, facilitate synchronisation of neuronal activity by the frequencies of the stress-induced patterns. In this way, the peripherally organised electrographic patterns actively participate in creating epileptic susceptibility with expressed gut symptoms.
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Abstract
Visceral sensory neurons activate reflex pathways that control gut function and also give rise to important sensations, such as fullness, bloating, nausea, discomfort, urgency and pain. Sensory neurons are organised into three distinct anatomical pathways to the central nervous system (vagal, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral). Although remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the roles of many ion channels, receptors and second messengers in visceral sensory neurons, the basic aim of understanding how many classes there are, and how they differ, has proven difficult to achieve. We suggest that just five structurally distinct types of sensory endings are present in the gut wall that account for essentially all of the primary afferent neurons in the three pathways. Each of these five major structural types of endings seems to show distinctive combinations of physiological responses. These types are: 'intraganglionic laminar' endings in myenteric ganglia; 'mucosal' endings located in the subepithelial layer; 'muscular-mucosal' afferents, with mechanosensitive endings close to the muscularis mucosae; 'intramuscular' endings, with endings within the smooth muscle layers; and 'vascular' afferents, with sensitive endings primarily on blood vessels. 'Silent' afferents might be a subset of inexcitable 'vascular' afferents, which can be switched on by inflammatory mediators. Extrinsic sensory neurons comprise an attractive focus for targeted therapeutic intervention in a range of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Janssen P, Vanden Berghe P, Verschueren S, Lehmann A, Depoortere I, Tack J. Review article: the role of gastric motility in the control of food intake. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:880-94. [PMID: 21342212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a classical point of view, gastric motility acts to clear the stomach between meals, whereas postprandial motility acts to provide a reservoir for food, mixing and grinding the food and to assure a controlled flow of food to the intestines. AIM To summarise findings that support the role of gastric motility as a central mediator of hunger, satiation and satiety. METHODS A literature review using the search terms 'satiety', 'satiation' and 'food intake' was combined with specific terms corresponding to the sequence of events during and after food intake. RESULTS During food intake, when gastric emptying of especially solids is limited, gastric distension and gastric accommodation play an important function in the regulation of satiation. After food intake, when the stomach gradually empties, the role of gastric distension in the determination of appetite decreases and the focus will shift to gastric emptying and intestinal exposure of the nutrients. Finally, we have discussed the role of the empty stomach and the migrating motor complex in the regulation of hunger signals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that gastric motility is a key mediator of hunger, satiation and satiety. More specifically, gastric accommodation and gastric emptying play important roles in the regulation of gastric (dis)tension and intestinal exposure of nutrients and hence control satiation and satiety. Correlations between gastric accommodation, gastric emptying and body weight indicate that gastric motility can also play a role in the long-term regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Janssen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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O'Brien WJ, Rowlands DS. Fructose-maltodextrin ratio in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution differentially affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rate, gut comfort, and performance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G181-9. [PMID: 21071509 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Solutions containing multiple carbohydrates utilizing different intestinal transporters (glucose and fructose) show enhanced absorption, oxidation, and performance compared with single-carbohydrate solutions, but the impact of the ratio of these carbohydrates on outcomes is unknown. In a randomized double-blind crossover, 10 cyclists rode 150 min at 50% peak power, then performed an incremental test to exhaustion, while ingesting artificially sweetened water or one of three carbohydrate-salt solutions comprising fructose and maltodextrin in the respective following concentrations: 4.5 and 9% (0.5-Ratio), 6 and 7.5% (0.8-Ratio), and 7.5 and 6% (1.25-Ratio). The carbohydrates were ingested at 1.8 g/min and naturally (13)C-enriched to permit evaluation of oxidation rate by mass spectrometry and indirect calorimetry. Mean exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were 1.04, 1.14, and 1.05 g/min (coefficient of variation 20%) in 0.5-, 0.8-, and 1.25-Ratios, respectively, representing likely small increases in 0.8-Ratio of 11% (90% confidence limits; ± 4%) and 10% (± 4%) relative to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratios, respectively. Comparisons of fat and total and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates between solutions were unclear. Relative to 0.5-Ratio, there were moderate improvements to peak power with 0.8- (3.6%; 99% confidence limits ± 3.5%) and 1.25-Ratio (3.0%; ± 3.7%) but unclear with water (0.4%; ± 4.4%). Increases in stomach fullness, abdominal cramping, and nausea were lowest with the 0.8- followed by the 1.25-Ratio solution. At high carbohydrate-ingestion rate, greater benefits to endurance performance may result from ingestion of 0.8- to 1.25-Ratio fructose-maltodextrin solutions. Small perceptible improvements in gut comfort favor the 0.8-Ratio and provide a clearer suggestion of mechanism than the relationship with exogenous carbohydrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J O'Brien
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Seth H, Axelsson M, Farrell AP. The circulation and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)03009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Braiteh F, Row MB. Feeling bloated. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25:207-8. [PMID: 17276816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Braiteh
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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