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Podlogar T, Shad BJ, Seabright AP, Odell OJ, Lord SO, Civil R, Salgueiro RB, Shepherd EL, Lalor PF, Elhassan YS, Lai YC, Rowlands DS, Wallis GA. Postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis with glucose, galactose, and combined galactose-glucose ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E672-E681. [PMID: 37850935 PMCID: PMC10864004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ingested galactose can enhance postexercise liver glycogen repletion when combined with glucose but effects on muscle glycogen synthesis are unknown. In this double-blind randomized study participants [7 men and 2 women; V̇o2max: 51.1 (8.7) mL·kg-1·min-1] completed three trials of exhaustive cycling exercise followed by a 4-h recovery period, during which carbohydrates were ingested at the rate of 1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 comprising glucose (GLU), galactose (GAL) or galactose + glucose (GAL + GLU; 1:2 ratio). The increase in vastus lateralis skeletal-muscle glycogen concentration during recovery was higher with GLU relative to GAL + GLU [contrast: +50 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 10, 89; P = 0.021] and GAL [+46 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 8, 84; P = 0.024] with no difference between GAL + GLU and GAL [-3 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL -44, 37; P = 0.843]. Plasma glucose concentration in GLU was not significantly different vs. GAL + GLU (+ 0.41 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 0.13, 0.94) but was significantly lower than GAL (-0.75 mmol·L-1; 95%CL -1.34, -0.17) and also lower in GAL vs. GAL + GLU (-1.16 mmol·-1; 95%CL -1.80, -0.53). Plasma insulin was higher in GLU + GAL and GLU compared with GAL but not different between GLU + GAL and GLU. Plasma galactose concentration was higher in GAL compared with GLU (3.35 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 3.07, 3.63) and GAL + GLU (3.22 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 3.54, 2.90) with no difference between GLU + GAL (0.13 mmol·L-1; 95%CL -0.11, 0.37) and GLU. Compared with galactose or a galactose + glucose blend, glucose feeding was more effective in postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Comparable muscle glycogen synthesis was observed with galactose-glucose coingestion and exclusive galactose-only ingestion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Postexercise galactose-glucose coingestion or exclusive galactose-only ingestion resulted in a lower rate of skeletal-muscle glycogen replenishment compared with exclusive glucose-only ingestion. Comparable muscle glycogen synthesis was observed with galactose-glucose coingestion and exclusive galactose-only ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Podlogar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Odell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel O Lord
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Civil
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael B Salgueiro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Peeters WM, Gram M, Dias GJ, Vissers MCM, Hampton MB, Dickerhof N, Bekhit AE, Black MJ, Oxbøll J, Bayer S, Dickens M, Vitzel K, Sheard PW, Danielson KM, Hodges LD, Brønd JC, Bond J, Perry BG, Stoner L, Cornwall J, Rowlands DS. Changes to insulin sensitivity in glucose clearance systems and redox following dietary supplementation with a novel cysteine-rich protein: A pilot randomized controlled trial in humans with type-2 diabetes. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102918. [PMID: 37812879 PMCID: PMC10570009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a novel keratin-derived protein (KDP) rich in cysteine, glycine, and arginine, with the potential to alter tissue redox status and insulin sensitivity. The KDP was tested in 35 human adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a 14-wk randomised controlled pilot trial comprising three 2×20 g supplemental protein/day arms: KDP-whey (KDPWHE), whey (WHEY), non-protein isocaloric control (CON), with standardised exercise. Outcomes were measured morning fasted and following insulin-stimulation (80 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinaemic-isoglycaemic clamp). With KDPWHE supplementation there was good and very-good evidence for moderate-sized increases in insulin-stimulated glucose clearance rate (GCR; 26%; 90% confidence limits, CL 2%, 49%) and skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (46%; 16%, 83%), respectively, and good evidence for increased insulin-stimulated sarcoplasmic GLUT4 translocation (18%; 0%, 39%) vs CON. In contrast, WHEY did not effect GCR (-2%; -25%, 21%) and attenuated HbA1c lowering (14%; 5%, 24%) vs CON. KDPWHE effects on basal glutathione in erythrocytes and skeletal muscle were unclear, but in muscle there was very-good evidence for large increases in oxidised peroxiredoxin isoform 2 (oxiPRX2) (19%; 2.2%, 35%) and good evidence for lower GPx1 concentrations (-40%; -4.3%, -63%) vs CON; insulin stimulation, however, attenuated the basal oxiPRX2 response (4%; -16%, 24%), and increased GPx1 (39%; -5%, 101%) and SOD1 (26%; -3%, 60%) protein expression. Effects of KDPWHE on oxiPRX3 and NRF2 content, phosphorylation of capillary eNOS and insulin-signalling proteins upstream of GLUT4 translocation AktSer437 and AS160Thr642 were inconclusive, but there was good evidence for increased IRSSer312 (41%; 3%, 95%), insulin-stimulated NFκB-DNA binding (46%; 3.4%, 105%), and basal PAK-1Thr423/2Thr402 phosphorylation (143%; 66%, 257%) vs WHEY. Our findings provide good evidence to suggest that dietary supplementation with a novel edible keratin protein in humans with T2DM may increase glucose clearance and modify skeletal-muscle tissue redox and insulin sensitivity within systems involving peroxiredoxins, antioxidant expression, and glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Peeters
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Science, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - M Gram
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G J Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M C M Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A E Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M J Black
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Oxbøll
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Bayer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Dickens
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K M Danielson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - L D Hodges
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J C Brønd
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Bond
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B G Perry
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D S Rowlands
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Masson SWC, Dissanayake WC, Broome SC, Hedges CP, Peeters WM, Gram M, Rowlands DS, Shepherd PR, Merry TL. A role for β-catenin in diet-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15536. [PMID: 36807886 PMCID: PMC9937784 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A central characteristic of insulin resistance is the impaired ability for insulin to stimulate glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. While insulin resistance can occur distal to the canonical insulin receptor-PI3k-Akt signaling pathway, the signaling intermediates involved in the dysfunction are yet to be fully elucidated. β-catenin is an emerging distal regulator of skeletal muscle and adipocyte insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking. Here, we investigate its role in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Short-term (5-week) high-fat diet (HFD) decreased skeletal muscle β-catenin protein expression 27% (p = 0.03), and perturbed insulin-stimulated β-cateninS552 phosphorylation 21% (p = 0.009) without affecting insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation relative to chow-fed controls. Under chow conditions, mice with muscle-specific β-catenin deletion had impaired insulin responsiveness, whereas under HFD, both mice exhibited similar levels of insulin resistance (interaction effect of genotype × diet p < 0.05). Treatment of L6-GLUT4-myc myocytes with palmitate lower β-catenin protein expression by 75% (p = 0.02), and attenuated insulin-stimulated β-catenin phosphorylationS552 and actin remodeling (interaction effect of insulin × palmitate p < 0.05). Finally, β-cateninS552 phosphorylation was 45% lower in muscle biopsies from men with type 2 diabetes while total β-catenin expression was unchanged. These findings suggest that β-catenin dysfunction is associated with the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart W. C. Masson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Waruni C. Dissanayake
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sophie C. Broome
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Christopher P. Hedges
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Wouter M. Peeters
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand,Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Martin Gram
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Peter R. Shepherd
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Troy L. Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Odell OJ, Impey SG, Shad BJ, Podlogar T, Salgueiro RB, Rowlands DS, Wallis GA. Oxidation of independent and combined ingested galactose and glucose, during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1166-1174. [PMID: 36201325 PMCID: PMC9639767 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00105.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coingestion of glucose and galactose has been shown to enhance splanchnic extraction and metabolism of ingested galactose at rest; effects during exercise are unknown. This study examined whether combined ingestion of galactose and glucose during exercise enhances exogenous galactose oxidation. Fourteen endurance-trained male and female participants [age, 27 (5) yr; V̇o2peak, 58.1 (7.0) mL·kg−1·min−1] performed cycle ergometry for 150 min at 50% peak power on four occasions, in a randomized counterbalanced manner. During exercise, they ingested beverages providing carbohydrates at rates of 0.4 g.min−1 galactose (GAL), 0.8 g.min−1 glucose (GLU), and on two occasions 0.8 g.min−1 total galactose-glucose (GAL + GLU; 1:1 ratio). Single-monosaccharide 13C-labeling (*) was used to calculate independent (GAL, GLU, GAL* + GLU, and GAL + GLU*) and combined (GAL* + GLU*, COMBINE) exogenous-monosaccharide oxidation between exercise. Plasma galactose concentrations with GAL + GLU [0.4 mmol.L; 95% confidence limits (CL): 0.1, 0.6] were lower (contrast: 0.5 mmol.L; 95% CL: 0.2, 0.8; P < 0.0001) than when GAL alone (0.9 mmol.L; 95% CL: 0.7, 1.2) was ingested. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation with GAL alone (0.31 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.28, 0.35) was marginally reduced (contrast: 0.05 g·min−1; 95% CL: −0.09, 0.00007; P = 0.01) when combined with glucose (GAL* + GLU 0.27 g·min−1; 0.24, 0.30). Total combined exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation (COMBINE: 0.57 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.49, 0.64) was similar (contrast: 0.02 g·min−1; 95% CL: −0.05, 0.09; P = 0.63) when compared with isoenergetic GLU (0.55 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.52, 0.58). In conclusion, coingestion of glucose and galactose did not enhance exogenous galactose oxidation during exercise. When combined, isoenergetic galactose-glucose ingestion elicited similar exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation to glucose suggesting galactose-glucose blends are a valid alternative for glucose as an exogenous-carbohydrate source during exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucose and galactose coingestion blunted the galactosemia seen with galactose-only ingestion during exercise. Glucose and galactose coingestion did not enhance the oxidation of ingested galactose during exercise. Combined galactose-glucose (1:1 ratio) ingestion was oxidized to a similar extent as isoenergetic glucose-only ingestion during exercise. Galactose-glucose blends are a viable exogenous carbohydrate energy source for ingestion during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Odell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel G Impey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Podlogar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael B Salgueiro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Dias GJ, Haththotuwa TN, Rowlands DS, Gram M, Bekhit AEDA. Wool keratin – A novel dietary protein source: Nutritional value and toxicological assessment. Food Chem 2022; 383:132436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wang J, Guan H, Hostrup M, Rowlands DS, González-Alonso J, Jensen J. The Road to the Beijing Winter Olympics and Beyond: Opinions and Perspectives on Physiology and Innovation in Winter Sport. J of SCI IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2021; 3:321-331. [PMID: 36304069 PMCID: PMC8475427 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beijing will host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and China strengthens research on various aspects to allow their athletes to compete successfully in winter sport. Simultaneously, Government-directed initiatives aim to increase public participation in recreational winter sport. These parallel developments allow research to advance knowledge and understanding of the physiological determinants of performance and health related to winter sport. Winter sport athletes often conduct a substantial amount of training with high volumes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity and lower volumes of high-intensity work. Moreover, much of the training occur at low ambient temperatures and winter sport athletes have high risk of developing asthma or asthma-related conditions, such as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The high training volumes require optimal nutrition with increased energy and dietary protein requirement to stimulate muscle protein synthesis response in the post-exercise period. Whether higher protein intake is required in the cold should be investigated. Cross-country skiing is performed mostly in Northern hemisphere with a strong cultural heritage and sporting tradition. It is expected that innovative initiatives on recruitment and training during the next few years will target to enhance performance of Chinese athletes in classical endurance-based winter sport. The innovation potential coupled with resourcing and population may be substantial with the potential for China to become a significant winter sport nation. This paper discusses the physiological aspects of endurance training and performance in winter sport highlighting areas where innovation may advance in athletic performance in cold environments. In addition, to ensure sustainable development of snow sport, a quality ski patrol and rescue system is recommended for the safety of increasing mass participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Department of Health Promotion and Physical Education, School of Health Sciences and Human Performance, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O.Box 4012, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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Gaffney K, Lucero A, Macartney-Coxson D, Clapham J, Whitfield P, Palmer BR, Wakefield S, Faulkner J, Stoner L, Rowlands DS. Effects of whey protein on skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity following 10 weeks of exercise training in men with type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:915-924. [PMID: 33591858 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction and mitochondrial rarefaction feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) linked to low tissue glucose disposal rate (GDR). Exercise training and milk protein supplementation independently promote microvascular and metabolic plasticity in muscle associated with improved nutrient delivery, but combined effects are unknown. In a randomised-controlled trial, 24 men (55.6 y, SD 5.7) with T2DM ingested whey protein drinks (protein/carbohydrate/fat: 20/10/3 g; WHEY) or placebo (carbohydrate/fat: 30/3 g; CON) before/after 45 mixed-mode intense exercise sessions over 10 weeks, to study effects on insulin-stimulated (hyperinsulinemic clamp) skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (mBF) and perfusion (near-infrared spectroscopy), and histological, genetic, and biochemical markers (biopsy) of microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity. WHEY enhanced insulin-stimulated perfusion (WHEY-CON 5.6%; 90% CI -0.1, 11.3), while mBF was not altered (3.5%; -17.5, 24.5); perfusion, but not mBF, associated (regression) with increased GDR. Exercise training increased mitochondrial (range of means: 40%-90%) and lipid density (20%-30%), enzyme activity (20%-70%), capillary:fibre ratio (∼25%), and lowered systolic (∼4%) and diastolic (4%-5%) blood pressure, but without WHEY effects. WHEY dampened PGC1α -2.9% (90% compatibility interval: -5.7, -0.2) and NOS3 -6.4% (-1.4, -0.2) expression, but other messenger RNA (mRNA) were unclear. Skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial exercise adaptations were not accentuated by whey protein ingestion in men with T2DM. ANZCTR Registration Number: ACTRN12614001197628. Novelty: Chronic whey ingestion in T2DM with exercise altered expression of several mitochondrial and angiogenic mRNA. Whey added no additional benefit to muscle microvascular or mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. Insulin-stimulated perfusion increased with whey but was without impact on glucose disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gaffney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam Lucero
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donia Macartney-Coxson
- Human Genomics, Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research Ltd (ESR). Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jane Clapham
- Human Genomics, Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research Ltd (ESR). Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Barry R Palmer
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - StJohn Wakefield
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Faulkner
- School of Sport, Health and Community, University of Winchester, Winchester, England
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
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Voisin S, Harvey NR, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Coffey VG, Doering TM, Thompson JLM, Benedict C, Cedernaes J, Lindholm ME, Craig JM, Rowlands DS, Sharples AP, Horvath S, Eynon N. An epigenetic clock for human skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:887-898. [PMID: 32067420 PMCID: PMC7432573 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is associated with DNA methylation changes in all human tissues, and epigenetic markers can estimate chronological age based on DNA methylation patterns across tissues. However, the construction of the original pan-tissue epigenetic clock did not include skeletal muscle samples and hence exhibited a strong deviation between DNA methylation and chronological age in this tissue. METHODS To address this, we developed a more accurate, muscle-specific epigenetic clock based on the genome-wide DNA methylation data of 682 skeletal muscle samples from 12 independent datasets (18-89 years old, 22% women, 99% Caucasian), all generated with Illumina HumanMethylation (HM) arrays (HM27, HM450, or HMEPIC). We also took advantage of the large number of samples to conduct an epigenome-wide association study of age-associated DNA methylation patterns in skeletal muscle. RESULTS The newly developed clock uses 200 cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides to estimate chronological age in skeletal muscle, 16 of which are in common with the 353 cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides of the pan-tissue clock. The muscle clock outperformed the pan-tissue clock, with a median error of only 4.6 years across datasets (vs. 13.1 years for the pan-tissue clock, P < 0.0001) and an average correlation of ρ = 0.62 between actual and predicted age across datasets (vs. ρ = 0.51 for the pan-tissue clock). Lastly, we identified 180 differentially methylated regions with age in skeletal muscle at a false discovery rate < 0.005. However, gene set enrichment analysis did not reveal any enrichment for gene ontologies. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a muscle-specific epigenetic clock that predicts age with better accuracy than the pan-tissue clock. We implemented the muscle clock in an r package called Muscle Epigenetic Age Test available on Bioconductor to estimate epigenetic age in skeletal muscle samples. This clock may prove valuable in assessing the impact of environmental factors, such as exercise and diet, on muscle-specific biological ageing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Christian Benedict
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Malene E Lindholm
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics and Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Chung S, Nelson MD, Hamaoka T, Jacobs RA, Pearson J, Subudhi AW, Jenkins NT, Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Miehm JD, Kent JA, Lucero AA, Rowlands DS, Stoner L, McCully KK, Call J, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Harris RA, Porcelli S, Rasica L, Marzorati M, Quaresima V, Ryan TE, Vernillo G, Millet GP, Malatesta D, Millet GY, Zuo L, Chuang CC. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Principles, insights, and potential pitfalls of the noninvasive determination of muscle oxidative capacity by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 124:249-255. [PMID: 29364790 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee Stoner
- Massey University,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Letizia Rasica
- National Research Council, Italy,University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zuo
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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Black MJ, Lucero AA, Fink PW, Stoner L, Shultz SP, Lark SD, Rowlands DS. The Effects of Uniquely-Processed Titanium on Balance and Walking Performance in Healthy Older Adults. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:jfb9020039. [PMID: 29890664 PMCID: PMC6023395 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased risk of falls associated with advancing age has increased demand for methods to improve balance and mobility. The primary purpose of the study was to determine whether wearing Aqua Titan-treated stockings could improve balance and walking performance in an older population; secondary was to elucidate the mechanisms. In a randomized, double-blind crossover, 16 healthy older adults (age, 67.9 ± 4.2 years; BMI, 24.8 ± 3.1 kg/m2) performed two 4-day trials composed of baseline measures and fatiguing exercise on Day 1, with recovery measures at 14, 38 and 62 h post-exercise, wearing Aqua Titan and control stockings. Balance, walking performance, triceps surae stretch reflex, ankle range of motion and gastrocnemius muscle microvascular perfusion, blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured at baseline and during recovery. Aqua Titan had no effect on the microvascular parameters, but increased total ankle range of motion at 38 h (2.4°; 95% CI ± 1.8°) and 62 h (2.7°; ±1.7°), contributed to by increases in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. There was decreasing persistence in the medial-lateral center of pressure movement at 38 h (q = 0, −0.0635 ± 0.0455), compared to control stockings. Aqua Titan garments hold potential for improving balance and mobility in older adults in the days following a bout of fatiguing exercise. The proposed mechanisms associated with enhanced sensory feedback require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Black
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Adam A Lucero
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Philip W Fink
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Sarah P Shultz
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Sally D Lark
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
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11
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Rowlands DS, Houltham S. Multiple-transportable Carbohydrate Has Minimal Impact On Long-distance Triathlon Race Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517351.29614.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The ingestion of multiple (2:1 glucose-fructose) transportable carbohydrate in beverages at high rates (>78 g·h) during endurance exercise enhances exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fluid absorption, gut comfort, and performance relative to glucose alone. However, during long-distance endurance competition, athletes prefer a solid-gel-drink format, and the effect size of multiple-transportable carbohydrate is unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of multiple-transportable carbohydrate on triathlon competition performance when ingested within bars, gels, and drinks. METHODS A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted within two national-body sanctioned half-ironman triathlon races held 3 wk apart in 74 well-trained male triathletes (18-60 yr; >2 yr competition experience). Carbohydrate comprising glucose/maltodextrin-fructose (2:1 ratio) or standard isocaloric carbohydrate (glucose/maltodextrin only) was ingested before (94 g) and during the cycle (2.5 g·km) and run (7.8 g·km) sections, averaging 78.6 ± 6.6 g·h, partitioned to bars (25%), gels (35%), and drink (40%). Postrace, 0- to 10-unit Likert-type scales were completed to assess gut comfort and energy. RESULTS The trial returned low dropout rate (9%), high compliance, and sensitivity (typical error 2.2%). The effect of multiple-transportable carbohydrate on performance time was -0.53% (95% confidence interval = -1.30% to 0.24%; small benefit threshold = -0.54%), with likelihood-based risk analysis supporting adoption (benefit-harm ratio = 48.9%:0.3%; odds ratio = 285:1). Covariate adjustments for preexercise body weight and heat stress had negligible impact performance. Multiple-transportable carbohydrate possibly lowered nausea during the swim and bike; otherwise, effects on gut comfort and perceived energy were negligible. CONCLUSIONS Multiple-transportable (2:1 maltodextrin/glucose-fructose) compared with single-transportable carbohydrate ingested in differing format provided a small benefit to long-distance triathlon performance, inferred as adoption worthy. Large sample in-competition randomized trials offer ecological validity, high participant throughput, compliance, and sensitivity for evaluation of health and performance interventions in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University Wellington, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
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Oliver JM, Stoner L, Rowlands DS, Caldwell AR, Sanders E, Kreutzer A, Mitchell JB, Purpura M, Jäger R. Novel Form of Curcumin Improves Endothelial Function in Young, Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:1089653. [PMID: 27630772 PMCID: PMC5005531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1089653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a turmeric extract, may protect against cardiovascular diseases by enhancing endothelial function. In this randomized controlled double-blind parallel prospective study, fifty-nine healthy adults were assigned to placebo, 50 mg (50 mg), or 200 mg (200 mg) curcumin, for 8 weeks. The higher curcumin (200 mg) supplementation produced a dose-mediated improvement in endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The outcome was a clinically substantial 3.0% increase (90% CI 0.7 to 5.3%, p = 0.032; benefit : harm odds ratio 546 : 1) with the 200 mg dose, relative to placebo. The 50 mg dose also increased FMD relative to placebo by 1.7% (-0.6 to 4.0%, p = 0.23; 25 : 1), but the outcome was not clinically decisive. In apparently healthy adults, 8 weeks of 200 mg oral curcumin supplementation resulted in a clinically meaningful improvement in endothelial function as measured by FMD. Oral curcumin supplementation may present a simple lifestyle strategy for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This trial was registered at ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN90184217).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, 63 Wallace Street, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, 63 Wallace Street, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Aaron R. Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sanders
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Joel B. Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E. Lafayette Place, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E. Lafayette Place, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
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Rowlands DS, Guillochon M. Solid, Gel, Liquid and Combined Carbohydrate Format Effects on Gut Comfort and Cycling Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485201.20269.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Grigor
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology; Abertay University; Bell Street Dundee DD1 1HG UK
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- Centre of Food research and Innovation; Lincoln University; PO Box 85084 Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Scott C. Hutchings
- UCD Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise; Massey University; 63 Wallace St. Mt. Cook Wellington 6011 New Zealand
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Rowlands DS, Nelson AR, Raymond F, Metairon S, Mansourian R, Clarke J, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM. Protein-leucine ingestion activates a regenerative inflammo-myogenic transcriptome in skeletal muscle following intense endurance exercise. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:21-32. [PMID: 26508702 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00068.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-leucine supplement ingestion following strenuous endurance exercise accentuates skeletal-muscle protein synthesis and adaptive molecular responses, but the underlying transcriptome is uncharacterized. In a randomized single-blind triple-crossover design, 12 trained men completed 100 min of high-intensity cycling then ingested 70/15/180/30 g protein-leucine-carbohydrate-fat (15LEU), 23/5/180/30 g (5LEU), or 0/0/274/30 g (CON) beverages during the first 90 min of a 240 min recovery period. Vastus lateralis muscle samples (30 and 240 min postexercise) underwent transcriptome analysis by microarray followed by bioinformatic analysis. Gene expression was regulated by protein-leucine in a dose-dependent manner affecting the inflammatory response and muscle growth and development. At 30 min, 15LEU and 5LEU vs. CON activated transcriptome networks with gene-set functions involving cell-cycle arrest (Z-score 2.0-2.7, P < 0.01), leukocyte maturation (1.7, P = 0.007), cell viability (2.4, P = 0.005), promyogenic networks encompassing myocyte differentiation and myogenin (MYOD1, MYOG), and a proteinaceous extracellular matrix, adhesion, and development program correlated with plasma lysine, arginine, tyrosine, taurine, glutamic acid, and asparagine concentrations. High protein-leucine dose (15LEU-5LEU) activated an IL-1I-centered proinflammatory network and leukocyte migration, differentiation, and survival functions (2.0-2.6, <0.001). By 240 min, the protein-leucine transcriptome was anti-inflammatory and promyogenic (IL-6, NF- β, SMAD, STAT3 network inhibition), with overrepresented functions including decreased leukocyte migration and connective tissue development (-1.8-2.4, P < 0.01), increased apoptosis of myeloid and muscle cells (2.2-3.0, P < 0.002), and cell metabolism (2.0-2.4, P < 0.01). The analysis suggests protein-leucine ingestion modulates inflammatory-myogenic regenerative processes during skeletal muscle recovery from endurance exercise. Further cellular and translational research is warranted to validate amino acid-mediated myeloid and myocellular mechanisms within skeletal-muscle functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Andre R Nelson
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frederic Raymond
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jim Clarke
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, Canada; and
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17
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Shultz SP, Dahiya R, Leong GM, Rowlands DS, Hills AP, Byrne NM. Muscular strength, aerobic capacity, and adipocytokines in obese youth after resistance training: A pilot study. Australas Med J 2015; 8:113-20. [PMID: 26045721 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2015.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has shown positive training effects on obesity-related inflammation, however, resistance training has shown mixed results concerning adipocytokine levels. AIMS The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effects of resistance training on blood adipocytokine concentrations in obese youth, with specific examination of the relationship between these biomarkers and improved fitness (i.e., aerobic capacity, muscular strength). METHODS Fourteen obese adolescents (16.1 ±1.6 y; BMI: 32.3 ±3.9 kg/m(2)) participated in a 16-week resistance training intervention. Body composition, fasting blood concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), adiponectin, and leptin were measured pre- and post-training. Aerobic capacity was assessed via a maximal discontinuous exercise test. The rate of gain in muscular strength was calculated as the slope of progression in 1-repetition maximum throughout the intervention. RESULTS Resistance training increased lean mass (total, trunk) and decreased per cent body fat (total, trunk). The training also caused moderate clear decreases in IL-6 and TNF-ɑ concentrations. A small increase in adiponectin was also observed before and after intervention. When the group was stratified by changes in aerobic capacity, there were substantially larger decreases in leptin levels for those with improved capacity. Correlation analyses also revealed a negative relationship between log-transformed leptin and aerobic capacity at rest. Improvement in quadriceps strength was positively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-ɑ, while improvement in shoulder adductor strength was positively correlated with IL-6 only. CONCLUSION Resistance training improved adipocytokine markers, which were partially associated with improved physical fitness. Specifically, the relationship between strength improvements and IL-6 and TNF-ɑ suggests an exercise-induced signalling pathway that results in overall adaptive decreases in systemic inflammation in obese youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Shultz
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachana Dahiya
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary M Leong
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Mater Mothers' Hospital & Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Goast, QLD, Australia
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Rowlands DS, Page RA, Sukala WR, Giri M, Ghimbovschi SD, Hayat I, Cheema BS, Lys I, Leikis M, Sheard PW, Wakefield SJ, Breier B, Hathout Y, Brown K, Marathi R, Orkunoglu-Suer FE, Devaney JM, Leiken B, Many G, Krebs J, Hopkins WG, Hoffman EP. Multi-omic integrated networks connect DNA methylation and miRNA with skeletal muscle plasticity to chronic exercise in Type 2 diabetic obesity. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:747-65. [PMID: 25138607 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic regulation of the transcriptome by DNA methylation and posttranscriptional gene silencing by miRNAs are potential environmental modulators of skeletal muscle plasticity to chronic exercise in healthy and diseased populations. We utilized transcriptome networks to connect exercise-induced differential methylation and miRNA with functional skeletal muscle plasticity. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were collected from middle-aged Polynesian men and women with morbid obesity (44 kg/m(2) ± 10) and Type 2 diabetes before and following 16 wk of resistance (n = 9) or endurance training (n = 8). Longitudinal transcriptome, methylome, and microRNA (miRNA) responses were obtained via microarray, filtered by novel effect-size based false discovery rate probe selection preceding bioinformatic interrogation. Metabolic and microvascular transcriptome topology dominated the network landscape following endurance exercise. Lipid and glucose metabolism modules were connected to: microRNA (miR)-29a; promoter region hypomethylation of nuclear receptor factor (NRF1) and fatty acid transporter (SLC27A4), and hypermethylation of fatty acid synthase, and to exon hypomethylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and Ser/Thr protein kinase. Directional change in the endurance networks was validated by lower intramyocellular lipid, increased capillarity, GLUT4, hexokinase, and mitochondrial enzyme activity and proteome. Resistance training also lowered lipid and increased enzyme activity and caused GLUT4 promoter hypomethylation; however, training was inconsequential to GLUT4, capillarity, and metabolic transcriptome. miR-195 connected to negative regulation of vascular development. To conclude, integrated molecular network modelling revealed differential DNA methylation and miRNA expression changes occur in skeletal muscle in response to chronic exercise training that are most pronounced with endurance training and topographically associated with functional metabolic and microvascular plasticity relevant to diabetes rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand;
| | - Rachel A Page
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - William R Sukala
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Mamta Giri
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Svetlana D Ghimbovschi
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Irum Hayat
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Birinder S Cheema
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Isabelle Lys
- Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Murray Leikis
- Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Phillip W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - St John Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Bernhard Breier
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kristy Brown
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ramya Marathi
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Funda E Orkunoglu-Suer
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph M Devaney
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Benjamin Leiken
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gina Many
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jeremy Krebs
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Health Science/Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
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Bell KJ, Fulcher ML, Rowlands DS, Kerse N. Republished research: Impact of autologous blood injections in treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: double blind randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:1334. [PMID: 25114183 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-f2310rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do peritendinous autologous blood injections improve pain and function in people with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy? SUMMARY ANSWER The administration of two unguided peritendinous autologous blood injections one month apart, in addition to a standardised eccentric training programme, provides no additional benefit in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Several studies have suggested that injection of autologous blood can help in the treatment of various tendinopathies. There is a lack of high quality evidence showing relevant benefit for autologous blood injections, particularly in the management of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. We found no additional reduction in pain or improvement in function when these injections were combined with an eccentric calf training programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Bell
- Sydney Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127, Australia
| | - Mark L Fulcher
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ngaire Kerse
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Rowlands DS, Nelson AR, Phillips SM, Faulkner JA, Clarke J, Burd NA, Moore D, Stellingwerff T. Protein-Leucine Fed Dose Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis after Endurance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493466.37730.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rowlands DS, Shultz SP, Ogawa T, Aoi W, Korte M. The effects of uniquely-processed titanium on biological systems: implications for human health and performance. J Funct Biomater 2014; 5:1-14. [PMID: 24956353 PMCID: PMC4030905 DOI: 10.3390/jfb5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium is biocompatible and widely utilized in a variety of applications. Recently, titanium in pico-nanometer scale and soluble form (Aqua Titan) has expanded its use to applied human health and performance. The purpose of this article is to review the current evidence associated with specific physiological responses to Aqua Titan-treated materials. In vitro studies have shown that application of Aqua Titan can modify membrane potential and long-term potentiation in isolated hippocampal neurons, suggesting reduced pain memory as a possible mechanism for reported analgesia. Proximal contact with Aqua Titan-treated titanium increased gene expression, protein synthesis, cell growth and adhesion in normal cultured muscle and bone cells, suggesting application for Aqua Titan in clinical implant procedures and wound healing. Evidence for beneficial effects on neuromuscular control of muscle-tendon function and improvements in running economy in human athletes was seen when Aqua Titan-treated tape was applied to the human triceps surae following fatigue induced by prior strenuous exercise. Finally, behavioral responses and effects on the autonomic nervous system to environmental exposure suggest Aqua Titan may promote a mild relaxant, or stress-suppressive response. Together, data suggest exposure to Aqua Titan-treated materials modulates aspects of growth and function in neuronal and other musculoskeletal cells with possible benefits to musculotendinous recovery from exercise and to the systemic response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, 63 Wallace Street, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah P Shultz
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, 63 Wallace Street, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, B3-088H CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA.
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Hangi-cho 1-5, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
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Hughes JD, Fink PW, Graham DF, Rowlands DS. Effect of microtitanium impregnated tape on the recovery of triceps surae musculotendinous function following strenuous running. Springerplus 2013; 2:653. [PMID: 24349956 PMCID: PMC3863395 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported increased running economy and joint range of motion (ROM) during subsequent exercise performed 48-h following strenuous exercise while wearing garments containing micro-titanium particles generated from high-pressure aqueous processing of titanium (AQUA TITANTM). Here we utilised an isolated plantarflexion triceps surae model and AQUA TITAN-treated flexible tape to determine if dermal application of the micro-titanium could account for meaningful changes in functional properties of the musculotendinous unit. In a randomised double-blind crossover, 20 trained men day 1, baseline measures, AQUA TITAN or placebo tape covering the triceps surae, intermittent high-intensity treadmill running; day 2, rest; day 3, post-stress post-treatment outcome measures. Outcomes comprised: plantarflexion ROM via isokinetic dynamometry; short latency reflex from electromyography; Achilles tendon stiffness from isometric dynamometry, ultrasonography (Achilles-medial-gastrocnemius junction), motion analysis, and force-length modelling. High-intensity exercise with placebo tape reduced tendon stiffness (-16.5%; 95% confidence limits ±8.1%; small effect size), relative to non-taped baseline, but this effect was negligible (-5.9%; ±9.2%) with AQUA TITAN (AQUA TITAN-placebo difference -11.3%; ±11.6%). Change in latency relative to baseline was trivial with placebo (1.6%; ±3.8%) but large with AQUA TITAN (-11.3%; ±3.3%). The effects on ROM with AQUA TITAN (1.6%; ±2.0%) and placebo were trivial (-1.6% ±1.9%), but the small difference (3.1%; ±2.7%) possibly greater with AQUA TITAN. AQUA TITAN tape accelerated the reflex response and attenuated reduced Achilles tendon stiffness following fatiguing exercise. Altered neuromuscular control of tendon stiffness via dermal application of micro-titanium treated materials may facilitate restoration of musculotendinous contractile performance following prior strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hughes
- Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Philip W Fink
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David F Graham
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ; School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
Indirect estimates of the mean daily protein requirement for female endurance athletes are 1.2-1.4 g·kg(-1)·day(-1); however, an empirical estimate using nitrogen balance is absent. A 72-h nitrogen balance was determined during the mid-follicular phase of 10 female cyclists and triathletes training for 10.8 h·week(-1) (SD 2.8) following 2 habituated protein intakes: (i) normal habitual (NH) (protein 85 g·day(-1)), and (ii) isocaloric high-protein (HP) (∼2-fold increase in protein). Total 72-h nitrogen intake was determined from Leco total combustion of ingested food samples. Nitrogen loss was determined from micro-Kjeldahl analysis of 72-h total urinary nitrogen and representative resting and exercise sweat output, plus estimates for fecal and miscellaneous losses. Habituated (steady state) protein requirement was estimated from the mean regression of adapted nitrogen balance vs nitrogen intake. Mean (SD) 24-h dietary protein and energy intake was NH: 1.4 g·kg(-1)·day(-1) (0.2), energy: 9078 kJ·day(-1) (1492), HP: 2.7 g·kg(-1)·day(-1) (0.3) 8909 kJ·day(-1) (1411). Average 24-h urinary nitrogen and sweat urea nitrogen outputs were 13.2 g·day(-1) (2.4) and 0.33 g·day(-1) (0.08) in NH; 21.5 g·day(-1) (3.9) and 0.54 g·day(-1) (0.12) in HP, respectively. Nitrogen balance was negative in NH (-0.59 gN·day(-1) SD 1.64) but positive in HP (2.69 gN·day(-1) SD 3.09). Estimated mean protein requirement was 1.63 g·kg(-1)·day(-1) (95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.8). In conclusion the snapshot of follicular phase dietary protein requirement conformed with previous estimates for men, but was higher than previous nonempirical estimates for endurance-training women; low self-selected energy and carbohydrate intakes may explain the higher than expected nitrogen turnover, and consequently protein requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Douglas Houltham
- School of Sport and Exercise, Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Stoner L, Faulkner J, Lowe A, M Lambrick D, M Young J, Love R, S Rowlands D. Should the augmentation index be normalized to heart rate? J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 21:11-6. [PMID: 24257465 DOI: 10.5551/jat.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse wave analysis(PWA) is widely used to investigate systemic arterial stiffness. The augmentation index(AIx), the primary outcome derived from PWA, is influenced by the mean arterial pressure(MAP), age, gender and heart rate(HR). Gender- and age-specific reference values have been devised, and it is recommended that the MAP be used as a statistical covariate. The AIx is also commonly statistically adjusted to a HR of 75 b·min(-1); however, this approach may be physiologically and statistically inappropriate. First, there appears to be an important physiological chronic interaction between HR and arterial stiffness. Second, the method used to correct to HR assumes that the relationship with AIx is uniform across populations. A more appropriate practice may be to include HR as an independent predictor or covariate; this approach is particularly recommended for longitudinal studies, in which changes in HR may help to explain changes in arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Stoner
- Massey University, School of Sport and Exercise
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Nelson AR, Jackson L, Clarke J, Stellingwerff T, Broadbent S, Rowlands DS. Effect of post-exercise protein-leucine feeding on neutrophil function, immunomodulatory plasma metabolites and cortisol during a 6-day block of intense cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2211-22. [PMID: 23624785 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Whey protein and leucine ingestion following exercise increases muscle protein synthesis and could influence neutrophil function during recovery from prolonged intense exercise. We examined the effects of whey protein and leucine ingestion post-exercise on neutrophil function and immunomodulators during a period of intense cycling. In a randomized double-blind crossover, 12 male cyclists ingested protein/leucine/carbohydrate/fat (LEUPRO 20/7.5/89/22 g h(-1), respectively) or isocaloric carbohydrate/fat control (CON 119/22 g h(-1)) beverages for 1-3 h post-exercise during 6 days of high-intensity training. Blood was taken pre- and post-exercise on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 for phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophil superoxide (O2 (-)) production, immune cell counts, amino acid and lipid metabolism via metabolomics, hormones (cortisol, testosterone) and cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-10). During recovery on day 1, LEUPRO ingestion increased mean concentrations of plasma amino acids (glycine, arginine, glutamine, leucine) and myristic acid metabolites (acylcarnitines C14, myristoylcarnitine; and C14:1-OH, hydroxymyristoleylcarnitine) with neutrophil priming capacity, and reduced neutrophil O2 production (15-17 mmol O2 (-) cell(-1) ± 90 % confidence limits 20 mmol O2 (-) cell(-1)). On day 2, LEUPRO increased pre-exercise plasma volume (6.6 ± 3.8 %) but haematological effects were trivial. LEUPRO supplementation did not substantially alter neutrophil elastase, testosterone, or cytokine concentrations. By day 6, however, LEUPRO reduced pre-exercise cortisol 21 % (±15 %) and acylcarnitine C16 (palmitoylcarnitine) during exercise, and increased post-exercise neutrophil O2 (-) (33 ± 20 mmol O2 (-) cell(-1)), relative to control. Altered plasma amino acid and acylcarnitine concentrations with protein-leucine feeding might partly explain the acute post-exercise reduction in neutrophil function and increased exercise-stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst on day 6, which could impact neutrophil-dependent processes during recovery from intense training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Nelson
- School of Sport and Exercise and the Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand
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26
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Rowlands DS, Graham DF, Fink PW, Wadsworth DP, Hughes JD. Effect of whole-body microtitanium-treated garments on metabolic cost of exercise following strenuous hill running. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:134-8. [PMID: 23601797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect size of wearing sports garments treated with microscopic titanium particles (AQUA TITAN) during recovery from strenuous running on the restoration of running economy during subsequent exercise. DESIGN A double-blind crossover was used to determine the effect of AQUA TITAN on running metabolic cost in 10 healthy men. Participants performed 40 min of treadmill running comprising 2×(10 min at 5% and 10 min at -10% grade), followed by random allocation to skin-tight nylon-polyurethane AQUA TITAN treated or non-treated placebo garments covering the torso, limbs, and feet. Garments were worn continuously throughout the next 48-h, during which time participants rested (day 2) then completed a graded treadmill run to determine metabolic outcome (day 3). METHODS Body-weight normalised running metabolic cost was evaluated by indirect calorimetry and the effect size referenced against the smallest meaningful change in economy (0.9%) for improvement in distance running performance. RESULTS The fatigue effect while wearing control garments on metabolic cost at 48-h was small (2.2% 95%CL ±1.2%). In contrast, AQUA TITAN garments most certainly reduced running metabolic cost (-3.1% ±0.9%) vs. control. Additionally, AQUA TITAN increased the respiratory exchange ratio (0.011 ±0.005) and lowered minute ventilation at intensities below the ventilatory threshold (-4.0% ±0.9%). CONCLUSIONS AQUA TITAN garments worn during recovery from strenuous exercise improved subsequent running economy to a magnitude likely to restore endurance performance. Future research should verify the magnitude of garment effects on performance outcomes, and on identifying the acute or passive neural, musculotendinous or metabolic mechanisms responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Graham
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Philip W Fink
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
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Bell KJ, Fulcher ML, Rowlands DS, Kerse N. Impact of autologous blood injections in treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013; 346:f2310. [PMID: 23599320 PMCID: PMC3629924 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of two peritendinous autologous blood injections in addition to a standardised eccentric calf strengthening programme in improving pain and function in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. DESIGN Single centre, participant and single assessor blinded, parallel group, randomised, controlled trial. SETTING Single sports medicine clinic in New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS 53 adults (mean age 49, 53% men) with symptoms of unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy for at least three months. Participants were excluded if they had a history of previous Achilles tendon rupture or surgery or had undergone previous adjuvant treatments such as injectable therapies, glyceryl trinitrate patches, or extracorporeal shockwave therapy. INTERVENTIONS All participants underwent two unguided peritendinous injections one month apart with a standardised protocol. The treatment group had 3 mL of their own whole blood injected while the control group had no substance injected (needling only). Participants in both groups carried out a standardised and monitored 12 week eccentric calf training programme. Follow-up was at one, two, three and six months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was the change in symptoms and function from baseline to six months with the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) score. Secondary outcomes were the participant's perceived rehabilitation and their ability to return to sport. RESULTS 26 participants were randomly assigned to the treatment group and 27 to the control group. In total, 50 (94%) completed the six month study, with 25 in each group. Clear and clinically worthwhile improvements in the VISA-A score were evident at six months in both the treatment (change in score 18.7, 95% confidence interval 12.3 to 25.1) and control (19.9, 13.6 to 26.2) groups. The overall effect of treatment was not significant (P=0.689) and the 95% confidence intervals at all points precluded clinically meaningful benefit or harm. There was no significant difference between groups in secondary outcomes or in the levels of compliance with the eccentric calf strengthening programme. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The administration of two unguided peritendinous autologous blood injections one month apart, in addition to a standardised eccentric training programme, provides no additional benefit in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000824066, WHO U1111-1117-2641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Bell
- Sydney Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127, Australia
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Brown KJ, Marathi R, Fiorillo AA, Ciccimaro EF, Sharma S, Rowlands DS, Rayavarapu S, Nagaraju K, Hoffman EP, Hathout Y. Accurate Quantitation of Dystrophin Protein in Human Skeletal Muscle Using Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 7. [PMID: 23646235 DOI: 10.4172/1948-593x.s7-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of human dystrophin protein in muscle biopsies is a clinically relevant endpoint for both diagnosis and response to dystrophin-replacement therapies for dystrophinopathies. A robust and accurate assay would enable the use of dystrophin as a surrogate biomarker, particularly in exploratory Phase 2 trials. Currently available methods to quantitate dystrophin rely on immunoblot or immunohistochemistry methods that are not considered robust. Here we present a mass spectrometry based approach to accurately quantitate dystrophin protein in a total protein extract from human muscle biopsies. Our approach uses a combination of stable isotope labeled dystrophin as a spike-in standard, gel electrophoresis and high precision mass spectrometry to detect and quantitate multiple peptides of dystrophin within a complex protein mixture. The method was found highly reproducible and linear over a wide dynamic range, detecting as low as 5% of dystrophin relative to the normal amount in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Brown
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, USA ; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Ross 605, Washington, D.C. USA
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Sukala WR, Page RA, Rowlands DS, Lys I, Krebs JD, Leikis MJ, Cheema BS. Exercise intervention in New Zealand Polynesian peoples with type 2 diabetes: Cultural considerations and clinical trial recommendations. Australas Med J 2012; 5:429-35. [PMID: 23024717 PMCID: PMC3442187 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2012.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Maori and Pacific Islands peoples of New Zealand suffer a greater burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated comorbidities than their European counterparts. Empirical evidence supports the clinical application of aerobic and resistance training for effective diabetes management and potential remission, but few studies have investigated the effectiveness of these interventions in specific ethnic cohorts. We recently conducted the first trial to investigate the effect of prescribed exercise training in Polynesian people with T2DM. This article presents the cultural considerations undertaken to successfully implement the study. The research procedures were accepted and approved by cultural liaisons and potential participants. The approved methodology involved a trial evaluating and comparing the effects of two, 16-week exercise regimens (i.e. aerobic training and resistance training) on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), related diabetes markers (i.e. insulin resistance, blood lipids, relevant cytokines and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices) and health-related quality of life. Future exercise-related research or implementation strategies in this cohort should focus on cultural awareness and techniques to enhance participation and compliance. Our approach to cultural consultation could be considered by researchers undertaking trials in this and other ethnic populations suffering an extreme burden of T2DM, including indigenous Australians and Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Sukala
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Lys
- Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Jeremy D. Krebs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Murray J. Leikis
- Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Birinder S. Cheema
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia
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Rowlands DS, Swift M, Ros M, Green JG. Composite versus single transportable carbohydrate solution enhances race and laboratory cycling performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:425-36. [PMID: 22468766 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When ingested at high rates (1.8-2.4 g·min(-1)) in concentrated solutions, carbohydrates absorbed by multiple (e.g., fructose and glucose) vs. single intestinal transporters can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and endurance performance, but their effect when ingested at lower, more realistic, rates during intermittent high-intensity endurance competition and trials is unknown. Trained cyclists participated in two independent randomized crossover investigations comprising mountain-bike races (average 141 min; n = 10) and laboratory trials (94-min high-intensity intervals followed by 10 maximal sprints; n = 16). Solutions ingested during exercise contained electrolytes and fructose + maltodextrin or glucose + maltodextrin in 1:2 ratio ingested, on average, at 1.2 g carbohydrate·kg(-1)·h(-1). Exertion, muscle fatigue, and gastrointestinal discomfort were recorded. Data were analysed using mixed models with gastrointestinal discomfort as a mechanism covariate; inferences were made against substantiveness thresholds (1.2% for performance) and standardized difference. The fructose-maltodextrin solution substantially reduced race time (-1.8%; 90% confidence interval = ±1.8%) and abdominal cramps (-8.1 on a 0-100 scale; ±6.6). After accounting for gastrointestinal discomfort, the effect of the fructose-maltodextrin solution on lap time was reduced (-1.1%; ±2.4%), suggesting that gastrointestinal discomfort explained part of the effect of fructose-maltodextrin on performance. In the laboratory, mean sprint power was enhanced (1.4%; ±0.8%) with fructose-maltodextrin, but the effect on peak power was unclear (0.7%; ±1.5%). Adjusting out gastrointestinal discomfort augmented the fructose-maltodextrin effect on mean (2.6%; ±1.9%) and peak (2.5%; ±3.0%) power. Ingestion of multiple transportable vs. single transportable carbohydrates enhanced mountain-bike race and high-intensity laboratory cycling performance, with inconsistent but not irreconcilable effects of gut discomfort as a possible mediating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Rowlands DS, Clarke J, Green JG, Shi X. L-Arginine but not L-glutamine likely increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2443-53. [PMID: 22048324 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The addition of L-arginine or L-glutamine to glucose-electrolyte solutions can increase intestinal water, glucose, and sodium absorption in rats and humans. We evaluated the utility of L-arginine and L-glutamine in energy-rehydration beverages through assessment of exogenous glucose oxidation and perceptions of exertion and gastrointestinal distress during endurance exercise. Eight cyclists rode 150 min at 50% of peak power on four occasions while ingesting solutions at a rate of 150 mL 15 min(-1) that contained (13)C-enriched glucose (266 mmol L(-1)) and sodium citrate ([Na(+)] 60 mmol L(-1)), and either: 4.25 mmol L(-1) L-arginine or 45 mmol L(-1) L-glutamine, and as controls glucose only or no glucose. Relative to glucose only, L-arginine invoked a likely 12% increase in exogenous glucose oxidation (90% confidence limits: ± 8%); however, the effect of L-glutamine was possibly trivial (4.5 ± 7.3%). L-Arginine also led to very likely small reductions in endogenous fat oxidation rate relative to glucose (12 ± 4%) and L-glutamine (14 ± 4%), and relative to no glucose, likely reductions in exercise oxygen consumption (2.6 ± 1.5%) and plasma lactate concentration (0.20 ± 0.16 mmol L(-1)). Effects on endogenous and total carbohydrate oxidation were inconsequential. Compared with glucose only, L-arginine and L-glutamine caused likely small-moderate effect size increases in perceptions of stomach fullness, abdominal cramp, exertion, and muscle tiredness during exercise. Addition of L-arginine to a glucose and electrolyte solution increases the oxidation of exogenous glucose and decreases the oxygen cost of exercise, although the mechanisms responsible and impact on endurance performance require further investigation. However, L-arginine also increases subjective feelings of gastrointestinal distress, which may attenuate its other benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, The Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Hopkins WG, Batterham AM, Impellizzeri FM, Pyne DB, Rowlands DS. Statistical perspectives: all together not. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:914-6; author reply 917-8. [PMID: 21933227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rowlands DS, Pearce E, Aboud A, Gillen JB, Gibala MJ, Donato S, Waddington JM, Green JG, Tarnopolsky MA. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle soreness in an 894-km relay trail run. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1839-48. [PMID: 21922261 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the effects of multi-day relay trail running on muscle soreness and damage, and systemic immune, inflammatory, and oxidative responses. 16 male and 4 female athletes ran 894 km in 47 stages over 95 h, with mean (SD) 6.4 (1.0) stages per athlete and 19.0 (1.7) km per stage. We observed post-pre run increases in serum creatine kinase (qualified effect size extremely large, p = 0.002), IL-6 (extremely large, p < 0.001), urinary 8-isoprostane/creatinine (extremely large, p = 0.04), TNF-α (large, p = 0.002), leukocyte count (very large, p < 0.0001) and neutrophil fraction (very large, p < 0.001); and reductions in hemoglobin (moderate, p < 0.001), hematocrit (moderate, p < 0.001), and lymphocyte fraction (trivial, p < 0.001). An increase in ORAC total antioxidant capacity (TAC, small, p = 0.3) and decrease in urinary 8-OHdG/creatinine (small, p = 0.1) were not statistically significant. During the run, muscle soreness was most frequent in the quadriceps. The threshold for muscle pain (pain-pressure algometry) in the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius was lower post-run (small, p = 0.04 and 0.03). Average running speed was correlated with algometer pain and leukocyte count (large, r = 0.52), and TAC was correlated with IL-6 (very large, r = 0.76) and 8-isoprostane/creatinine (very large, r = -0.72). Multi-day stage-racing increases inflammation, lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and soreness without oxidative DNA damage. High TAC is associated with reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but is not related to immune response or muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Pvt Box 756, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of uniquely processed titanium-permeated garments (Aquatitan) on the performance of and recovery from a high-intensity intermittent exercise. METHODS In a crossover, 14 nationally and regionally competing male soccer/hockey players performed two 5-d trials composed of a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test on day 1, followed by 4 d of recovery assessment wearing randomly allocated Aquatitan- and placebo-treated clothing that covered their torso, limbs, and feet continuously throughout the study. Repeated sprint time was measured during the shuttle test, and muscle damage, joint range of motion, isometric strength, and running performance were measured during recovery. RESULTS The increase in sprint performance during the shuttle test (0.7%, 90% confidence interval = +/-0.9%) was likely trivial. During recovery, wearing of Aquatitan had a possible harmful effect on peak run velocity on day 3 (-1.1% +/- 1.6%) but a likely small benefit on day 5 (2.0% +/- 1.6%); combined (0.4% +/- 1.3%) and standardized outcomes suggest an overall trivial benefit. Aquatitan increased range of motion. For example, voluntary leg extension increased by 2.6% (+/-4.0%), hip flexion increased by 1.8% (+/-1.2%), plantarflexion increased by 4.8% (+/-2.8%), and shoulder extension and flexion increased by 4.2% (+/-3.0%) and 1.3% (+/-0.6%), respectively; forced voluntary differences at the hip and shoulder were trivial. Running efficiency was possibly increased on days 3 and 5. The effects on isometric strength were largely trivial, but a slight enhancement of the psychological state was observed. In a separate perception experiment, participants perceived tactile differences that were influenced by the knowledge of treatment. CONCLUSIONS For competitive subelite male soccer/hockey players, performance gains in response to wearing Aquatitan-treated garments are likely of trivial consequence. However, improved joint range of motion during recovery indicates that the garments reduced muscle–tendon stiffness, suggesting enhanced compliance, which warrants further investigation. Garment feel may also explain the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Wadsworth
- Division of Exercise and Sport Science, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rowlands DS, Thomson JS, Timmons BW, Raymond F, Fuerholz A, Mansourian R, Zwahlen MC, Métairon S, Glover E, Stellingwerff T, Kussmann M, Tarnopolsky MA. Transcriptome and translational signaling following endurance exercise in trained skeletal muscle: impact of dietary protein. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1004-20. [PMID: 21730029 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise protein feeding regulates the skeletal muscle adaptive response to endurance exercise, but the transcriptome guiding these adaptations in well-trained human skeletal muscle is uncharacterized. In a crossover design, eight cyclists ingested beverages containing protein, carbohydrate and fat (PTN: 0.4, 1.2, 0.2 g/kg, respectively) or isocaloric carbohydrate and fat (CON: 1.6, 0.2 g/kg) at 0 and 1 h following 100 min of cycling. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were collected at 3 and 48 h following to determine the early and late transcriptome and regulatory signaling responses via microarray and immunoblot. The top gene ontology enriched by PTN were: muscle contraction, extracellular matrix--signaling and structure, and nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolism (3 and 48 h); developmental processes, immunity, and defense (3 h); glycolysis, lipid and fatty acid metabolism (48 h). The transcriptome was also enriched within axonal guidance, actin cytoskeletal, Ca2+, cAMP, MAPK, and PPAR canonical pathways linking protein nutrition to exercise-stimulated signaling regulating extracellular matrix, slow-myofibril, and metabolic gene expression. At 3 h, PTN attenuated AMPKα1Thr172 phosphorylation but increased mTORC1Ser2448, rps6Ser240/244, and 4E-BP1-γ phosphorylation, suggesting increased translation initiation, while at 48 h AMPKα1Thr172 phosphorylation and PPARG and PPARGC1A expression increased, supporting the late metabolic transcriptome, relative to CON. To conclude, protein feeding following endurance exercise affects signaling associated with cell energy status and translation initiation and the transcriptome involved in skeletal muscle development, slow-myofibril remodeling, immunity and defense, and energy metabolism. Further research should determine the time course and posttranscriptional regulation of this transcriptome and the phenotype responding to chronic postexercise protein feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Sukala WR, Page R, Rowlands DS, Krebs J, Lys I, Leikis M, Pearce J, Cheema BS. South Pacific Islanders resist type 2 diabetes: comparison of aerobic and resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:317-25. [PMID: 21556816 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two exercise modalities for improving glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and associated clinical outcomes in Polynesian adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and visceral obesity. Twenty-six adults were randomized to receive resistance training or aerobic training, 3×/week, for 16 weeks. Dependent variables collected before and after intervention included: diabetes markers including HbA1c, blood lipids, relevant cytokines (C-reactive protein, adiponectin), and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices. Eighteen participants (72% female; age: 49.3 ± 5.3 years; waist circumference: 128.7 ± 18.7 cm) completed the intervention and follow-up assessments. Body mass index in the whole cohort at baseline indicated Class III (morbid) obesity (43.8 ± 9.5 kg/m(2)). Compliance to training was 73 ± 19 and 67 ± 18% in the aerobic and resistance training groups, respectively. HbA1c remained elevated in both groups after training. Aerobic training reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increased serum triglycerides (all P < 0.05). No other exercise-induced adaptations were noted within or between groups. Post hoc analysis using pooled data indicated that higher adherence to training (≥75% attendance, n = 8) significantly reduced waist circumference (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce body weight and fasting insulin (all P ≤ 0.11) versus lower adherence (<75% attendance, n = 10). In conclusion, this study did not demonstrate an improvement in HbA1c with exercise in morbidly obese Polynesian people. Future investigations involving exercise regimens that are more practicable and which involve greater frequency and duration of training may be required to induce significant and clinically meaningful adaptations in this unique diabetes population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Sukala
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Nelson AR, Phillips SM, Stellingwerff T, Bruce S, Breton I, Thorimbert A, Guy PA, Clarke J, Broadbent S, Rowlands DS. Effects Of Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation On Subsequent Performance And Metabolism Following High-Intensity Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000403079.39646.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rowlands DS, Thomson JS, Timmons BW, Raymond F, Fuerholz A, Mansourian R, Zawhlen MC, Metairon S, Stellingwerff T, Kussman M, Tarnopolsky MA. Protein Nutrition Following Endurance Exercise Regulates The Metabolic-mitochondrial Transcriptome In Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000403081.24399.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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O'Brien WJ, Rowlands DS. The Fructose: Maltodextrin Ratio In A Sports Drink Differentially Affects Exogenous-Carbohydrate Oxidation, Gut Comfort And Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401649.01626.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thomson JS, Ali A, Rowlands DS. Leucine-protein supplemented recovery feeding enhances subsequent cycling performance in well-trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:242-53. [DOI: 10.1139/h10-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S. Thomson
- School of Sport and Exercise, and The Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport and Exercise, and The Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, and The Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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O'Brien WJ, Rowlands DS. Fructose-maltodextrin ratio in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution differentially affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rate, gut comfort, and performance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G181-9. [PMID: 21071509 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Solutions containing multiple carbohydrates utilizing different intestinal transporters (glucose and fructose) show enhanced absorption, oxidation, and performance compared with single-carbohydrate solutions, but the impact of the ratio of these carbohydrates on outcomes is unknown. In a randomized double-blind crossover, 10 cyclists rode 150 min at 50% peak power, then performed an incremental test to exhaustion, while ingesting artificially sweetened water or one of three carbohydrate-salt solutions comprising fructose and maltodextrin in the respective following concentrations: 4.5 and 9% (0.5-Ratio), 6 and 7.5% (0.8-Ratio), and 7.5 and 6% (1.25-Ratio). The carbohydrates were ingested at 1.8 g/min and naturally (13)C-enriched to permit evaluation of oxidation rate by mass spectrometry and indirect calorimetry. Mean exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were 1.04, 1.14, and 1.05 g/min (coefficient of variation 20%) in 0.5-, 0.8-, and 1.25-Ratios, respectively, representing likely small increases in 0.8-Ratio of 11% (90% confidence limits; ± 4%) and 10% (± 4%) relative to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratios, respectively. Comparisons of fat and total and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates between solutions were unclear. Relative to 0.5-Ratio, there were moderate improvements to peak power with 0.8- (3.6%; 99% confidence limits ± 3.5%) and 1.25-Ratio (3.0%; ± 3.7%) but unclear with water (0.4%; ± 4.4%). Increases in stomach fullness, abdominal cramping, and nausea were lowest with the 0.8- followed by the 1.25-Ratio solution. At high carbohydrate-ingestion rate, greater benefits to endurance performance may result from ingestion of 0.8- to 1.25-Ratio fructose-maltodextrin solutions. Small perceptible improvements in gut comfort favor the 0.8-Ratio and provide a clearer suggestion of mechanism than the relationship with exogenous carbohydrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J O'Brien
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rowlands DS, Wadsworth DP, Rousseau J, Walmsley A. Uniquely Processed Titanium Permeated Garments Improve High-Intensity Run Performance and Joint Range of Motion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000384262.05309.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Hopkins WG, Rowlands DS, Bonetti DL. Effects of Water. Hypotonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic Sports Drinks on Fluid Absorption and Endurance Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000385620.71471.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rowlands DS, Thomson JS. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength, body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained young men: a meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:836-46. [PMID: 19387395 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a00c80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a popular supplement in the resistance training community, with its use supported by claims of increased strength, muscle growth, and improved recovery; however, research outcomes are variable. Therefore, we meta-analyzed the effectiveness of HMB on strength, body composition, and muscle damage. Nine qualifying studies yielded 14 comparisons subcategorized by training experience (trained, untrained) to provide 12-13 estimates of strength (upper body, lower body, overall average), 13 estimates of fat and fat-free mass, and 7 estimates of the muscle-damage marker creatine kinase. The meta-analysis comprised 394 subjects (age 23 +/- 2 years, mean +/- between-study SD) with 5 +/- 2 weeks' intervention and 5 +/- 6 h.wk of training. The estimates were analyzed using a meta-analytic mixed model with study sample size as the weighting factor that included the main-effect covariates to control for between-study differences in HMB dose, intervention duration, training load, and dietary cointervention. To interpret magnitudes, meta-analyzed effects were standardized using the composite baseline between-subject SD and were qualified using modified Cohen effect size thresholds. There were small benefits to lower-body (mean +/- 90% confidence limit: 9.9% +/- 5.9%) and average strength (6.6 +/- 5.7%), but only negligible gains for upper-body strength (2.1 +/- 5.5%) were observed in untrained lifters. In trained lifters, all strength outcomes were trivial. Combined (all studies), the overall average strength increase was trivial (3.7 +/- 2.4%), although uncertainty allows for a small benefit. Effects on fat and fat-free mass were trivial, and results regarding creatine kinase were unclear. Supplementation with HMB during resistance training incurs small but clear overall and leg strength gains in previously untrained men, but effects in trained lifters are trivial. The HMB effect on body composition is inconsequential. An explanation for strength gains in previously untrained lifters requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Rowlands DS, Johnson NA, Thomson JA, Chapman P, Stannard SR. Exogenous glucose oxidation is reduced with carbohydrate feeding during exercise after starvation. Metabolism 2009; 58:1161-9. [PMID: 19428033 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lean healthy individuals are characterized by the ability to rapidly adapt metabolism to acute changes in substrate availability and metabolic rate. However, in glucose-intolerance/insulin-resistant conditions, such as that induced by starvation, the flexibility of tissues to rapidly respond to change in substrate availability is diminished. We asked whether the conundrum of increased glucose demand by the contracting skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise and the glucose intolerance of starvation would result in the obstruction of oxidative disposal of ingested (13)C-labeled glucose during exercise. Seven lean, healthy, physically active individuals (2 women, 5 men) completed a randomized crossover study comparing the effects of the normal-fed condition vs a 67-hour water-only fast on the metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during 80 minutes of exercise at 56% of maximum oxygen uptake. Compared with the normal condition, fasting resulted in a large overall increase in the rate of fat oxidation (mean effect, 71%; 95% confidence limit, +/-22%) and moderate reductions in both exogenous (-54%, +/-10%) and endogenous (-40%, +/-19%) glucose oxidation rates during exercise. Over the course of exercise, fat oxidation was impermeable to change in the fasting condition, but increased moderately (33%, +/-19%) in the normal condition. These changes were associated with a large increase in plasma free fatty-acid concentration (120%, +/-64%) and a moderate increase in blood lactate concentration (58%, +/-50%). In contrast, large reductions in resting blood glucose (-21%, +/-14%) and moderate reductions in plasma insulin concentrations (-47%, +/-26%) were observed in the fast condition; but this effect was reversed for glucose (30%, +/- 24%) and negated for insulin by the end of exercise. To conclude, a 67-hour fast leads to an impermeable increase in fat oxidation, suppression of both exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation, and a metabolic response consistent with resistance to contraction-induced exogenous glucose uptake and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS. Effects of Nine Weeks of β-Hydroxy-β- Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Strength and Body Composition in Resistance Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:827-35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a00d47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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