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Ali M, Rice CA, Byrne AW, Paré PE, Beauvais W. Modelling dynamics between free-living amoebae and bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16623. [PMID: 38715450 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) serve as hosts for a variety of endosymbionts, which are microorganisms that reside and multiply within the FLA. Some of these endosymbionts pose a pathogenic threat to humans, animals, or both. The symbiotic relationship with FLA not only offers these microorganisms protection but also enhances their survival outside their hosts and assists in their dispersal across diverse habitats, thereby escalating disease transmission. This review is intended to offer an exhaustive overview of the existing mathematical models that have been applied to understand the dynamics of FLA, especially concerning their interactions with bacteria. An extensive literature review was conducted across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify mathematical models that describe the dynamics of interactions between FLA and bacteria, as published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The literature search revealed several FLA-bacteria model systems, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, and Legionella spp. Although the published mathematical models account for significant system dynamics such as predator-prey relationships and non-linear growth rates, they generally overlook spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions, such as temperature, and population diversity. Future mathematical models will need to incorporate these factors to enhance our understanding of FLA-bacteria dynamics and to provide valuable insights for future risk assessment and disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ali
- Comparative Pathobiology Department, Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Christopher A Rice
- Comparative Pathobiology Department, Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery (PIDD), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering (RHCE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew W Byrne
- One Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip E Paré
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Comparative Pathobiology Department, Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Hoogenkamp MA, Mazurel D, Deutekom-Mulder E, de Soet JJ. The consistent application of hydrogen peroxide controls biofilm growth and removes Vermamoeba vermiformis from multi-kingdom in-vitro dental unit water biofilms. Biofilm 2023; 5:100132. [PMID: 37346320 PMCID: PMC10279787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The water systems inside a dental unit are known to be contaminated with a multi-kingdom biofilm encompassing bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Aerosolization of these micro-organisms can potentially create a health hazard for both dental staff and the patient. Very little is known on the efficacy of dental unit disinfection products against amoeba. In this study we have examined the effect of four different treatment regimens, with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) containing product Oxygenal, on an in-vitro multi-kingdom dental unit water system (DUWS) biofilm. The treatment efficacy was assessed in time using heterotrophic plate counts, the bacterial 16S rDNA, fungal 18S rDNA gene load and the number of genomic units for Legionella spp. the amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis. The results indicated that a daily treatment of the DUWS with a low dose H2O2 (0.02% for 5 h), combined with a weekly shock dose (0.25% H2O2, 30 min) is necessary to reduce the heterotrophic plate count of a severely contaminated DUWS (>106 CFU.mL-1) to below 100 CFU.mL-1. A daily treatment with a low dose hydrogen peroxide alone, is sufficient for the statistically significant reduction of the total amount of bacterial 16S rDNA gene, Legionella spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis load (p < 0.005). Also shown is that even though hydrogen peroxide does not kill the trophozoite nor the cysts of V. vermiformis, it does however result in the detachment of the trophozoite form of this amoeba from the DUWS biofilm and hereby ultimately removing the amoeba from the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A. Hoogenkamp
- Corresponding author. Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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Fuchsman CA, Cherubini L, Hays MD. An analysis of protists in Pacific oxygen deficient zones: implications for Prochlorococcus and N 2 -producing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1790-1804. [PMID: 34995411 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocean oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) host 30%-50% of marine N2 production. Cyanobacteria photosynthesizing in the ODZ create a secondary chlorophyll maximum and provide organic matter to N2 -producing bacteria. This chlorophyll maximum is thought to occur due to reduced grazing in anoxic waters. We first examine ODZ protists with long amplicon reads. We then use non-primer-based methods to examine the composition and relative abundance of protists in metagenomes from the Eastern Tropical North and South Pacific ODZs and compare these data to the oxic Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) in the North Pacific. We identify and quantify protists in proportion to the total microbial community. From metagenomic data, we see a large drop in abundance of fungi and protists such as choanoflagellates, radiolarians, cercozoa and ciliates in the ODZs but not in the oxic mesopelagic at HOT. Diplonemid euglenozoa were the only protists that increased in the ODZ. Dinoflagellates and foraminifera reads were also present in the ODZ though less abundant compared to oxic waters. Denitrification has been found in foraminifera but not yet in dinoflagellates. DNA techniques cannot separate dinoflagellate cells and cysts. Metagenomic analysis found taxonomic groups missed by amplicon sequencing and identified trends in abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Fuchsman
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
| | - Luca Cherubini
- Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Matthew D Hays
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
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4
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Martin KH, Borlee GI, Wheat WH, Jackson M, Borlee BR. Busting biofilms: free-living amoebae disrupt preformed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:695-706. [PMID: 32459167 PMCID: PMC7641382 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to eradicate because of their ability to tolerate antibiotics and evade host immune responses. Amoebae and/or their secreted products may provide alternative strategies to inhibit and disperse biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. We evaluated the potential of five predatory amoebae - Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba lenticulata, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Vermamoeba vermiformis and Dictyostelium discoideum - and their cell-free secretions to disrupt biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis. The biofilm biomass produced by MRSA and M. bovis was significantly reduced when co-incubated with A. castellanii, A. lenticulata and A. polyphaga, and their corresponding cell-free supernatants (CFS). Acanthamoeba spp. generally produced CFS that mediated biofilm dispersal rather than directly killing the bacteria; however, A. polyphaga CFS demonstrated active killing of MRSA planktonic cells when the bacteria were present at low concentrations. The active component(s) of the A. polyphaga CFS is resistant to freezing, but can be inactivated to differing degrees by mechanical disruption and exposure to heat. D. discoideum and its CFS also reduced preformed M. bovis biofilms, whereas V. vermiformis only decreased M. bovis biofilm biomass when amoebae were added. These results highlight the potential of using select amoebae species or their CFS to disrupt preformed bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Grace I. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William H. Wheat
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bradley R. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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5
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Poirier I, Benhaïm D, Poizot E, Gallon RK, Cauvin E, Lemarchand A, Bertrand M, Lelièvre C, Murat A, Benoit F, Méar Y. Marine aggregates in North Atlantic coast: Microbial characteristics and potential interactions with farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 157:104864. [PMID: 32275501 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of aggregates collected near an Atlantic salmon farm, in the Cherbourg roadstead, was followed monthly over one year to study the dynamics of Vibrio spp. and explore their impact on farmed fish. Salmon state of health was followed through blood and histopathological analyses. Vibrio were systematically found in aggregates with particularly high concentration in August. The Splendidus clade was strongly dominant in aggregates as well as in gills, and an increase in Vibrio diversity was observed in summer and autumn. Results did not demonstrate that aggregates directly impact the bacterial community of gills, but they suggested an aggregates-gills interaction. Gill contamination was correlated with water temperature and probably impacted by amoebae. Vibrio renipiscarius and Vibrio toranzoniae were isolated in North Atlantic for the first time. A better understanding of the interaction between marine aggregates, Vibrio spp. and fish is essential to improve salmon cage farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Poirier
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - David Benhaïm
- Hólar University, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Háeyri 1, 550 Saudárkrókur, Iceland; Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Emmanuel Poizot
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Régis Kévin Gallon
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Elodie Cauvin
- LABÉO MANCHE, 1352 avenue de Paris, CS 33608, 50008, Saint-Lô, France.
| | - Alexis Lemarchand
- GMG, ZA Produimer, Rue Port des Flamands, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Martine Bertrand
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Céline Lelièvre
- Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Anne Murat
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Fabienne Benoit
- LABÉO MANCHE, 1352 avenue de Paris, CS 33608, 50008, Saint-Lô, France.
| | - Yann Méar
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, EPN8, Boulevard Collignon, Tourlaville, 50110, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130, Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
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6
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Collins C, Hall M, Fordyce MJ, White P. Survival and Growth in vitro of Paramoeba perurans Populations Cultured Under Different Salinities and Temperatures. Protist 2019; 170:153-167. [PMID: 31071676 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth rates of Paramoeba perurans cultures under different temperature and salinity conditions were investigated in vitro over a 15day period. Optimal population growth, under the experimental conditions, was observed at 15°C and a salinity of 35‰, with amoebae populations doubling every 14h. Positive P. perurans populations growth was observed at 15°C between salinities of above 20‰ and 50‰, and at 8°C, 11°C and 18°C at salinities between 25‰ and 50‰, 50‰ being the maximum salinity tested. Amoebae numbers were sustained at 4°C. Therefore, lower temperature and salinity thresholds for P. perurans population growth lie between 4 to 8°C, and salinities of 20 to 25‰, respectively. Upper limits were not determined in this study. The populations remained relatively stable at 4°C and 2°C at permissive salinities with respect to numbers of viable amoebae over the 15day exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Malcolm Hall
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Fordyce
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia White
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
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7
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Delafont V, Rodier MH, Maisonneuve E, Cateau E. Vermamoeba vermiformis: a Free-Living Amoeba of Interest. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:991-1001. [PMID: 29737382 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae are protists that are widely distributed in the environment including water, soil, and air. Although the amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are still the most studied, other species, such as Vermamoeba vermiformis (formerly Hartmannella vermiformis), are the subject of increased interest. Found in natural or man-made aquatic environments, V. vermiformis can support the multiplication of other microorganisms and is able to harbor and potentially protect pathogenic bacteria or viruses. This feature is to be noted because of the presence of this thermotolerant amoeba in hospital water networks. As a consequence, this protist could be implicated in health concerns and be indirectly responsible for healthcare-related infections. This review highlights, among others, the consequences of V. vermiformis relationships with other microorganisms and shows that this free-living amoeba species is therefore of interest for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Delafont
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Helene Rodier
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie, CHU La Milètrie, 86021, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Maisonneuve
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Estelle Cateau
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie, CHU La Milètrie, 86021, Poitiers Cedex, France.
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8
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Weitere M, Erken M, Majdi N, Arndt H, Norf H, Reinshagen M, Traunspurger W, Walterscheid A, Wey JK. The food web perspective on aquatic biofilms. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weitere
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Martina Erken
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Nabil Majdi
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Bielefeld; Konsequenz 45 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Helge Norf
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analyses and Management; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Michael Reinshagen
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Walter Traunspurger
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Bielefeld; Konsequenz 45 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Anja Walterscheid
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Jennifer K. Wey
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Animal Ecology; Federal Institute of Hydrology; Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz Germany
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9
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Lal S, Singhrao SK, Achilles-Day UEM, Morton LHG, Pearce M, Crean S. Risk Assessment for the Spread of Serratia marcescens Within Dental-Unit Waterline Systems Using Vermamoeba vermiformis. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:434-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Cateau E, Delafont V, Hechard Y, Rodier M. Free-living amoebae: what part do they play in healthcare-associated infections? J Hosp Infect 2014; 87:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cortés-Pérez S, Rodríguez-Zaragoza S, Mendoza-López MR. Trophic structure of amoeba communities near roots of Medicago sativa after contamination with fuel oil no. 6. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:430-442. [PMID: 24158688 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Root exudation increases microbial activity, selecting bacterial and fungal communities that metabolize organic matter such as hydrocarbons. However, a strong contamination pulse of hydrocarbons around plant roots may reorganize the soil's microbial trophic structure toward amoebae feeding on bacteria. We conducted a microcosm experiment to elucidate the effect of Medicago sativa on the trophic structure of naked amoebae after a strong pulse of pollution (50,000 ppm of fuel oil no. 6, which is a mixture of long chains ranging from C10 to C28). Plants were seeded 24 h after contamination and species of amoebae in the microcosms were identified at 1, 30, and 60 days after pollution. Several species from three trophic groups of naked amoeba were still alive 24 h after the hydrocarbon pulse. Non-planted microcosms harbored three trophic groups after 60 days, while planted ones nourished four groups. The bacterivore group was the most diverse in all microcosms, followed by protist-eaters and omnivores. The quantity of amoebae was significantly higher (3.4×10(3) organisms/g soil) in the planted pots than in the non-planted ones (1.3×10(3) organisms/g soil after 30 days of pollution (P ≤ 0.01). The shortest hydrocarbon chains (C10-C14) disappeared or diminished in all microcosms, and the longest ones increased in the planted ones. M. sativa thus exerted a positive effect on species richness, quantity, and the composition of amoebae trophic groups in contaminated soil. This indirect effect on bacterial predators is another key factor underlying hydrocarbon assimilation by living organisms during phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cortés-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, UBIPRO, Fes-Iztacala UNAM, Av. De los Barrios #1 Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla Edo., México, C.P. 54090, Mexico,
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12
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The Legionella pneumophila collagen-like protein mediates sedimentation, autoaggregation, and pathogen-phagocyte interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1441-54. [PMID: 24334670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03254-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although only partially understood, multicellular behavior is relatively common in bacterial pathogens. Bacterial aggregates can resist various host defenses and colonize their environment more efficiently than planktonic cells. For the waterborne pathogen Legionella pneumophila, little is known about the roles of autoaggregation or the parameters which allow cell-cell interactions to occur. Here, we determined the endogenous and exogenous factors sufficient to allow autoaggregation to take place in L. pneumophila. We show that isolates from Legionella species which do not produce the Legionella collagen-like protein (Lcl) are deficient in autoaggregation. Targeted deletion of the Lcl-encoding gene (lpg2644) and the addition of Lcl ligands impair the autoaggregation of L. pneumophila. In addition, Lcl-induced autoaggregation requires divalent cations. Escherichia coli producing surface-exposed Lcl is able to autoaggregate and shows increased biofilm production. We also demonstrate that L. pneumophila infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmanella vermiformis is potentiated under conditions which promote Lcl dependent autoaggregation. Overall, this study shows that L. pneumophila is capable of autoaggregating in a process that is mediated by Lcl in a divalent-cation-dependent manner. It also reveals that Lcl potentiates the ability of L. pneumophila to come in contact, attach, and infect amoebae.
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13
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Olofsson J, Axelsson-Olsson D, Brudin L, Olsen B, Ellström P. Campylobacter jejuni actively invades the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survives within non digestive vacuoles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78873. [PMID: 24223169 PMCID: PMC3819376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is able to enter, survive and multiply within the free living amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga, but the molecular mechanisms behind these events are still unclear. We have studied the uptake and intracellular trafficking of viable and heat killed bacterial cells of the C. jejuni strain 81–176 in A. polyphaga. We found that viable bacteria associated with a substantially higher proportion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites than heat killed bacteria. Furthermore, the kinetics of internalization, the total number of internalized bacteria as well as the intracellular localization of internalized C. jejuni were dramatically influenced by bacterial viability. Viable bacteria were internalized at a high rate already after 1 h of co-incubation and were observed in small vacuoles tightly surrounding the bacteria. In contrast, internalization of heat killed C. jejuni was low at early time points and did not peak until 96 h. These cells were gathered in large spacious vacuoles that were part of the degradative pathway as determined by the uptake of fluorescently labeled dextran. The amount of heat killed bacteria internalized by A. polyphaga did never reach the maximal amount of internalized viable bacteria. These results suggest that the uptake and intracellular survival of C. jejuni in A. polyphaga is bacterially induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Olofsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Axelsson-Olsson
- Marine Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Potential resistant morphotypes of Acanthamoeba castellanii expressed in multipurpose contact lens disinfection systems. Eye Contact Lens 2013; 38:400-5. [PMID: 22858984 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e318261ab1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii is a rare cause of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis. The cyst stage of this amoeba is noted for its resistance to disinfection by multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPS). This report examines and reviews the potential survival modes of A. castellanii in MPS. METHODS Trophozoites of A. castellanii (ATCC 30234) at densities from 10 to near 10 were incubated in 3 different MPS in a laminar flow hood for 24 hours at ambient temperatures. The dried films of MPS and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls were examined before and after the addition of a peptone-yeast extract-glucose recovery broth (PYG) for the presence of amoeboid trophozoites and resistance stages over at least 7 days. The parallel exposure of trophozoites to MPS without evaporation or addition of PYG was similarly examined. RESULTS Amoeboid trophozoites were not recovered in PYG nor were cyst-like structures observed in any MPS with near 10 densities. Progressively with 10 to 10 trophozoites, varied survival modes, particularly aggregates of trophozoites associated with cyst-like structures and occasional amoeboid forms and double-walled cysts with ostioles, became more evident. These morphotypes were most prominent after evaporation and typically first observed in the PYG. CONCLUSIONS Trophozoites of A. castellanii near 10 and progressively to 10 densities are capable of expressing a variety of "short-term" survival modes in MPS, notably with the added stress of evaporation. Expression of these alternate survival modes in MPS may relate, in part, to contamination of contact lens cases and difficulties in developing standardized MPS efficacy tests.
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Risse-Buhl U, Trefzger N, Seifert AG, Schönborn W, Gleixner G, Küsel K. Tracking the autochthonous carbon transfer in stream biofilm food webs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:118-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Risse-Buhl
- Limnology/Aquatic Geomicrobiology Research Group; Institute of Ecology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Nicolai Trefzger
- Limnology/Aquatic Geomicrobiology Research Group; Institute of Ecology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Anne-Gret Seifert
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Jena; Germany
| | - Wilfried Schönborn
- Limnology/Aquatic Geomicrobiology Research Group; Institute of Ecology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Jena; Germany
| | - Kirsten Küsel
- Limnology/Aquatic Geomicrobiology Research Group; Institute of Ecology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
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Buse H, Ashbolt N. Differential growth of Legionella pneumophila strains within a range of amoebae at various temperatures associated with in-premise plumbing. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:217-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Thomas V, McDonnell G, Denyer SP, Maillard JY. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:231-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Böhme A, Risse-Buhl U, Küsel K. Protists with different feeding modes change biofilm morphology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 69:158-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dillon A, Parry JD. Amoebic grazing of freshwater Synechococcus strains rich in phycocyanin. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 69:106-12. [PMID: 19453737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen strains of naked amoebae were presented with 19 strains of Synechococcus on an agar surface. After 14 days of incubation, each of the 285 combinations yielded one of three responses. 42.1% of combinations showed clearing (digestion) of the Synechococcus (C), 56.5% of combinations showed no clearing of the Synechococcus (N) while 1.4% of combinations showed partial clearing of the Synechococcus (P). In general, the Synechococcus strains showed variability in their susceptibility to digestion by the amoebae and the amoebae showed variability in their ability to digest the Synechococcus strains. There was no evidence for amoebae actively selecting profitable prey and equivalent-sized Synechococcus strains were ingested at the same rate, irrespective of their fate. There was some evidence of 'size-selective' grazing in that amoebae ingested the smaller Synechococcus strains at higher rates than the larger strains. However, there was no correlation between prey size and their ultimate fate. These data suggest that amoebae are not selective with regard to the ingestion of synechococci, but that 'selection' occurs at the digestion stage, i.e. whether the synechococci are digested or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dillon
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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20
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Thelaus J, Andersson A, Mathisen P, Forslund AL, Noppa L, Forsman M. Influence of nutrient status and grazing pressure on the fate of Francisella tularensis in lake water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:69-80. [PMID: 19120459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularaemia, is yet to be identified. We investigated the possibility that Francisella persists in natural aquatic ecosystems between outbreaks. It was hypothesized that nutrient-rich environments, with strong protozoan predation, favour the occurrence of the tularaemia bacterium. To investigate the differences in adaptation to aquatic environments of the species and subspecies of Francisella, we screened 23 strains for their ability to survive grazing by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. All the Francisella strains tested were consumed at a low rate, although significant differences between subspecies were found. The survival and virulence of gfp-labelled F. tularensis ssp. holarctica were then studied in a microcosm experiment using natural lake water, with varying food web complexities and nutrient availabilities. High nutrient conditions in combination with high abundances of nanoflagellates were found to favour F. tularensis ssp. holarctica. The bacterium was observed both free-living and within the cells of a nanoflagellate. Francisella tularensis entered a viable but nonculturable state during the microcosm experiment. When studied over a longer period of time, F. tularensis ssp. holarctica survived in the lake water, but loss of virulence was not prevented by either high nutrient availability or the presence of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Thelaus
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Cateau E, Imbert C, Rodier MH. Hartmanella vermiformiscan be permissive forPseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:475-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parry JD, Holmes AK, Unwin ME, Laybourn-Parry J. The use of ultrasonic imaging to evaluate the effect of protozoan grazing and movement on the topography of bacterial biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:364-70. [PMID: 17897377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the effect of protozoan movement and grazing on the topography of a dual-bacterial biofilm using both conventional light microscopy and a new ultrasonic technique. METHODS AND RESULTS Coupons of dialysis membrane were incubated in Chalkley's medium for 3 days at 23 degrees C in the presence of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes) alone, or in co-culture with the flagellate Bodo designis, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis or the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Amoebic presence resulted in a confluent biofilm similar to the bacteria-only biofilm while the flagellate and ciliate created more diverse biofilm topographies comprising bacterial microcolonies and cavities. CONCLUSIONS The four distinct biofilm topographies were successfully discerned with ultrasonic imaging and the method yielded information similar to that obtained with conventional light microscopy. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Ultrasonic imaging provides a potential way forward in the development of a portable, nondestructive technique for profiling the topography of biofilms in situ, which might aid in the future management of biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Parry
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Pickup ZL, Pickup R, Parry JD. Growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis on live, heat-killed and DTAF-stained bacterial prey. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:264-72. [PMID: 17596189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth responses of two species of amoeba were evaluated in the presence of live, heat-killed and heat-killed/5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl) aminofluorescein (DTAF)-stained cells of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella ozaenae and Staphylococcus aureus. The specific growth rates of both species were significantly higher with live bacterial prey, the only exception being Hartmannella vermiformis feeding on S. aureus, for which growth rates were equivalent on all prey states. There was no significant difference between growth rates, yield or ingestion rates of amoebae feeding on heat-killed or heat-killed/stained bacterial cells, suggesting that it was the heat-killing process that influenced the amoeba-bacteria interaction. Pretreatment of prey cells had a greater influence on amoebic processing of Gram-negative bacteria compared with the Gram-positive bacterium, which appeared to be as a result of the former cells being more difficult to digest and/or losing their ability to deter amoebic ingestion. These antipredatory mechanisms included microcolony formation in P. aeruginosa, toxin production in K. ozaenae, and the presence of an intact capsule in K. aerogenes. E. coli and S. aureus did not appear to possess an antipredator mechanism, although intact cells of the S. aureus were observed in faecal pellets, suggesting that any antipredatory mechanism was occurring at the digestion stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Pickup
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Pickup ZL, Pickup R, Parry JD. Effects of bacterial prey species and their concentration on growth of the amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2631-4. [PMID: 17293529 PMCID: PMC1855622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02061-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two amoebae were presented with six bacterial prey at a range of concentrations, and the growth parameters of the amoebae were deduced. All but one bacterium (Synechococcus) resulted in a positive growth response, but the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus proved to be difficult to digest and the heavily pigmented bacterium Klebsiella ozaenae induced unusual amoebic behavior prior to ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Pickup
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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