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Pironi L, Cuerda C, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Jonkers C, Krznarić Ž, Lal S, Lamprecht G, Lichota M, Mundi MS, Schneider SM, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Wheatley C, Weimann A. ESPEN guideline on chronic intestinal failure in adults - Update 2023. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1940-2021. [PMID: 37639741 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In 2016, ESPEN published the guideline for Chronic Intestinal Failure (CIF) in adults. An updated version of ESPEN guidelines on CIF due to benign disease in adults was devised in order to incorporate new evidence since the publication of the previous ESPEN guidelines. METHODS The grading system of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) was used to grade the literature. Recommendations were graded according to the levels of evidence available as A (strong), B (conditional), 0 (weak) and Good practice points (GPP). The recommendations of the 2016 guideline (graded using the GRADE system) which were still valid, because no studies supporting an update were retrieved, were reworded and re-graded accordingly. RESULTS The recommendations of the 2016 guideline were reviewed, particularly focusing on definitions, and new chapters were included to devise recommendations on IF centers, chronic enterocutaneous fistulas, costs of IF, caring for CIF patients during pregnancy, transition of patients from pediatric to adult centers. The new guideline consist of 149 recommendations and 16 statements which were voted for consensus by ESPEN members, online in July 2022 and at conference during the annual Congress in September 2022. The Grade of recommendation is GPP for 96 (64.4%) of the recommendations, 0 for 29 (19.5%), B for 19 (12.7%), and A for only five (3.4%). The grade of consensus is "strong consensus" for 148 (99.3%) and "consensus" for one (0.7%) recommendation. The grade of consensus for the statements is "strong consensus" for 14 (87.5%) and "consensus" for two (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS It is confirmed that CIF management requires complex technologies, multidisciplinary and multiprofessional activity, and expertise to care for the underlying gastrointestinal disease and to provide HPN support. Most of the recommendations were graded as GPP, but almost all received a strong consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Pironi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisca Joly
- Center for Intestinal Failure, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Support, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Cora Jonkers
- Nutrition Support Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Željko Krznarić
- Center of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marek Lichota
- Intestinal Failure Patients Association "Appetite for Life", Cracow, Poland
| | - Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kinga Szczepanek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | | | - Geert Wanten
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Wheatley
- Support and Advocacy Group for People on Home Artificial Nutrition (PINNT), United Kingdom
| | - Arved Weimann
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, St. George Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intrabdominal adhesions and intestinal hernias are the commonest cause of small bowel obstruction. Small bowel diseases, which cause small bowel obstruction, are rarer and often poses a challenge to gastroenterologists to diagnose and treat. In this review, small bowel diseases, which predispose to small bowel obstruction, are focused on, and their challenges in diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Diagnosis of causes of partial small bowel obstruction is improved with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) enterography. In fibrostenotic Crohn's strictures and NSAID diaphragm disease, endoscopic balloon dilatation can delay the need for surgery if the lesion is short and accessible; however, many may still inevitably require surgery. Biologic therapy may reduce the need for surgery in symptomatic small bowel Crohn's disease wherein the strictures are predominantly inflammatory. In chronic radiation enteropathy, only refractory small bowel obstruction and those with nutritional difficulties warrant surgery. SUMMARY Small bowel diseases causing bowel obstruction are often challenging to diagnose and require numerous investigations over a period of time, which often culminate with surgery. Use of biologics and endoscopic balloon dilatation can help to delay and prevent surgery in some instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foong Way David Tai
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Reena Sidhu
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Araujo IK, Muñoz-Guglielmetti D, Mollà M. Radiation-induced damage in the lower gastrointestinal tract: Clinical presentation, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 48-49:101707. [PMID: 33317789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2020.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an important ally when treating malignant lesions in the pelvic area, but it is not exempt of adverse events. There are some measures that can be taken to reduce the possibility of these effects, but some are non-modifiable factors related to previous treatments, location of the lesions or comorbidities. There is a wide variety of clinical presentations that can be of an acute or chronic onset that go from mild to severe forms or that can have a great impact in the quality of life. Medical available therapies as metronidazole, sucralfate, mesalizine or probiotics, can be of aid although some lack of solid evidence of efficacy. Endoscopic treatment can be performed with argon plasma coagulation, bipolar cautery, radiofrequency, laser therapy or dilation. Hyperbaric therapy can be applied in refractory cases and surgery must be reserved to selected patients due to its high morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis K Araujo
- Endoscopy and Motility Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Meritxell Mollà
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Rehailia-Blanchard A, He M, Rancoule C, Vallard A, Espenel S, Nivet A, Magné N, Chargari C. Physiopathologie et modulation pharmacologique de l’entérite radique. Cancer Radiother 2019; 23:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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de las Peñas R, Majem M, Perez-Altozano J, Virizuela JA, Cancer E, Diz P, Donnay O, Hurtado A, Jimenez-Fonseca P, Ocon MJ. SEOM clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients (2018). Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:87-93. [PMID: 30617923 PMCID: PMC6339658 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-02009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional deficiency is a common medical problem that affects 15-40% of cancer patients. It negatively impacts their quality of life and can compromise treatment completion. Oncological therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and drug therapies are improving survival rates. However, all these treatments can play a role in the development of malnutrition and/or metabolic alterations in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. Nutritional assessment of cancer patients is necessary at the time of diagnosis and throughout treatment, so as to detect nutritional deficiencies. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment method is the most widely used tool that also evaluates nutritional requirements. In this guideline, we will review the indications of nutritional interventions as well as artificial nutrition in general and according to the type of treatment (radiotherapy, surgery, or systemic therapy), or palliative care. Likewise, pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients will be reviewed in addition to the role of regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. de las Peñas
- Medical Oncology Department, Consorcio Hospital Provincial de Castellón, Av. Doctor Clara, 19, 12002 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - M. Majem
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Perez-Altozano
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Alcoy, Spain
| | - J. A. Virizuela
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E. Cancer
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Diz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de León, León, Spain
| | - O. Donnay
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Hurtado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Jimenez-Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. J. Ocon
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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Lappas BM, Patel D, Kumpf V, Adams DW, Seidner DL. Parenteral Nutrition: Indications, Access, and Complications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:39-59. [PMID: 29413018 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining therapy in patients with intestinal failure who are unable to tolerate enteral feedings. Patient selection should be based on a thorough assessment to identify those at high nutrition risk based on both disease severity and nutritional status. This article reviews both the acute and chronic indications for PN as well as special formulation consideration in specific disease states, vascular access, and complications of both short-term and long-term PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lappas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dhyanesh Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vanessa Kumpf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn Wiese Adams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas L Seidner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Lawrie TA, Green JT, Beresford M, Wedlake L, Burden S, Davidson SE, Lal S, Henson CC, Andreyev HJN. Interventions to reduce acute and late adverse gastrointestinal effects of pelvic radiotherapy for primary pelvic cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 1:CD012529. [PMID: 29360138 PMCID: PMC6491191 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012529.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of people survive cancer but a significant proportion have gastrointestinal side effects as a result of radiotherapy (RT), which impairs their quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVES To determine which prophylactic interventions reduce the incidence, severity or both of adverse gastrointestinal effects among adults receiving radiotherapy to treat primary pelvic cancers. SEARCH METHODS We conducted searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase in September 2016 and updated them on 2 November 2017. We also searched clinical trial registries. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to prevent adverse gastrointestinal effects of pelvic radiotherapy among adults receiving radiotherapy to treat primary pelvic cancers, including radiotherapy techniques, other aspects of radiotherapy delivery, pharmacological interventions and non-pharmacological interventions. Studies needed a sample size of 20 or more participants and needed to evaluate gastrointestinal toxicity outcomes. We excluded studies that evaluated dosimetric parameters only. We also excluded trials of interventions to treat acute gastrointestinal symptoms, trials of altered fractionation and dose escalation schedules, and trials of pre- versus postoperative radiotherapy regimens, to restrict the vast scope of the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodology. We used the random-effects statistical model for all meta-analyses, and the GRADE system to rate the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 92 RCTs involving more than 10,000 men and women undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. Trials involved 44 different interventions, including radiotherapy techniques (11 trials, 4 interventions/comparisons), other aspects of radiotherapy delivery (14 trials, 10 interventions), pharmacological interventions (38 trials, 16 interventions), and non-pharmacological interventions (29 trials, 13 interventions). Most studies (79/92) had design limitations. Thirteen studies had a low risk of bias, 50 studies had an unclear risk of bias and 29 studies had a high risk of bias. Main findings include the following:Radiotherapy techniques: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus 3D conformal RT (3DCRT) may reduce acute (risk ratio (RR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.88; participants = 444; studies = 4; I2 = 77%; low-certainty evidence) and late gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity grade 2+ (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.65; participants = 332; studies = 2; I2 = 0%; low-certainty evidence). Conformal RT (3DCRT or IMRT) versus conventional RT reduces acute GI toxicity grade 2+ (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.82; participants = 307; studies = 2; I2 = 0%; high-certainty evidence) and probably leads to less late GI toxicity grade 2+ (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.09; participants = 517; studies = 3; I2 = 44%; moderate-certainty evidence). When brachytherapy (BT) is used instead of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in early endometrial cancer, evidence indicates that it reduces acute GI toxicity (grade 2+) (RR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.18; participants = 423; studies = 1; high-certainty evidence).Other aspects of radiotherapy delivery: There is probably little or no difference in acute GI toxicity grade 2+ with reduced radiation dose volume (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.81; participants = 211; studies = 1; moderate-certainty evidence) and maybe no difference in late GI toxicity grade 2+ (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.15 to 6.97; participants = 107; studies = 1; low-certainty evidence). Evening delivery of RT may reduce acute GI toxicity (diarrhoea) grade 2+ during RT compared with morning delivery of RT (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.76; participants = 294; studies = 2; I2 = 0%; low-certainty evidence). There may be no difference in acute (RR 2.22, 95% CI 0.62 to 7.93, participants = 110; studies = 1) and late GI toxicity grade 2+ (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.65; participants = 81; studies = 1) between a bladder volume preparation of 1080 mls and that of 540 mls (low-certainty evidence). Low-certainty evidence on balloon and hydrogel spacers suggests that these interventions for prostate cancer RT may make little or no difference to GI outcomes.Pharmacological interventions: Evidence for any beneficial effects of aminosalicylates, sucralfate, amifostine, corticosteroid enemas, bile acid sequestrants, famotidine and selenium is of a low or very low certainty. However, evidence on certain aminosalicylates (mesalazine, olsalazine), misoprostol suppositories, oral magnesium oxide and octreotide injections suggests that these agents may worsen GI symptoms, such as diarrhoea or rectal bleeding.Non-pharmacological interventions: Low-certainty evidence suggests that protein supplements (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.74; participants = 74; studies = 1), dietary counselling (RR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.60; participants = 74; studies = 1) and probiotics (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.82; participants = 923; studies = 5; I2 = 91%) may reduce acute RT-related diarrhoea (grade 2+). Dietary counselling may also reduce diarrhoeal symptoms in the long term (at five years, RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.78; participants = 61; studies = 1). Low-certainty evidence from one study (108 participants) suggests that a high-fibre diet may have a beneficial effect on GI symptoms (mean difference (MD) 6.10, 95% CI 1.71 to 10.49) and quality of life (MD 20.50, 95% CI 9.97 to 31.03) at one year. High-certainty evidence indicates that glutamine supplements do not prevent RT-induced diarrhoea. Evidence on various other non-pharmacological interventions, such as green tea tablets, is lacking.Quality of life was rarely and inconsistently reported across included studies, and the available data were seldom adequate for meta-analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Conformal radiotherapy techniques are an improvement on older radiotherapy techniques. IMRT may be better than 3DCRT in terms of GI toxicity, but the evidence to support this is uncertain. There is no high-quality evidence to support the use of any other prophylactic intervention evaluated. However, evidence on some potential interventions shows that they probably have no role to play in reducing RT-related GI toxicity. More RCTs are needed for interventions with limited evidence suggesting potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lawrie
- Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group, 1st Floor Education Centre, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath, UK, BA1 3NG
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Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, Fearon K, Hütterer E, Isenring E, Kaasa S, Krznaric Z, Laird B, Larsson M, Laviano A, Mühlebach S, Muscaritoli M, Oldervoll L, Ravasco P, Solheim T, Strasser F, de van der Schueren M, Preiser JC. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang J, Xu J, Fu J, Yuan D, Guo F, Zhou C, Shao C. MiR-29a Regulates Radiosensitivity in Human Intestinal Cells by Targeting PTEN Gene. Radiat Res 2016; 186:292-301. [PMID: 27548517 DOI: 10.1667/rr14428.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two major challenges encountered during radiotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) are radioresistance of tumor cells and damage to normal cells. An understanding of the mechanisms of radioresistance in CRC may lead to new strategies for overcoming obstacles to affective clinical therapy. In this study, the miR-29a expression was compared among four cell lines: the normal human intestinal epithelial crypt cell line, HIEC and three CRC cell lines, HT29, DLD-1 and HCT116. The roles of miR-29a in regulating cellular radiosensitivity were then investigated. The findings from this study showed that miR-29a mimic enhanced radioresistance in HIEC, HT29 and DLD-1 cells with low levels of intrinsic miR-29a. On the other hand, a miR-29a inhibitor significantly sensitized HCT116 cells with high levels of miR-29a after irradiation. Further studies indicated that PTEN was the direct functional target of miR-29a and was involved in radiosensitivity. MiR-29a could activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through negatively regulated PTEN expression. In conclusion, miR-29a may regulate the radiosensitivity of intestinal cell lines by targeting the PTEN gene, which indicates miR-29a might serve as a novel approach to enhance radiosensitivity in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinping Xu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiamei Fu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dexiao Yuan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cuiping Zhou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the number of new cases is expected to rise significantly over the next decades. At the same time, all types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapies are improving in sophistication, precision and in the power to target specific characteristics of individual cancers. Thus, while many cancers may still not be cured they may be converted to chronic diseases. All of these treatments, however, are impeded or precluded by the frequent development of malnutrition and metabolic derangements in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. These evidence-based guidelines were developed to translate current best evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multi-disciplinary teams responsible for identification, prevention, and treatment of reversible elements of malnutrition in adult cancer patients. The guidelines were commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN and by the European Partnership for Action Against Cancer (EPAAC), an EU level initiative. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN to include a range of professions and fields of expertise. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and comparative studies based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and merged to develop clinical recommendations using the GRADE method. Due to the deficits in the available evidence, relevant still open questions were listed and should be addressed by future studies. Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. They may be driven by inadequate food intake, decreased physical activity and catabolic metabolic derangements. To screen for, prevent, assess in detail, monitor and treat malnutrition standard operating procedures, responsibilities and a quality control process should be established at each institution involved in treating cancer patients. All cancer patients should be screened regularly for the risk or the presence of malnutrition. In all patients - with the exception of end of life care - energy and substrate requirements should be met by offering in a step-wise manner nutritional interventions from counseling to parenteral nutrition. However, benefits and risks of nutritional interventions have to be balanced with special consideration in patients with advanced disease. Nutritional care should always be accompanied by exercise training. To counter malnutrition in patients with advanced cancer there are few pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients with only limited effects. Cancer survivors should engage in regular physical activity and adopt a prudent diet.
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Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, Cuerda C, Gillanders L, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Kelly D, Lal S, Staun M, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Schneider SM. ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:247-307. [PMID: 26944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic Intestinal Failure (CIF) is the long-lasting reduction of gut function, below the minimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation is required to maintain health and/or growth. CIF is the rarest organ failure. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the primary treatment for CIF. No guidelines (GLs) have been developed that address the global management of CIF. These GLs have been devised to generate comprehensive recommendations for safe and effective management of adult patients with CIF. METHODS The GLs were developed by the Home Artificial Nutrition & Chronic Intestinal Failure Special Interest Group of ESPEN. The GRADE system was used for assigning strength of evidence. Recommendations were discussed, submitted to Delphi rounds, and accepted in an online survey of ESPEN members. RESULTS The following topics were addressed: management of HPN; parenteral nutrition formulation; intestinal rehabilitation, medical therapies, and non-transplant surgery, for short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and radiation enteritis; intestinal transplantation; prevention/treatment of CVC-related infection, CVC-related occlusion/thrombosis; intestinal failure-associated liver disease, gallbladder sludge and stones, renal failure and metabolic bone disease. Literature search provided 623 full papers. Only 12% were controlled studies or meta-analyses. A total of 112 recommendations are given: grade of evidence, very low for 51%, low for 39%, moderate for 8%, and high for 2%; strength of recommendation: strong for 63%, weak for 37%. CONCLUSIONS CIF management requires complex technologies, multidisciplinary and multiprofessional activity, and expertise to care for both the underlying gastrointestinal disease and to provide HPN support. The rarity of the condition impairs the development of RCTs. As a consequence, most of the recommendations have a low or very low grade of evidence. However, two-thirds of the recommendations are considered strong. Specialized management and organization underpin these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Pironi
- Center for Chronic Intestinal Failure, Department of Digestive System, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine, Oncology and Hematology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lyn Gillanders
- Nutrition Support Team, Auckland City Hospital, (AuSPEN) Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Francisca Joly
- Centre for Intestinal Failure, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Support, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Darlene Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Oley Foundation for Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Michael Staun
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kinga Szczepanek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | - André Van Gossum
- Medico-Surgical Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Wanten
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Michel Schneider
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, CHU of Nice, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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12
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Yang C, Dai W, Chen H, Wu B. Application of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of radiation-induced Gastrointestinal syndrome. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:1177-82. [PMID: 25205377 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear accidents and terrorism present a serious threat for mass casualty. Accidental or intended radiation exposure leads to radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome. However, currently there are no approved medical countermeasures for GI syndrome. Thus, developing novel treatments for GI syndrome is urgent. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a subset of multipotent adult somatic stem cells that have the ability to undergo self-renewal, proliferation and pluripotent differentiation. MSCs have advantages over other stem cells; they can be easily isolated from patients or donors, readily expanded ex vivo, and they possess reparative and immunomodulatory properties. Moreover, MSCs have been shown to be powerful tools in gene therapy and can be effectively transduced with vectors containing therapeutic genes. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of MSCs has been brought into the spotlight for the clinical treatment of GI syndrome. In this review, we discuss the possible role of MSCs in radiation-induced GI syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Gastrointestinal Department of Southern Building, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
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13
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Stacey R, Green JT. Radiation-induced small bowel disease: latest developments and clinical guidance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:15-29. [PMID: 24381725 PMCID: PMC3871275 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313510730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is commonly used to treat a number of malignancies. Although highly effective and now more targeted, many patients suffer side effects. The number of cancer survivors has increased and so there are more patients presenting with symptoms that have arisen as a result of radiotherapy. Radiation damage to small bowel tissue can cause acute or chronic radiation enteritis producing symptoms such as pain, bloating, nausea, faecal urgency, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding which can have a significant impact on patient's quality of life. This review outlines the pathogenesis of radiation injury to the small bowel along with the prevention of radiation damage via radiotherapy techniques plus medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins and probiotics. It also covers the treatment of both acute and chronic radiation enteritis via a variety of medical (including hyperbaric oxygen), dietetic, endoscopic and surgical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Stacey
- Gastroenterology Registrar, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, South Wales, UK
| | - John T Green
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Llandough, Penlan Road, Penarth CF64 2XX, UK
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Kalaiselvan R, Theis VS, Dibb M, Teubner A, Anderson ID, Shaffer JL, Carlson GL, Lal S. Radiation enteritis leading to intestinal failure: 1994 patient-years of experience in a national referral centre. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 68:166-70. [PMID: 24327124 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Chronic radiation enteritis (RE) has been reported in up to 20% of patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy and can lead to intestinal failure (IF), accounting for 3.9% of new registrants for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in the UK annually. Our aim is to report nutritional and survival outcomes for patients with RE referred to a national IF unit. SUBJECTS/METHODS A retrospective study of all new admissions over a 13-year period at the Intestinal Failure Centre, Manchester, UK. Data are presented as median (range). RESULTS Twenty-three (3.8%) of 611 patients were admitted with IF secondary to RE. The primary site of malignancy was genitourinary in 17 (74%) patients. Radiotherapy was administered 9.5 (1-42) years previously. Patients underwent 2 (1-5) laparotomies prior to intestinal failure unit (IFU) admission. Twelve (52%) patients were admitted with intestinal obstruction and 11 (48%) with intractable weight loss and/or high output fistulae/stomas. Additional conditions contributing to IF were noted in 11 (48%) patients. Twenty-two (96%) patients had 2 (1-5) laparotomies prior to IFU referral. At discharge, 5 (22%) patients resumed oral diet without the need for artificial nutrition support, 3 (13%) required enteral feeding and 13 (56%) commenced HPN. The 10-year survival of the patient cohort was 48.2%. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention is infrequently required, whereas the majority of patients with IF secondary to RE require long-term HPN. The judicious use of surgery in selected patients, coupled with an aggressive medical strategy to detect and treat contributing factors, and optimal enteral feeding may allow a modest proportion of patients with IF secondary to RE to achieve independence from PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kalaiselvan
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - V S Theis
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - M Dibb
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - A Teubner
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - I D Anderson
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - J L Shaffer
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - G L Carlson
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - S Lal
- National Intestinal Failure Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Ileal or ileocecal resection for chronic radiation enteritis with small bowel obstruction: outcome and risk factors. Am J Surg 2013; 206:739-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Amiot A, Joly F, Lefevre JH, Corcos O, Bretagnol F, Bouhnik Y, Panis Y, Messing B. Long-term outcome after extensive intestinal resection for chronic radiation enteritis. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:110-4. [PMID: 23149088 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of chronic radiation enteritis is often controversial, particularly due to the risk of short bowel syndrome. METHODS One hundred and seven chronic radiation enteritis patients with short bowel syndrome were studied retrospectively between 1980 and 2009. Survival and home parenteral nutrition dependence rates were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS The survival probabilities were 93%, 67% and 44.5% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, survival was significantly decreased with residual neoplastic disease (HR=0.21 [0.11-0.38], p<0.001), an American Society of Anesthesiologists score >3 (HR=0.38 [0.20-0.73], p=0.004) and an age of chronic radiation enteritis diagnosis >60 years (HR=0.45 [0.22-0.89], p=0.02). The actuarial home parenteral nutrition dependence probabilities were 66%, 55% and 43% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, this dependence was significantly decreased when there was a residual small bowel length >100 cm (HR=0.35 [0.18-0.68], p=0.002), adaptive hyperphagia (HR=0.39 [0.17-0.87], p=0.02) and the absence of a definitive stoma (HR=0.48 [0.27-0.84], p=0.01). CONCLUSION The survival of patients with diffuse chronic radiation enteritis after extensive intestinal resection was good and was mainly influenced by underlying comorbidities. Almost two-thirds of patients were able to be weaned off home parenteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Amiot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Support, Beaujon Hospital, APHP, Clichy, France.
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Outcome on home parenteral nutrition for benign intestinal failure: a review of the literature and benchmarking with the European prospective survey of ESPEN. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:831-45. [PMID: 22658443 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Indications and timing for referral for intestinal transplantation (ITx) were investigated through a review of the literature on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for benign intestinal failure and a benchmarking to the results of a prospective European survey which evaluated the appropriateness of the current indications for ITx. METHODS Manuscripts reporting outcomes of adults and children on HPN were retrieved through a PubMed search. Data from the European survey were compared with those on HPN reported in the literature, and with those on ITx reported by the USA registry and by the Pittsburgh center. RESULTS HPN is a safe treatment with a high probability of survival. The risk of death during HPN is increased by the absence of a specialist team, and appears greater during the early period of treatment. Survival probability is decreased in patients with: age >40 or <2 years, very short bowel remnant, presence of a stoma, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction of myopathic origin, systemic sclerosis, radiation enteritis, intra-abdominal desmoids, necrotizing enterocolitis, congenital mucosal diseases. Liver failure is the HPN-related complication with the greatest risk of death. Death related to venous catheter complications is rare. The benchmarking supported the results of the European survey.
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Zhu W, Gong J, Li Y, Li N, Li J. A retrospective study of surgical treatment of chronic radiation enteritis. J Surg Oncol 2011; 105:632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Spyropoulos BG, Misiakos EP, Fotiadis C, Stoidis CN. Antioxidant properties of probiotics and their protective effects in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced enteritis and colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:285-94. [PMID: 20632107 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy has become one of the most important treatment modalities for human malignancy, but certain immediate and delayed side-effects on the normal surrounding tissues limit the amount of effective radiation that can be administered. After exposure of the abdominal region to ionizing radiation, nearly all patients experience transient symptoms of irradiation of the bowel. Acute-phase symptoms may persist for a short time, yet long-term complications can represent significant clinical conditions with high morbidity. Data from both experimental studies and clinical trials suggest the potential benefit for probiotics in radiation-induced enteritis and colitis. On the other hand, it is well evidenced that both useful and harmful effects of therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation upon living systems are ascribed to free-radical production. Therefore, the hypothesis that probiotics reinforce antioxidant defense systems of normal mucosal cells exposed to ionizing radiation may explain to an extent their beneficial action. The aim of this review is threefold: First, to make a short brief into the natural history of radiation injury to the intestinal tract. Second, to describe the primary interaction of ionizing radiation at the cellular level and demonstrate the participation of free radicals in the mechanisms of injury and, third, to try a more profound investigation into the antioxidant abilities of probiotics and prebiotics based on the available experimental and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basileios G Spyropoulos
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens School of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Theis V, Sripadam R, Ramani V, Lal S. Chronic Radiation Enteritis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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August DA, Huhmann MB. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:472-500. [PMID: 19713551 DOI: 10.1177/0148607109341804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Allen August
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Futó J, Harsányi L, Sahin P, Dárdai E, Aradán A, Darvas K. Home parenteral nutrition. May it be performed in Hungary, too? Orv Hetil 2009; 150:225-30. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2009.28525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A bélelégtelenségben szenvedő betegek az 1960-as évek vége óta részesülhetnek tartós otthoni parenteralis táplálásban a világ számos országában. Hazánkban a jelenleg is érvényben lévő jogi szabályozás és finanszírozási rendszer a bélelégtelenségben szenvedő, de családi körben élni tudó, sőt megfelelő körülmények között akár munkaképes betegeknek ez az ellátása kizárólag fekvőbeteg-ellátási körben lehetséges. A rendszer ezért rendkívül gazdaságtalan, szükségtelenül foglal le kórházi ágyakat, és ellentétes az európai gyakorlattal. Az elmúlt évek publikációi alapján a szerzők áttekintik a tartós otthoni parenteralis táplálásban részesülő betegek várható élettartamát, életminőségét, a parenteralis tápláláshoz kapcsolódó szövődményeket, illetve a világszerte alkalmazott rendszereket. A tartós táplálás költségeit a nemzetközi adatok alapján magyar viszonyokra vetítve becsülik meg. Az otthoni parenteralis tápláláshoz szükséges szaktudás Magyarországon is maradéktalanul rendelkezésre áll; a szükséges készítmények, technikai felszerelések a magyar piacon is hozzáférhetők. A táplálásterápia iránt elkötelezett hazai szakemberek ezért hivatalos szakmaközi együttműködést kezdeményeztek a tartós otthoni parenteralis táplálás eddig mostohán kezelt kérdésének rendezése érdekében, a rutinszerű otthoni parenteralis táplálás rendszerének kialakítására.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Futó
- 1 Fővárosi Önkormányzat Szent Imre Kórház, Sürgősségi Betegellátási Centrum Központi Műtő és Aneszteziológiai Szolgálat Budapest Tétényi út 12–15. 1115
| | - László Harsányi
- 2 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Sebészeti Klinika Budapest
| | - Péter Sahin
- 3 Fővárosi Önkormányzat Szent Imre Kórház Belgyógyászati Szakmák Mátrix Szervezete, Gasztroenterológiai Profil Budapest
| | - Ernő Dárdai
- 4 Fővárosi Önkormányzat Egyesített Szent István és Szent László Kórház és Rendelőintézet Központi Aneszteziológiai és Intenzív Betegellátó Osztály Budapest
| | - Attiláné Aradán
- 3 Fővárosi Önkormányzat Szent Imre Kórház Belgyógyászati Szakmák Mátrix Szervezete, Gasztroenterológiai Profil Budapest
| | - Katalin Darvas
- 2 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Sebészeti Klinika Budapest
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Radiation damage to the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2008; 1:23-9. [PMID: 18660720 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e3281108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize current knowledge about gastrointestinal radiation toxicity, with emphasis on mechanisms and clinical diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS While there has been only modest change in cancer incidence and cancer mortality rates during the past 30 years, the number of cancer survivors has more than doubled. Moreover, the recognition of uncomplicated cancer cure as the ultimate goal in oncology has intensified efforts to prevent, diagnose, and manage side effects of radiation therapy. These efforts have been facilitated by recent insight into the underlying pathophysiology. SUMMARY The risk of injury to the intestine is dose limiting during abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Delayed bowel toxicity is difficult to manage and adversely impacts the quality of life of cancer survivors. More than 200,000 patients per year receive abdominal or pelvic radiation therapy, and the estimated number of cancer survivors with postradiation intestinal dysfunction is 1.5-2 million. Worthwhile progress towards reducing toxicity of radiation therapy has been made by dose-sculpting treatment techniques. Approaches derived from an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of bowel injury, however, will result in further advances. This article discusses the mechanisms of radiation-induced bowel toxicity and reviews current principles in diagnosis and management.
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Home parenteral nutrition in adults. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2007; 12:255-260. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3280f9df63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salman B, Oguz M, Akmansu M, Bebitoglu I, Akca G, Sultan N, Emre U, Kerem M, Yilmaz U. Effect of timing of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on intestinal damage caused by irradiation. Adv Ther 2007; 24:648-61. [PMID: 17660176 DOI: 10.1007/bf02848790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal damage and bacterial translocation are clinical problems that may be caused by the use of ionizing radiation. Glutamine (Gln) support reduces the mucosal barrier in several ways. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of timing of Gln-enriched enteral nutrition (EN) on bacterial translocation and mucosal damage due to radiotherapy (RT). A rat model of whole body irradiation was designed in which a single dose of 485 cGy was given. A total of 50 rats were randomly assigned to the following 5 groups, each of which comprised 10 rats: (1) balanced rat chow given for 8 days without RT (group 1); (2) balanced rat chow given 4 days before and 4 days after RT (group 2); (3) Gln-enriched EN given 4 days before RT (group 3); (4) Gln;enriched EN given 4 days after RT (group 4); and (5) Gln-enriched EN given 4 days before and 4 days after RT (group 5). Mesenteric lymph node and ileum samples were removed for evaluation of bacterial translocation (BT) and histopathologic investigation, respectively. BT and intestinal mucosal injury scores in all rats that received RT were higher than in rats without RT. No difference was seen in parameters between groups 3 and 4 (P>.05, P>.016, respectively); BT and intestinal mucosal injury scores of group 5 were significantly lower than those of groups 3 and 4 (P<.05, P<.016, respectively). Meanwhile, the BT and mesenteric injury scores of group 5 were significantly lower than those of group 2 (P<.05, P<.016, respectively). As a result, intestinal injury due to RT was significantly decreased by Gln-enriched EN support given before and after whole body RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Salman
- Department of Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Anakara Turkey.
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