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Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Naguib MM, Jax E, Sihlbom C, Olsson BM, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Larson G, Ellström P. Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad098. [PMID: 38127648 PMCID: PMC10987293 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics result from interspecies transmission events within the avian reservoir and further into mammals including humans. Receptor incompatibility due to differently expressed glycan structures between species has been suggested to limit zoonotic IAV transmission from the wild bird reservoir as well as between different bird species. Using glycoproteomics, we have studied the repertoires of expressed glycan structures with focus on putative sialic acid-containing glycan receptors for IAV in mallard, chicken and tufted duck; three bird species with different roles in the zoonotic ecology of IAV. The methodology used pinpoints specific glycan structures to specific glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins and was also used to successfully discriminate α2-3- from α2-6-linked terminal sialic acids by careful analysis of oxonium ions released from glycopeptides in tandem MS/MS (MS2), and MS/MS/MS (MS3). Our analysis clearly demonstrated that all three bird species can produce complex N-glycans including α2-3-linked sialyl Lewis structures, as well as both N- and O- glycans terminated with both α2-3- and α2-6-linked Neu5Ac. We also found the recently identified putative IAV receptor structures, Man-6P N-glycopeptides, in all tissues of the three bird species. Furthermore, we found many similarities in the repertoires of expressed receptors both between the bird species investigated and to previously published data from pigs and humans. Our findings of sialylated glycan structures, previously anticipated to be mammalian specific, in all three bird species may have major implications for our understanding of the role of receptor incompatibility in interspecies transmission of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Baden-Württemberg DE-78315, Germany
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Olsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
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Albinsson B, Hoffman T, Kolstad L, Bergström T, Bogdanovic G, Heydecke A, Hägg M, Kjerstadius T, Lindroth Y, Petersson A, Stenberg M, Vene S, Ellström P, Rönnberg B, Lundkvist Å. Seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus and vaccination coverage of tick-borne encephalitis, Sweden, 2018 to 2019. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300221. [PMID: 38214080 PMCID: PMC10785208 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.2.2300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn Sweden, information on seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in the population, including vaccination coverage and infection, is scattered. This is largely due to the absence of a national tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination registry, scarcity of previous serological studies and use of serological methods not distinguishing between antibodies induced by vaccination and infection. Furthermore, the number of notified TBE cases in Sweden has continued to increase in recent years despite increased vaccination.AimThe aim was to estimate the TBEV seroprevalence in Sweden.MethodsIn 2018 and 2019, 2,700 serum samples from blood donors in nine Swedish regions were analysed using a serological method that can distinguish antibodies induced by vaccination from antibodies elicited by infection. The regions were chosen to reflect differences in notified TBE incidence.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence varied from 9.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6-13.6%) to 64.0% (95% CI: 58.3-69.4%) between regions. The proportion of vaccinated individuals ranged from 8.7% (95% CI: 5.8-12.6) to 57.0% (95% CI: 51.2-62.6) and of infected from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2-3.0) to 7.0% (95% CI: 4.5-10.7). Thus, more than 160,000 and 1,600,000 individuals could have been infected by TBEV and vaccinated against TBE, respectively. The mean manifestation index was 3.1%.ConclusionA difference was observed between low- and high-incidence TBE regions, on the overall TBEV seroprevalence and when separated into vaccinated and infected individuals. The estimated incidence and manifestation index argue that a large proportion of TBEV infections are not diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Albinsson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- These authors contributed equally to the work and share the first authorship
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Hoffman
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- These authors contributed equally to the work and share the first authorship
| | - Linda Kolstad
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Heydecke
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Mirja Hägg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ylva Lindroth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Skåne Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Petersson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Marie Stenberg
- Laboratory Medical Center Gotland, Visby hospital, Visby, Sweden
| | - Sirkka Vene
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Rönnberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Haars J, Palanisamy N, Wallin F, Mölling P, Lindh J, Sundqvist M, Ellström P, Kaden R, Lennerstrand J. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages and Spike Protein Mutations Conferring Resistance against Monoclonal Antibodies in a Swedish Cohort during 2022-2023. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2417. [PMID: 37894075 PMCID: PMC10609123 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important treatment option for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, especially in immunosuppressed patients. However, this treatment option can become ineffective due to mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, mainly in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. In the present study, 7950 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from the Uppsala and Örebro regions of central Sweden, collected between March 2022 and May 2023, were whole-genome sequenced using amplicon-based sequencing methods on Oxford Nanopore GridION, Illumina MiSeq, Illumina HiSeq, or MGI DNBSEQ-G400 instruments. Pango lineages were determined and all single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations that occurred in these samples were identified. We found that the dominant sublineages changed over time, and mutations conferring resistance to currently available mAbs became common. Notable ones are R346T and K444T mutations in the RBD that confer significant resistance against tixagevimab and cilgavimab mAbs. Further, mutations conferring a high-fold resistance to bebtelovimab, such as the K444T and V445P mutations, were also observed in the samples. This study highlights that resistance mutations have over time rendered currently available mAbs ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 in most patients. Therefore, there is a need for continued surveillance of resistance mutations and the development of new mAbs that target more conserved regions of the RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Haars
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset Entrance 40 Floor 5, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.); (J.L.); (P.E.); (R.K.)
| | | | - Frans Wallin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Södra Grev Rosengatan, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Paula Mölling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (P.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Johan Lindh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset Entrance 40 Floor 5, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.); (J.L.); (P.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Martin Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (P.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset Entrance 40 Floor 5, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.); (J.L.); (P.E.); (R.K.)
| | - René Kaden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset Entrance 40 Floor 5, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.); (J.L.); (P.E.); (R.K.)
- SciLifeLab, Clinical Genomics Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lennerstrand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset Entrance 40 Floor 5, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.); (J.L.); (P.E.); (R.K.)
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Naguib MM, Eriksson P, Jax E, Wille M, Lindskog C, Bröjer C, Krambrich J, Waldenström J, Kraus RHS, Larson G, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Ellström P. A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0258622. [PMID: 37358408 PMCID: PMC10434033 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02586-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from wild waterfowl to poultry is the first step in a chain of events that can ultimately lead to exposure and infection of humans. Herein, we study the outcome of infection with eight different mallard-origin IAV subtypes in two different avian hosts: tufted ducks and chickens. We found that infection and shedding patterns as well as innate immune responses were highly dependent on viral subtypes, host species, and inoculation routes. For example, intraoesophageal inoculation, commonly used in mallard infection experiments, resulted in no infections in contrast to oculonasal inoculation, suggesting a difference in transmission routes. Despite H9N2 being endemic in chickens, inoculation of mallard-origin H9N2 failed to cause viable infection beyond 1 day postinfection in our study design. The innate immune responses were markedly different in chickens and tufted ducks, and despite the presence of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) in tufted duck transcriptomes, it was neither up nor downregulated in response to infection. Overall, we have revealed the heterogeneity of infection patterns and responses in two markedly different avian hosts following a challenge with mallard-origin IAV. These virus-host interactions provide new insights into important aspects of interspecies transmission of IAV. IMPORTANCE Our current findings highlight important aspects of IAV infection in birds that have implications for our understanding of its zoonotic ecology. In contrast to mallards where the intestinal tract is the main site of IAV replication, chickens and tufted ducks show limited or no signs of intestinal infection suggesting that the fecal-oral transmission route might not apply to all bird IAV host species. Our results indicate that mallard-origin IAVs undergo genetic changes upon introduction into new hosts, suggesting rapid adaptation to a new environment. However, similar to the mallard, chickens and tufted ducks show a limited immune response to infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These findings and future studies in different IAV hosts are important for our understanding of barriers to IAV transmission between species and ultimately from the wild reservoir to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janina Krambrich
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Robert H. S. Kraus
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Valečková E, Sun L, Wang H, Dube F, Ivarsson E, Kasmaei KM, Ellström P, Wall H. Intestinal colonization with Campylobacter jejuni affects broiler gut microbiota composition but is not inhibited by daily intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205797. [PMID: 37577431 PMCID: PMC10416237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactobacilli may prevent broilers from colonization with Campylobacter spp. and other gram-negative zoonotic bacteria through lactic acid production and modulation of the intestinal microbiota. This study evaluated the effects of daily intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 256 (LP256) on Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) loads in ceca and feces of C. jejuni challenged broilers, together with the changes in the gut microbiota. Methods Two experiments were conducted using the broilers Ross 308 (R-308; Experiment 1) for 42 days and Rowan Ranger broilers (RR; Experiment 2) for 63 days. The LP256 strain was administered either via silage inoculated with LP256 or direct supplementation in the drinking water. Concurrently, haylage as a forage similar to silage but without any inoculum was tested. C. jejuni loads in fecal matter and cecal content were determined by plate counts and qPCR, respectively. The cecal microbiota, in response to treatments and the challenge, were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results and Discussion Culturing results displayed a significant reduction in C. jejuni colonization (2.01 log) in the silage treatment in comparison to the control at 1 dpi (day post-infection) in Experiment 1. However, no treatment effect on C. jejuni was observed at the end of the experiment. In Experiment 2, no treatment effects on C. jejuni colonization were found to be statistically significant. Colonization load comparison at the peak of infection (3 dpi) to that at the end of the trial (32 dpi) revealed a significant reduction in C. jejuni in all groups, regardless of treatment. Colonization dynamics of C. jejuni in the cecal samples analyzed by qPCR showed no difference between any of the treatments in Experiment 1 or 2. In both experiments, no treatment effects on the cecal microbiota were observed. However, proportional changes in the bacterial composition were observed after the C. jejuni challenge, suggesting that colonization affected the gut microbiota. Overall, the daily intake of LP256 was not effective in reducing C. jejuni colonization in either broiler type at the end of the rearing period and did not cause any significant changes in the birds' cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Valečková
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Faruk Dube
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kamyar Mogodiniyai Kasmaei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Skog E, Nykvist M, Naguib MM, Wille M, Bröjer C, Agarwal V, Ellström P, Westman G, Lundkvist Å, Järhult JD. An oseltamivir-resistant avian H1N1 influenza A virus can transmit from mallards to chickens similarly to a wild-type strain: implications for the risk of resistance transmission to humans. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37018118 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir is stockpiled globally as part of influenza pandemic preparedness. However, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) resistance develops in avian influenza virus (AIV) infecting mallards exposed to environmental-like OC concentrations, suggesting that environmental resistance is a real concern. Herein we used an in vivo model to investigate if avian influenza H1N1 with the OC-resistant mutation NA-H274Y (51833/H274Y) as compared to the wild-type (wt) strain (51833 /wt) could transmit from mallards, which would potentially be exposed to environmentally contaminated environments, to and between chickens, thus posing a potential zoonotic risk of antiviral-resistant AIV. Regardless of whether the virus had the OC-resistant mutation or not, chickens became infected both through experimental infection, and following exposure to infected mallards. We found similar infection patterns between 51833/wt and 51833/H274Y such that, one chicken inoculated with 51833/wt and three chickens inoculated with 51833/H274Y were AIV positive in oropharyngeal samples more than 2 days consecutively, indicating true infection, and one contact chicken exposed to infected mallards was AIV positive in faecal samples for 3 consecutive days (51833/wt) and another contact chicken for 4 consecutive days (51833/H274Y). Importantly, all positive samples from chickens infected with 51833/H274Y retained the NA-H274Y mutation. However, none of the virus strains established sustained transmission in chickens, likely due to insufficient adaptation to the chicken host. Our results demonstrate that an OC-resistant avian influenza virus can transmit from mallards and replicate in chickens. NA-H274Y does not constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission per se, as the resistant virus did not show reduced replicative capacity compared to the wild-type counterpart. Thus, responsible use of oseltamivir and surveillance for resistance development is warranted to limit the risk of an OC-resistant pandemic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Skog
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Nykvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, Swedish Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Agarwal
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wasberg A, Faria IR, Bergholm J, Petric PP, Mostafa A, Pleschka S, Schwemmle M, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Naguib MM. Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4476. [PMID: 36934147 PMCID: PMC10024770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exchange of viral segments between one or more influenza virus subtypes can contribute to a shift in virulence and adaptation to new hosts. Among several influenza subtypes, H9N2 is widely circulating in poultry populations worldwide and has the ability to infect humans. Here, we studied the reassortant compatibility between chicken H9N2 with N1-N9 gene segments of wild bird origin, either with an intact or truncated stalk. Naturally occurring amino acid deletions in the NA stalk of the influenza virus can lead to increased virulence in both mallard ducks and chickens. Our findings show extended genetic compatibility between chicken H9Nx gene segments and the wild-bird NA with and without 20 amino acid stalk deletion. Replication kinetics in avian, mammalian and human cell lines revealed that parental chH9N2 and rH9N6 viruses with intact NA-stalk replicated significantly better in avian DF1 cells compared to human A549 cells. After introducing a stalk deletion, an enhanced preference for replication in mammalian and human cell lines could be observed for rH9N2Δ(H6), rH9N6Δ and rH9N9Δ compared to the parental chH9N2 virus. This highlights the potential emergence of novel viruses with variable phenotypic traits, warranting the continuous monitoring of H9N2 and co-circulating subtypes in avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anishia Wasberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inês R Faria
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Bergholm
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mannsverk S, Bergholm J, Palanisamy N, Ellström P, Kaden R, Lindh J, Lennerstrand J. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and spike protein mutational dynamics in a Swedish cohort during 2021, studied by Nanopore sequencing. Virol J 2022; 19:164. [PMID: 36258215 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, new variants of significance to public health have emerged. Consequently, early detection of new mutations and variants through whole-genome sequencing remains crucial to assist health officials in employing appropriate public health measures. METHODS We utilized the ARTIC Network SARS-CoV-2 tiled amplicon approach and Nanopore sequencing to sequence 4,674 COVID-19 positive patient samples from Uppsala County, Sweden, between week 15 and 52 in 2021. Using this data, we mapped the circulating variants of concern (VOC) in the county over time and analysed the Spike (S) protein mutational dynamics in the Delta variant throughout 2021. RESULTS The distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 VOC matched the national VOC distribution in Sweden, in 2021. In the S protein of the Delta variant, we detected mutations attributable to variants under monitoring and variants of interest (e.g., E484Q, Q613H, Q677H, A222V and Y145H) and future VOC (e.g., T95I and Y144 deletion, which are signature mutations in the Omicron variant). We also frequently detected some less well-described S protein mutations in our Delta sequences, that might play a role in shaping future emerging variants. These include A262S, Q675K, I850L, Q1201H, V1228L and M1237I. Lastly, we observed that some of the Delta variant's signature mutations were underrepresented in our study due to artifacts of the used bioinformatics tools, approach and sequencing method. We therefore discuss some pitfalls and considerations when sequencing SARS-CoV-2 genomes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that genomic surveillance in a small, representative cohort can be used to make predictions about the circulating variants nationally. Moreover, we show that detection of transient mutations in currently circulating variants can give valuable clues to signature mutations of future VOC. Here we suggest six such mutations, that we detected frequently in the Delta variant during 2021. Lastly, we report multiple systematic errors that occurred when following the ARTIC Network SARS-CoV-2 tiled amplicon approach using the V3 primers and Nanopore sequencing, which led to the masking of some of the important signature mutations in the Delta sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Mannsverk
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Bergholm
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Kaden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lindh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lennerstrand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Persson S, Larsson C, Simonsson M, Ellström P. rprimer: an R/bioconductor package for design of degenerate oligos for sequence variable viruses. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:239. [PMID: 35717145 PMCID: PMC9206141 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper presents a new R/Bioconductor package, rprimer, for design of degenerate oligos and PCR assays for sequence variable viruses. A multiple DNA sequence alignment is used as input data, while the outputs consist of comprehensive tables (data frames) and dashboard-like plots. The workflow can be run directly from the R console or through a graphical user interface (Shiny application). Here, rprimer is demonstrated and evaluated by using it to design two norovirus genogroup I (GI) assays: one RT-qPCR assay for quantitative detection and one RT‑PCR assay for Sanger sequencing and polymerase-capsid based genotyping. Results The assays generated were evaluated using stool samples testing positive for norovirus GI. The RT-qPCR assay accurately amplified and quantified all samples and showed comparable performance to a widely-used standardised assay, while the RT-PCR assay resulted in successful sequencing and genotyping of all samples. Merits and limitations of the package were identified through comparison with three similar freely available software packages. Several features were comparable across the different tools, but important advantages of rprimer were its speed, flexibility in oligo design and capacity for visualisation. Conclusions An R/Bioconductor package, rprimer, was developed and shown to be successful in designing primers and probes for quantitative detection and genotyping of a sequence-variable virus. The package provides an efficient, flexible and visual approach to degenerate oligo design, and can therefore assist in virus research and method development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04781-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Persson
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 56 A, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christina Larsson
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 56 A, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Adel A, Abdelmagid MA, Mohamed AAE, Wasberg A, Mosaad Z, Selim K, Shaaban A, Tarek M, Hagag NM, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Naguib MM. Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens. Viruses 2022; 14:1030. [PMID: 35632771 PMCID: PMC9143995 DOI: 10.3390/v14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses have been reported in Egypt, but little is known about their pathogenicity and how they have evolved. In this study, four different Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized and compared to representative H9N2 viruses from G1 lineage. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses was assessed by experimental infection in chickens. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the H9N2 virus of the Egy-2 G1-B lineage (pigeon-like) has become the dominant circulating H9N2 genotype in Egypt since 2016. Considerable variation in virus shedding at day 7 post-infections was detected in infected chickens, but no significant difference in pathogenicity was found between the infected groups. The rapid spread and emergence of new genotypes of the influenza viruses pinpoint the importance of continuous surveillance for the detection of novel reassortant viruses, as well as monitoring the viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Marwa A. Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Anishia Wasberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
| | - Zienab Mosaad
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Karim Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Asmaa Shaaban
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Tarek
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
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11
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Mourkas E, Yahara K, Bayliss SC, Calland JK, Johansson H, Mageiros L, Muñoz-Ramirez ZY, Futcher G, Méric G, Hitchings MD, Sandoval-Motta S, Torres J, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, Ellström P, Waldenström J, Pascoe B, Sheppard SK. Host ecology regulates interspecies recombination in bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. eLife 2022; 11:73552. [PMID: 35191377 PMCID: PMC8912921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can allow traits that have evolved in one bacterial species to transfer to another. This has potential to rapidly promote new adaptive trajectories such as zoonotic transfer or antimicrobial resistance. However, for this to occur requires gaps to align in barriers to recombination within a given time frame. Chief among these barriers is the physical separation of species with distinct ecologies in separate niches. Within the genus Campylobacter, there are species with divergent ecologies, from rarely isolated single-host specialists to multihost generalist species that are among the most common global causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis. Here, by characterizing these contrasting ecologies, we can quantify HGT among sympatric and allopatric species in natural populations. Analyzing recipient and donor population ancestry among genomes from 30 Campylobacter species, we show that cohabitation in the same host can lead to a six-fold increase in HGT between species. This accounts for up to 30% of all SNPs within a given species and identifies highly recombinogenic genes with functions including host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance. As described in some animal and plant species, ecological factors are a major evolutionary force for speciation in bacteria and changes to the host landscape can promote partial convergence of distinct species through HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Koji Yahara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica K Calland
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Håkan Johansson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Zilia Y Muñoz-Ramirez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Grant Futcher
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Santiago Sandoval-Motta
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom,Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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12
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Mueller RC, Ellström P, Howe K, Uliano-Silva M, Kuo RI, Miedzinska K, Warr A, Fedrigo O, Haase B, Mountcastle J, Chow W, Torrance J, Wood JMD, Järhult JD, Naguib MM, Olsen B, Jarvis ED, Smith J, Eöry L, Kraus RHS. A high-quality genome and comparison of short- versus long-read transcriptome of the palaearctic duck Aythya fuligula (tufted duck). Gigascience 2021; 10:giab081. [PMID: 34927191 PMCID: PMC8685854 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tufted duck is a non-model organism that experiences high mortality in highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks. It belongs to the same bird family (Anatidae) as the mallard, one of the best-studied natural hosts of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Studies in non-model bird species are crucial to disentangle the role of the host response in avian influenza virus infection in the natural reservoir. Such endeavour requires a high-quality genome assembly and transcriptome. FINDINGS This study presents the first high-quality, chromosome-level reference genome assembly of the tufted duck using the Vertebrate Genomes Project pipeline. We sequenced RNA (complementary DNA) from brain, ileum, lung, ovary, spleen, and testis using Illumina short-read and Pacific Biosciences long-read sequencing platforms, which were used for annotation. We found 34 autosomes plus Z and W sex chromosomes in the curated genome assembly, with 99.6% of the sequence assigned to chromosomes. Functional annotation revealed 14,099 protein-coding genes that generate 111,934 transcripts, which implies a mean of 7.9 isoforms per gene. We also identified 246 small RNA families. CONCLUSIONS This annotated genome contributes to continuing research into the host response in avian influenza virus infections in a natural reservoir. Our findings from a comparison between short-read and long-read reference transcriptomics contribute to a deeper understanding of these competing options. In this study, both technologies complemented each other. We expect this annotation to be a foundation for further comparative and evolutionary genomic studies, including many waterfowl relatives with differing susceptibilities to avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf C Mueller
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Richard I Kuo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Katarzyna Miedzinska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Amanda Warr
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Olivier Fedrigo
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, NY
| | - Bettina Haase
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, NY
| | | | - William Chow
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Torrance
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Josef D Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory and HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, NY
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lél Eöry
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert H S Kraus
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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13
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Persson S, Alm E, Karlsson M, Enkirch T, Norder H, Eriksson R, Simonsson M, Ellström P. A new assay for quantitative detection of hepatitis A virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 288:114010. [PMID: 33152410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly transmitted via contaminated food or water or through person-to-person contact. Here, we describe development and evaluation of a reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for detection of HAV in food and clinical specimens. The assay was evaluated by assessing limit of detection, precision, matrix effects, sensitivity and quantitative agreement. The 95 % limit of detection (LOD95 %) was 10 % higher for RT-ddPCR than for RT-qPCR. A Bayesian model was used to estimate precision on different target concentrations. From this, we found that RT-ddPCR had somewhat greater precision than RT-qPCR within runs and markedly greater precision between runs. By analysing serum from naturally infected persons and a naturally contaminated food sample, we found that the two methods agreed well in quantification and had comparable sensitivities. Tests with artificially contaminated food samples revealed that neither RT-ddPCR nor RT-qPCR was severely inhibited by presence of oysters, raspberries, blueberries or leafy-green vegetables. For this assay, we conclude that RT-qPCR should be considered if rapid, qualitative detection is the main interest and that RT-ddPCR should be considered if precise quantification is the main interest. The high precision of RT-ddPCR allows for detection of small changes in viral concentration over time, which has direct implications for both food control and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Persson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Alm
- Unit for Laboratory Development, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Måns Karlsson
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theresa Enkirch
- Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Viral Pathogens and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Eriksson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Pettersson JHO, Ellström P, Ling J, Nilsson I, Bergström S, González-Acuña D, Olsen B, Holmes EC. Circumpolar diversification of the Ixodes uriae tick virome. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008759. [PMID: 32745135 PMCID: PMC7425989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks (order: Ixodida) are a highly diverse and ecologically important group of ectoparasitic blood-feeding organisms. One such species, the seabird tick (Ixodes uriae), is widely distributed around the circumpolar regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. It has been suggested that Ix. uriae spread from the southern to the northern circumpolar region millions of years ago and has remained isolated in these regions ever since. Such a profound biographic subdivision provides a unique opportunity to determine whether viruses associated with ticks exhibit the same evolutionary patterns as their hosts. To test this, we collected Ix. uriae specimens near a Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) colony at Neko harbour, Antarctica, and from migratory birds—the Razorbill (Alca torda) and the Common murre (Uria aalge)—on Bonden island, northern Sweden. Through meta-transcriptomic next-generation sequencing we identified 16 RNA viruses, seven of which were novel. Notably, we detected the same species, Ronne virus, and two closely related species, Bonden virus and Piguzov virus, in both hemispheres indicating that there have been at least two cross-circumpolar dispersal events. Similarly, we identified viruses discovered previously in other locations several decades ago, including Gadgets Gully virus, Taggert virus and Okhotskiy virus. By identifying the same or closely related viruses in geographically disjunct sampling locations we provide evidence for virus dispersal within and between the circumpolar regions. In marked contrast, our phylogenetic analysis revealed no movement of the Ix. uriae tick hosts between the same locations. Combined, these data suggest that migratory birds are responsible for the movement of viruses at both local and global scales. As host populations diverge, so may those microorganisms, including viruses, that are dependent on those hosts. To examine this key issue in host-microbe evolution we compared the co-phylogenies of the seabird tick, Ixodes uriae, and their RNA viruses sampled from the far northern and southern hemispheres. Despite the huge geographic distance between them, phylogeographic analysis reveals that the same and closely related viruses were found both within and between the northern and southern circumpolar regions, most likely reflecting transfer by virus-infected migratory birds. In contrast, genomic data suggested that the Ix. uriae populations were phylogenetically distinct between the northern and southern hemispheres. This work emphasises the importance of migratory birds and ticks as vectors and sources of virus dispersal and introduction at both the local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H.-O. Pettersson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JHOP); (ECH)
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jiaxin Ling
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven Bergström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel González-Acuña
- Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades de Fauna silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JHOP); (ECH)
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
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16
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Valečková E, Ivarsson E, Ellström P, Wang H, Mogodiniyai Kasmaei K, Wall H. Silage and haylage as forage in slow and fast-growing broilers - effects on performance in Campylobacter jejuni infected birds. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:433-441. [PMID: 32149527 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1736515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the effects of daily intake of silage or haylage on broiler production performance and organ development. Furthermore, effects of daily intake of Lactobacillus plantarum either via silage or by supplemented drinking water, on Campylobacter jejuni loads in faeces were studied. 2. To test this, a 42-d experiment using Ross 308 and a 63-d experiment with Rowan Rangers hybrids, were performed. Silage inoculated with L. plantarum strain 256 and haylage were fed in total mixed rations with mixtures of 85% of pellets and 15% of respective forage (DM-based weight). Feed intake (FI), forage intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ration (FCR) were monitored weekly. Mortality was recorded daily, and organ weights were registered at slaughter. Quantification of C. jejuni was performed by colony counts from faecal samples after culture on agar plates. 3. There was a negative effect of haylage on BW and FI in the fast-growing Ross 308 hybrid. Silage had a negative effect on BW only on week four and six. Water inoculated with L. plantarum 256 increased BW in the starter period. Interestingly, no significant adverse effect of forage inclusion was observed in the Rowan Ranger birds. 4. Relative weight of the emptied gizzard was higher in both Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger birds fed haylage and silage than in the control group. In Ross 308 birds, both forages significantly reased the relative weight of gizzard with digestive content when compared to birds fed solely pellets. 5. In both studies, higher consumption of silage than haylage was observed. 6. In conclusion, daily intake of L. plantarum 256 either via silage or supplemented in drinking water, was not effective in reducing the shedding of C. jejuni in either Ross 308 or Rowan Ranger hybrids at the end of the rearing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Valečková
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala , Sweden
| | - E Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala , Sweden
| | - P Ellström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Infection Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Infection Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Mogodiniyai Kasmaei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala , Sweden
| | - H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala , Sweden
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Mostafa A, Wille M, Li R, Graaf A, Järhult JD, Ellström P, Zohari S, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:608-621. [PMID: 31381759 PMCID: PMC8038931 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to impose a negative impact on animal and human health worldwide. In particular, the emergence of highly pathogenic AIV H5 and, more recently, the emergence of low pathogenic AIV H7N9 have led to enormous socioeconomical losses in the poultry industry and resulted in fatal human infections. While H5N1 remains infamous, the number of zoonotic infections with H7N9 has far surpassed those attributed to H5. Despite the clear public health concerns posed by AIV H7, it is unclear why specifically this virus subtype became endemic in poultry and emerged in humans. In this review, we bring together data on global patterns of H7 circulation, evolution and emergence in humans. Specifically, we discuss data from the wild bird reservoir, expansion and epidemiology in poultry, significant increase in their zoonotic potential since 2013 and genesis of highly pathogenic H7. In addition, we analysed available sequence data from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions and reassortment dynamics. The integration of all aspects is crucial in the optimisation of surveillance efforts in wild birds, poultry and humans, and we emphasise the need for a One Health approach in controlling emerging viruses such as AIV H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 44008 Hus Vita, Kalmar SE-391 82 , Sweden
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth street, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala SE-75189, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
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18
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Persson S, Karlsson M, Borsch-Reniers H, Ellström P, Eriksson R, Simonsson M. Missing the Match Might Not Cost You the Game: Primer-Template Mismatches Studied in Different Hepatitis A Virus Variants. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:297-308. [PMID: 31004336 PMCID: PMC6689102 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mismatches between template sequences and reverse transcription (RT) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers can lead to underestimation or false negative results during detection and quantification of sequence-diverse viruses. We performed an in silico inclusivity analysis of a widely used RT-PCR assay for detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food, described in ISO 15216-1. One of the most common mismatches found was a single G (primer) to U (template) mismatch located at the terminal 3'-end of the reverse primer region. This mismatch was present in all genotype III sequences available in GenBank. Partial HAV genomes with common or potentially severe mismatches were produced by in vitro transcription and analysed using RT-ddPCR and RT-qPCR. When using standard conditions for RT-qPCR, the mismatch identified resulted in underestimation of the template concentration by a factor of 1.7-1.8 and an increase in 95% limit of detection from 8.6 to 19 copies/reaction. The effect of this mismatch was verified using full-length viral genomes. Here, the same mismatch resulted in underestimation of the template concentration by a factor of 2.8. For the partial genomes, the presence of additional mismatches resulted in underestimation of the template concentration by up to a factor of 232. Quantification by RT-ddPCR and RT-qPCR was equally affected during analysis of RNA templates with mismatches within the reverse primer region. However, on analysing DNA templates with the same mismatches, we found that ddPCR quantification was less affected by mismatches than qPCR due to the end-point detection technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Persson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, National Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 453 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Karlsson
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Eriksson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, National Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 453 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, National Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 453 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Eriksson P, Lindskog C, Lorente-Leal V, Waldenström J, González-Acuna D, Järhult JD, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Jourdain E, Ellström P. Attachment Patterns of Human and Avian Influenza Viruses to Trachea and Colon of 26 Bird Species - Support for the Community Concept. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:815. [PMID: 31057520 PMCID: PMC6482220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) have a broad host range, but are most intimately associated with waterfowl (Anseriformes) and, in the case of the H13 and H16 subtypes, gulls (Charadriiformes). Host associations are multifactorial, but a key factor is the ability of the virus to bind host cell receptors and thereby initiate infection. The current study aims at investigating the tissue attachment pattern of a panel of AIVs, comprising H3N2, H6N1, H12N5, and H16N3, to avian trachea and colon tissue samples obtained from host species of different orders. Virus attachment was not restricted to the bird species or order from which the virus was isolated. Instead, extensive virus attachment was observed to several distantly related avian species. In general, more virus attachment and receptor expression were observed in trachea than in colon samples. Additionally, a human seasonal H3N2 virus was studied. Unlike the studied AIVs, this virus mainly attached to tracheae from Charadriiformes and a very limited set of avian cola. In conclusion, the reported results highlight the importance of AIV attachment to trachea in many avian species. Finally, the importance of chickens and mallards in AIVs dynamics was illustrated by the abundant AIV attachment observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor Lorente-Leal
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- UMR0346 - EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Samy A, Eriksson P, Fife M, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Järhult JD. Avian influenza viruses at the wild-domestic bird interface in Egypt. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1575687. [PMID: 30815236 PMCID: PMC6383604 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1575687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. In Egypt, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 viruses are endemic in domestic poultry, forming a threat to animal and human health and raising questions about the routes of introduction and mechanisms of persistence. Recently, HPAI H5N8 virus was also introduced into Egyptian domestic birds. Here we review the literature on the role of wild birds in the introduction and endemicity of avian influenza viruses in Egypt. Dabbling ducks in Egypt harbor an extensive LPAI virus diversity and may constitute the route of introduction for HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 viruses into Egypt through migration, however their role in the endemicity of HPAI H5N1, LPAI H9N2 and potentially other avian influenza virus (AIV) strains - by means of reassortment of viral genes - is less clear. Strengthened surveillance programs, in both domestic and wild birds, that include all LPAI virus subtypes and full genome sequencing are needed to better assess the wild-domestic bird interface and form a basis for evidence-based measures to limit and prevent AIV transmission between wild and domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Josanne H. Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Samy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
- Genetics and Genomics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Fife
- Genetics and Genomics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Johansson H, Ellström P, Artursson K, Berg C, Bonnedahl J, Hansson I, Hernandez J, Lopez-Martín J, Medina-Vogel G, Moreno L, Olsen B, Olsson Engvall E, Skarin H, Troell K, Waldenström J, Ågren J, González-Acuña D. Characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolated from wild birds in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206502. [PMID: 30412585 PMCID: PMC6226163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of knowledge of naturally occurring pathogens is limiting our ability to use the Antarctic to study the impact human-mediated introduction of infectious microorganisms have on this relatively uncontaminated environment. As no large-scale coordinated effort to remedy this lack of knowledge has taken place, we rely on smaller targeted efforts to both study present microorganisms and monitor the environment for introductions. In one such effort, we isolated Campylobacter species from fecal samples collected from wild birds in the Antarctic Peninsula and the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia. Indeed, in South Georgia, we found Campylobacter lari and the closely related Campylobacter peloridis, but also distantly related human-associated multilocus sequence types of Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast, in the Antarctic Peninsula, we found C. lari and two closely related species, Campylobacter subantarcticus and Campylobacter volucris, but no signs of human introduction. In fact, our finding of human-associated sequence types of C. jejuni in South Georgia, but not in the Antarctic Peninsula, suggests that efforts to limit the spread of infectious microorganisms to the Antarctic have so far been successful in preventing the introduction of C. jejuni. However, we do not know how it came to South Georgia and whether the same mode of introduction could spread it from there to the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Johansson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Charlotte Berg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bonnedahl
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Hernandez
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Juana Lopez-Martín
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Atterby C, Mourkas E, Méric G, Pascoe B, Wang H, Waldenström J, Sheppard SK, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Ellström P. The Potential of Isolation Source to Predict Colonization in Avian Hosts: A Case Study in Campylobacter jejuni Strains From Three Bird Species. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:591. [PMID: 29651281 PMCID: PMC5884941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, infecting humans mostly through consumption of contaminated poultry. C. jejuni is common in the gut of wild birds, and shows distinct strain-specific association to particular bird species. This contrasts with farm animals, in which several genotypes co-exist. It is unclear if the barriers restricting transmission between host species of such specialist strains are related to environmental factors such as contact between host species, bacterial survival in the environment, etc., or rather to strain specific adaptation to the intestinal environment of specific hosts. We compared colonization dynamics in vivo between two host-specific C. jejuni from a song thrush (ST-1304 complex) and a mallard (ST-995), and a generalist strain from chicken (ST-21 complex) in a wild host, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). In 18-days infection experiments, the song thrush strain showed only weak colonization and was cleared from all birds after 10 days, whereas both mallard and chicken strains remained stable. When the chicken strain was given 4 days prior to co-infection of the same birds with a mallard strain, it was rapidly outcompeted by the latter. In contrast, when the mallard strain was given 4 days prior to co-infection with the chicken strain, the mallard strain remained and expansion of the chicken strain was delayed. Our results suggest strain-specific differences in the ability of C. jejuni to colonize mallards, likely associated with host origin. This difference might explain observed host association patterns in C. jejuni from wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Atterby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Méric
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Eriksson P, Mourkas E, González-Acuna D, Olsen B, Ellström P. Evaluation and optimization of microbial DNA extraction from fecal samples of wild Antarctic bird species. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1386536. [PMID: 29152162 PMCID: PMC5678435 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1386536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Advances in the development of nucleic acid-based methods have dramatically facilitated studies of host-microbial interactions. Fecal DNA analysis can provide information about the host's microbiota and gastrointestinal pathogen burden. Numerous studies have been conducted in mammals, yet birds are less well studied. Avian fecal DNA extraction has proved challenging, partly due to the mixture of fecal and urinary excretions and the deficiency of optimized protocols. This study presents an evaluation of the performance in avian fecal DNA extraction of six commercial kits from different bird species, focusing on penguins. Material and methods: Six DNA extraction kits were first tested according to the manufacturers' instructions using mallard feces. The kit giving the highest DNA yield was selected for further optimization and evaluation using Antarctic bird feces. Results: Penguin feces constitute a challenging sample type: most of the DNA extraction kits failed to yield acceptable amounts of DNA. The QIAamp cador Pathogen kit (Qiagen) performed the best in the initial investigation. Further optimization of the protocol resulted in good yields of high-quality DNA from seven bird species of different avian orders. Conclusion: This study presents an optimized approach to DNA extraction from challenging avian fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Ellström P, Hansson I, Nilsson A, Rautelin H, Olsson Engvall E. Lipooligosaccharide locus classes and putative virulence genes among chicken and human Campylobacter jejuni isolates. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:116. [PMID: 27871232 PMCID: PMC5118878 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter cause morbidity and considerable economic loss due to hospitalization and post infectious sequelae such as reactive arthritis, Guillain Barré- and Miller Fischer syndromes. Such sequelae have been linked to C. jejuni harboring sialic acid structures in their lipooligosaccharide (LOS) layer of the cell wall. Poultry is an important source of human Campylobacter infections but little is known about the prevalence of sialylated C. jejuni isolates and the extent of transmission of such isolates to humans. Results Genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from enteritis patients were compared with those of broiler chicken with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), to study the patterns of LOS biosynthesis genes and other virulence associated genes and to what extent these occur among Campylobacter genotypes found both in humans and chickens. Chicken and human isolates generally had similar distributions of the putative virulence genes and LOS locus classes studied. However, there were significant differences regarding LOS locus class of PFGE types that were overlapping between chicken and human isolates and those that were distinct to each source. Conclusions The study highlights the prevalence of virulence associated genes among Campylobacter isolates from humans and chickens and suggests possible patterns of transmission between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, BMC A9:3, Husargatan 3, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Microbiology, EU Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Olsson Engvall
- Department of Microbiology, EU Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hurt AC, Su YCF, Aban M, Peck H, Lau H, Baas C, Deng YM, Spirason N, Ellström P, Hernandez J, Olsen B, Barr IG, Vijaykrishna D, Gonzalez-Acuna D. Evidence for the Introduction, Reassortment, and Persistence of Diverse Influenza A Viruses in Antarctica. J Virol 2016; 90:9674-9682. [PMID: 27535050 PMCID: PMC5068520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01404-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in Antarctica during 2013 revealed the prevalence of evolutionarily distinct influenza viruses of the H11N2 subtype in Adélie penguins. Here we present results from the continued surveillance of AIV on the Antarctic Peninsula during 2014 and 2015. In addition to the continued detection of H11 subtype viruses in a snowy sheathbill during 2014, we isolated a novel H5N5 subtype virus from a chinstrap penguin during 2015. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H11 virus detected in 2014 had a >99.1% nucleotide similarity to the H11N2 viruses isolated in 2013, suggesting the continued prevalence of this virus in Antarctica over multiple years. However, phylogenetic analysis of the H5N5 virus showed that the genome segments were recently introduced to the continent, except for the NP gene, which was similar to that in the endemic H11N2 viruses. Our analysis indicates geographically diverse origins for the H5N5 virus genes, with the majority of its genome segments derived from North American lineage viruses but the neuraminidase gene derived from a Eurasian lineage virus. In summary, we show the persistence of AIV lineages in Antarctica over multiple years, the recent introduction of gene segments from diverse regions, and reassortment between different AIV lineages in Antarctica, which together significantly increase our understanding of AIV ecology in this fragile and pristine environment. IMPORTANCE Analysis of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) detected in Antarctica reveals both the relatively recent introduction of an H5N5 AIV, predominantly of North American-like origin, and the persistence of an evolutionarily divergent H11 AIV. These data demonstrate that the flow of viruses from North America may be more common than initially thought and that, once introduced, these AIVs have the potential to be maintained within Antarctica. The future introduction of AIVs from North America into the Antarctic Peninsula is of particular concern given that highly pathogenic H5Nx viruses have recently been circulating among wild birds in parts of Canada and the Unites States following the movement of these viruses from Eurasia via migratory birds. The introduction of a highly pathogenic influenza virus in penguin colonies within Antarctica might have devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Malet Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hilda Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chantal Baas
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Spirason
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Hernandez
- Zoonosis Science Center, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Osbjer K, Tano E, Chhayheng L, Mac‐Kwashie AO, Fernström L, Ellström P, Sokerya S, Sokheng C, Mom V, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Boqvist S, Rautelin H, Magnusson U. Detection of
Campylobacter
in human and animal field samples in Cambodia. APMIS 2016; 124:508-15. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eva Tano
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | - Lise‐Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Zoonosis Science Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Seng Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Choup Sokheng
- National Institute of Public Health Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Veng Mom
- National Institute of Public Health Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | | | - Sorn San
- National Veterinary Research Institute Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Holl Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Skarp CPA, Akinrinade O, Nilsson AJE, Ellström P, Myllykangas S, Rautelin H. Comparative genomics and genome biology of invasive Campylobacter jejuni. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17300. [PMID: 26603914 PMCID: PMC4658567 DOI: 10.1038/srep17300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major pathogen in bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and can cause bacteremia in severe cases. C. jejuni is highly structured into clonal lineages of which the ST677CC lineage has been overrepresented among C. jejuni isolates derived from blood. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 31 C. jejuni blood isolates and 24 faecal isolates belonging to ST677CC in order to study the genome biology related to C. jejuni invasiveness. We combined the genome analyses with phenotypical evidence on serum resistance which was associated with phase variation of wcbK; a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase involved in capsular biosynthesis. We also describe the finding of a Type III restriction-modification system unique to the ST-794 sublineage. However, features previously considered to be related to pathogenesis of C. jejuni were either absent or disrupted among our strains. Our results refine the role of capsule features associated with invasive disease and accentuate the possibility of methylation and restriction enzymes in the potential of C. jejuni to establish invasive infections. Our findings underline the importance of studying clinically relevant well-characterized bacterial strains in order to understand pathogenesis mechanisms important in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. A. Skarp
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - O. Akinrinade
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. J. E. Nilsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Myllykangas
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Olofsson J, Berglund PG, Olsen B, Ellström P, Axelsson-Olsson D. The abundant free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, increases the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in milk and orange juice. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:28675. [PMID: 26387556 PMCID: PMC4576417 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.28675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human bacterial diarrhea in most parts of the world. Most C. jejuni infections are acquired from contaminated poultry, milk, and water. Due to health care costs and human suffering, it is important to identify all possible sources of infection. Unpasteurized milk has been associated with several outbreaks of C. jejuni infection. Campylobacter has been identified on fresh fruit, and other gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium have been involved in fruit juice outbreaks. C. jejuni is sensitive to the acidic environment of fruit juice, but co-cultures with the amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, have previously been shown to protect C. jejuni at low pH. METHODS To study the influence of A. polyphaga on the survival of C. jejuni in milk and juice, the bacteria were incubated in the two products at room temperature and at 4°C with the following treatments: A) C. jejuni preincubated with A. polyphaga before the addition of product, B) C. jejuni mixed with A. polyphaga after the addition of product, and C) C. jejuni in product without A. polyphaga. Bacterial survival was assessed by colony counts on blood agar plates. RESULTS Co-culture with A. polyphaga prolonged the C. jejuni survival both in milk and juice. The effect of co-culture was most pronounced in juice stored at room temperature. On the other hand, A. polyphaga did not have any effect on C. jejuni survival during pasteurization of milk or orange juice, indicating that this is a good method for eliminating C. jejuni in these products. CONCLUSION Amoebae-associated C. jejuni in milk and juice might cause C. jejuni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Olofsson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Petra Griekspoor Berglund
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Axelsson-Olsson
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, eHealth Institute, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Ellström P, Hansson I, Söderström C, Engvall EO, Rautelin H. A prospective follow-up study on transmission of Campylobacter from poultry to abattoir workers. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:684-8. [PMID: 24885791 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact with poultry or poultry meat is a well-known risk factor for campylobacteriosis, but prospective studies on transmission of Campylobacter from chickens to humans during slaughter are scarce. In this study, we monitored transmission of Campylobacter from slaughtered chicken to originally culture-negative abattoir workers during the peak season of colonized chicken and human Campylobacter infection. Stool samples were obtained from 28 abattoir workers together with data on health status once a month between June and September 2010, with a follow-up sample collected in February 2011. Campylobacter-positive individuals and chicken flocks were identified by culture, and isolates were further characterized using molecular techniques. Campylobacter was isolated from seven asymptomatic individuals. Four of them had been newly employed and had not reported any previous Campylobacter infection. Four human isolates had matching genetic fingerprints with isolates from recently slaughtered chickens. Our results further support the role of chicken as the source of human Campylobacter infection but suggest that asymptomatic Campylobacter infection may occur even in individuals with only limited earlier exposure to Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ellström
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Feodoroff B, de Haan CP, Ellström P, Sarna S, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Clonal distribution and virulence of Campylobacter jejuni isolates in blood. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1653-5. [PMID: 24047729 PMCID: PMC3810732 DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni bacteria are highly diverse enteropathogens. Seventy-three C. jejuni isolates from blood collected in Finland were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing and serum resistance. Approximately half of the isolates belonged to the otherwise uncommon sequence type 677 clonal complex. Isolates of this clonal complex were more resistant than other isolates to human serum.
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31
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Olofsson J, Axelsson-Olsson D, Brudin L, Olsen B, Ellström P. Campylobacter jejuni actively invades the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survives within non digestive vacuoles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78873. [PMID: 24223169 PMCID: PMC3819376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is able to enter, survive and multiply within the free living amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga, but the molecular mechanisms behind these events are still unclear. We have studied the uptake and intracellular trafficking of viable and heat killed bacterial cells of the C. jejuni strain 81–176 in A. polyphaga. We found that viable bacteria associated with a substantially higher proportion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites than heat killed bacteria. Furthermore, the kinetics of internalization, the total number of internalized bacteria as well as the intracellular localization of internalized C. jejuni were dramatically influenced by bacterial viability. Viable bacteria were internalized at a high rate already after 1 h of co-incubation and were observed in small vacuoles tightly surrounding the bacteria. In contrast, internalization of heat killed C. jejuni was low at early time points and did not peak until 96 h. These cells were gathered in large spacious vacuoles that were part of the degradative pathway as determined by the uptake of fluorescently labeled dextran. The amount of heat killed bacteria internalized by A. polyphaga did never reach the maximal amount of internalized viable bacteria. These results suggest that the uptake and intracellular survival of C. jejuni in A. polyphaga is bacterially induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Olofsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Axelsson-Olsson
- Marine Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Ellström P, Feodoroff B, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Lipooligosaccharide locus class of Campylobacter jejuni: sialylation is not needed for invasive infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:524-9. [PMID: 24102802 PMCID: PMC4235400 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse enteropathogen that is commonly detected worldwide. It can sometimes cause bacteraemia, but the bacterial characteristics facilitating bloodstream infection are not known. A total of 73 C. jejuni isolates, consecutively collected from blood-borne infections during a 10-year period all over Finland and for which detailed clinical information of the patients were available, were included. We screened the isolates by PCR for the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) locus class and for the presence of the putative virulence genes ceuE, ciaB, fucP, and virB11. The isolates were also tested for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase production. The results were analysed with respect to the clinical characteristics of the patients, and the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and serum resistance of the isolates. LOS locus classes A, B, and C, which carry genes for sialylation of LOS, were detected in only 23% of the isolates. These isolates were not more resistant to human serum than those with the genes of non-sialylated LOS locus classes, but were significantly more prevalent among patients with underlying diseases (p 0.02). The fucose permease gene fucP was quite uncommon, but was associated with the isolates with the potential to sialylate LOS (p <0.0001). LOS locus classes and some of the putative virulence factors were associated with MLST clonal complexes. Although some of the bacterial characteristics studied here have been suggested to be important for the invasiveness of C. jejuni, they did not explain why the clinical isolates in the present study were able to cause bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ellström P, Feodoroff B, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Characterization of clinical Campylobacter jejuni isolates with special emphasis on lipooligosaccharide locus class, putative virulence factors and host response. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:134-9. [PMID: 23528202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a role of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Campylobacter jejuni in the severe neurological Guillain Barré syndrome, as well as in development of more severe symptoms of acute enteritis. We evaluated the role of the LOS locus class in C. jejuni infection among 163 enteritis patients. The prevalence of LOS locus classes differed according to the origin of the isolates. Furthermore, LOS locus classes A and B were significantly associated with susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. However, our results do not corroborate earlier findings that isolates with potential to sialylate LOS might be associated with more severe symptoms of enteritis. Instead, in an infection model, such isolates gave weaker epithelial IL-8 responses than nonsialylated isolates. Absence of the iron transport protein encoded by the gene ceuE as well as the putative fucose permease gene cj0486 was associated with increased in vitro IL-8 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, University of Uppsala, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ekstam B, Johansson B, Dinnétz P, Ellström P. Predicting risk habitats for the transmission of the small liver fluke, Dicrocoelium dendriticum to grazing ruminants. Geospat Health 2011; 6:125-131. [PMID: 22109870 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2011.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A multiple regression model was used to analyse if the structure of vegetation and soil patches in grazed units (pastures) can be used as explanatory variables to predict the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a common parasite of cattle and sheep, in grazing cattle stocks on the Baltic island of Öland in southern Sweden. The scale dependency was evaluated by comparing three levels of spatial resolution of patches. Prevalence data were obtained from slaughtered animals. Our models predict that the prevalence of D. dendriticum increases in grazed areas with woody vegetation, whereas moist and wet areas decrease parasite prevalence. The predictive power of the statistical models increased with increasing level of patch resolution. Approximately 42% of the variation in parasite prevalence (angular transformation) was explained by the areal proportion of vegetation types (4th-root-transformed). Based on the results obtained, we believe that our model strategy provides a rational and systematic tool to identify habitats that carry risk for D. dendriticum infection of ruminants, and that it can be applied to other parasites with similar life cycles such as Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Böje Ekstam
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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35
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Revez J, Rossi M, Ellström P, de Haan C, Rautelin H, Hänninen ML. Finnish Campylobacter jejuni strains of multilocus sequence type ST-22 complex have two lineages with different characteristics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26880. [PMID: 22039552 PMCID: PMC3200363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and in a minority of cases, post-infectious complications may occur. ST-22 complex (usually Penner serotype 19) strains have been overrepresented among patients with postinfectious complications of campylobacteriosis. We here present a characterization of a collection of 27 Finnish C. jejuni strains of ST-22 complex, from humans (22 strains) and animal sources (five strains), with the aim of contributing to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of C. jejuni infections. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping, lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) locus class, Y-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity, in vitro biofilm formation ability, invasion and adhesion in HeLa cells and induction of IL-8 production. ST-22 complex contained five STs (ST-22; ST-1947; ST-1966; ST-3892; ST-3996) which were homogeneous in having sialylated LOS class A(1) but on the other hand were distinguished into two major lineages according to the major STs (ST-22 and ST-1947) by different PFGE genotypes and certain other characteristics. All ST-22 strains had similar SmaI PFGE profiles, were GGT positive, and formed biofilms, except one strain, while ST-1947 strains were all GGT negative, did not form biofilm, had significantly higher motility than ST-22 (p<0.05) and had their SmaI PFGE profile. Invasion and adhesion as well as induction of IL-8 production on HeLa cells were strain-dependent characteristics. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE ST-22 complex strains, reveal potential for molecular mimicry in host interactions upon infection as they all express sialylated LOS class A(1). The two major STs, ST-22 and ST-1947 formed two homogeneous lineages, which differed from each other both phenotypically and genetically, suggesting that the strains may have evolved separately, perhaps by interacting with different spectra of hosts. Further studies are needed in order to understand if these two lineages are associated with different disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Revez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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36
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Feodoroff B, Lauhio A, Ellström P, Rautelin H. A nationwide study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998-2007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:e99-e106. [PMID: 21921217 PMCID: PMC3174097 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter bacteremia is an uncommon condition, usually diagnosed in elderly and immunocompromised patients. METHODS Blood culture isolates and clinical information were collected for patients with diagnoses of Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland from 1998 through 2007. Bacterial species were identified by means of polymerase chain reaction analysis, and minimal inhibitory concentrations for ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, meropenem, and metronidazole were determined with an agar dilution method. Medical records and mortality data within 1 year after the bacteremic episode were reviewed. RESULTS The study included 76 patients (median age, 46 years), for whom bacterial isolates (C. jejuni in 73, C. coli in 3) and clinical information were available. Most patients (70%) had no significant underlying diseases. The majority (82%) of the isolates were susceptible for all antimicrobial agents tested. However, antimicrobial therapy seemed to have only a limited effect, because no differences could be detected between patients with appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment and those with delayed appropriate, inappropriate, or no antimicrobial therapy, either in the duration of hospitalization (median, 4 days for both groups) or in attributable mortality. The outcome of the infection was severe in 4 patients infected with C. jejuni; 2 died within 30 days, spondylodiscitis developed in 1, and Guillain-Barré syndrome developed in 1. CONCLUSIONS C. jejuni and C. coli bacteremia occurred mainly in moderately young individuals without severe underlying diseases. The bacterial isolates were predominantly susceptible to antimicrobial agents, and the outcome of the disease was typically good, regardless of appropriate or inappropriate antimicrobial treatment given in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Feodoroff
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Feodoroff B, Ellström P, Hyytiäinen H, Sarna S, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Finnish patients differ according to the origin of infection. Gut Pathog 2010; 2:22. [PMID: 21171986 PMCID: PMC3022560 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is a significant cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors of this important enteropathogen. C. jejuni isolates from 166 Finnish patients, collected from July to December in 2006, were studied for the presence of putative virulence factors and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Isolates were tested for production of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as well as the presence of genes ceuE, cgtB, ciaB, cj0486, pldA, virB11, wlaN, and the gene cluster cdtABC. Bacterial characteristics were compared to information on foreign travel history as well as information on the course and the symptoms of disease obtained from questionnaires returned by patients. Results Except for one domestic isolate, antimicrobial resistance was only detected in isolates of foreign origin. Univariate analyses showed association between bloody stools and both GGT production (p = 0.025) and the presence of cgtB (p = 0.034). Multivariate analysis verified that GGT production was more prevalent in domestic isolates (p < 0.0001), while the genes cj0486 (p < 0.0001) and ceuE (p < 0.0001) were associated with C. jejuni isolates of foreign origin. Conclusions The results indicate that imported and domestic C. jejuni isolates differ significantly in several aspects from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Feodoroff
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Axelsson-Olsson D, Olofsson J, Svensson L, Griekspoor P, Waldenström J, Ellström P, Olsen B. Amoebae and algae can prolong the survival of Campylobacter species in co-culture. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Waldenström J, Axelsson-Olsson D, Olsen B, Hasselquist D, Griekspoor P, Jansson L, Teneberg S, Svensson L, Ellström P. Campylobacter jejuni colonization in wild birds: results from an infection experiment. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9082. [PMID: 20140204 PMCID: PMC2816703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in most parts of the world. The bacterium has a broad host range and has been isolated from many animals and environments. To investigate shedding patterns and putative effects on an avian host, we developed a colonization model in which a wild bird species, the European Robin Erithacus rubecula, was inoculated orally with C. jejuni from either a human patient or from another wild bird species, the Song Thrush Turdus philomelos. These two isolates were genetically distinct from each other and provoked very different host responses. The Song Thrush isolate colonized all challenged birds and colonization lasted 6.8 days on average. Birds infected with this isolate also showed a transient but significant decrease in body mass. The human isolate did not colonize the birds and could be detected only in the feces of the birds shortly after inoculation. European Robins infected with the wild bird isolate generated a specific antibody response to C. jejuni membrane proteins from the avian isolate, which also was cross-reactive to membrane proteins of the human isolate. In contrast, European Robins infected with the human isolate did not mount a significant response to bacterial membrane proteins from either of the two isolates. The difference in colonization ability could indicate host adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Ellström P, Jourdain E, Gunnarsson O, Waldenström J, Olsen B. The "human influenza receptor" Neu5Ac alpha2,6Gal is expressed among different taxa of wild birds. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1533-7. [PMID: 19669614 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology, University of Uppsala and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Axelsson-Olsson D, Olofsson J, Ellström P, Waldenström J, Olsen B. A simple method for long-term storage of Acanthamoeba species. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:935-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ellström P, Latorre-Margalef N, Griekspoor P, Waldenström J, Olofsson J, Wahlgren J, Olsen B. Sampling for low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus in wild Mallard ducks: oropharyngeal versus cloacal swabbing. Vaccine 2008; 26:4414-6. [PMID: 18586061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Axelsson-Olsson D, Ellström P, Waldenström J, Haemig PD, Brudin L, Olsen B. Acanthamoeba-Campylobacter coculture as a novel method for enrichment of Campylobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6864-9. [PMID: 17873069 PMCID: PMC2074935 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01305-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel method to isolate and enrich low concentrations of Campylobacter pathogens. This method, Acanthamoeba-Campylobacter coculture (ACC), is based on the intracellular survival and multiplication of Campylobacter species in the free-living protozoan Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Four of the Campylobacter species relevant to humans and livestock, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. hyointestinalis, were effectively enriched by the coculture method, with growth rates comparable to those observed in other Campylobacter enrichment media. Studying six strains of C. jejuni isolated from different sources, we found that all of the strains could be enriched from an inoculum of fewer than 10 bacteria. The sensitivity of the ACC method was not negatively affected by the use of Campylobacter-selective antibiotics in the culture medium, but these were effective in suppressing the growth of seven different bacterial species added at a concentration of 10(4) CFU/ml of each species as deliberate contamination. The ACC method has advantages over other enrichment methods as it is not dependent on a microaerobic milieu and does not require the use of blood or other oxygen-quenching agents. Our study found the ACC method to be a promising tool for the enrichment of Campylobacter species, particularly from water samples with low bacterial concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Axelsson-Olsson
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Fischer H, Ellström P, Ekström K, Gustafsson L, Gustafsson M, Svanborg C. Ceramide as a TLR4 agonist; a putative signalling intermediate between sphingolipid receptors for microbial ligands and TLR4. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1239-51. [PMID: 17223929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to pathogens, but remain inert to the indigenous flora, suggesting that the TLRs can receive pathogen-specific signals. For example, TLR4 signalling is activated in CD14-negative epithelial cells by P-fimbriated, uropathogenic Escherichia coli, but not by lipopolysaccharide. The fimbriae use glycosphingolipids as recognition receptors and there is release of ceramide, which is the membrane-anchoring domain of the receptors. In this study, ceramide was identified as a TLR4 agonist and as a putative signalling intermediate between the glycosphingolipid recognition receptors and TLR4. Exogenous ceramide activated a TLR4-dependent epithelial cell response, as shown by exposing stably transfected TLR4-positive or -negative human embryonal kidney cells to C2 and C6 ceramide. A similar, TLR4-dependent response occurred after deliberate release of endogenous long-chained ceramide with sphingomyelinase. Microbial ligands with glycosphingolipid specificity (P fimbriae or the B subunit of Shiga toxin) were shown to increase the levels of ceramide and to trigger a TLR4-dependent response in epithelial cells. The results show that ceramide activates TLR4 signalling and suggest that this mechanism might allow pathogens to elicit mucosal TLR4 responses by perturbing sphingolipid receptors for virulence ligands like P fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
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